Rana johnsi的生物学初探

从保护生物学角度对广西大瑶山Rana johnsi Smith,1921的的栖息地和繁殖地生境、 繁殖生物学及蝌蚪的特点等进行了初步探讨。该蛙在大瑶山主要分布在海拔800m左右的一个狭窄区域,10月至次年1月下山繁殖,有效性比为5：1。蝌蚪唇齿式为Ⅰ：5—5／1—1：Ⅳ和Ⅰ：4—4／1—1：Ⅳ,越冬后在5～6月完成变态。由于人为和自然因素的影响,该蛙种群受到严重威胁,应加强保护管理和宣传教育。     

Innervation und zentralnervöse Verbindungen des Frontalorgans von Rana temporaria und Rana esculenta

Zusammenfassung Mit neurohistologischen Techniken (Nauta-Verfahren) wurde der Anteil des Stirnorgans von Rana temporaria und Rana esculenta an der zentralnervösen Projektion des lichtempfindlichen Pinealkomplexes geprüft. Nach operativer Unterbrechung des Nervus pinealis im dorsalen Lymphsack lassen sich degenerierende Nervenfasern sowohl im Tractus pinealis als auch im stirnorgannahen Stumpf des Nervus pinealis nachweisen. Die ersteren werden als cerebropetale (afferente), die letzteren als zum Stirnorgan ziehende (efferente) Faserelemente gedeutet. Es ist gelungen, die hirnwärts gerichteten Nervenfasern des Stirnorgans bis in die unmittelbare Umgebung des sekretorischen Subcommissuralorgans zu verfolgen; zerfallende Faserfragmente liegen dicht der Basis des Subcommissuralorgans an. Anders als nach Durchtrennung des Tractus pinealis (vgl. Paul, Hartwig und Oksche, 1971) ließen sich nach Unterbrechung des Nervus pinealis keine Degenerationszeichen im mesencephalen Zentralen Grau darstellen.

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Innervation and central nervous connexions of the frontal organ in Rana temporaria and Rana esculenta Fiber degeneration after surgical interruption of the pineal nerve

Summary The contribution of the frontal organ of Rana temporaria and Rana esculenta to the central nervous projections of the light-sensitive pineal complex has been investigated with neurohistological techniques (Nauta-method). After surgical transection of the pineal nerve within the dorsal lymph sac, degenerating nerve fibers have been observed within the pineal tract and also in the proximal stump of the pineal nerve. Those in the pineal tract have been interpreted as cerebropetal (afferent) connexions of the frontal organ, and those in the pineal nerve as fibers directed towards the frontal organ (efferent elements). The cerebropetal fibers of the frontal organ have been traced to the subcommissural region where they degenerate in close juxtaposition with the secretory subcommissural organ. In contrast to the findings obtained after transection of the pineal tract (see Paul, Hartwig and Oksche, 1971), no degenerating fibers have been observed in the mesencephalic central grey after surgical interruption of the pineal nerve.

Mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Growth or reproduction? Resource allocation by female frogs<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Rana temporaria</Emphasis>

The decision how to allocate marginal resources to reproduction and growth can have important effects on associated life-history parameters as well as on population dynamics. In addition to showing variation among individuals in a population, such allocation rules may be either condition-dependent or fixed in different individuals. While many studies on anuran amphibians have focused on egg numbers and egg sizes in females of different sizes, virtually no data exist on the relative allocation of marginal resources to growth versus reproduction. In the laboratory, we therefore offered female common frogs (Rana temporaria) low versus high food rations for a full reproductive cycle, and monitored their growth and later reproductive investment (egg number and egg size the following breeding season). Feeding rates had an effect both on female growth and on egg number and size. There was no trade-off found between the two forms of investment. A flexible allocation rule could not be supported as there was no significant effect of feeding rate on the relative allocation of resources to growth versus reproduction.Due to an error in the citation line, this revised PDF (published in December 2003) deviates from the printed version, and is the correct and authoritative version of the paper.     

Are high-latitude individuals superior competitors? A test with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rana temporaria</Emphasis> tadpoles

Species with a wide distribution over latitudinal gradients often exhibit increasing growth and development rates towards higher latitudes. Ecological theory predicts that these fast-growing genotypes are, in the absence of trade-offs with fast growth, better competitors than low-latitude conspecifics. While knowledge on key ecological traits along latitudinal clines is important for understanding how these clines are maintained, the relative competitive ability of high latitude individuals against low latitude conspecifics has not been tested. Growth and development rates of the common frog Rana temporaria increase along the latitudinal gradient across Scandinavia. Here we investigated larval competition over food resources within and between two R. temporaria populations originating from southern and northern Sweden in an outdoor common garden experiment. We used a factorial design, where southern and northern tadpoles were reared either as single populations or as mixes of the two populations at two densities and predator treatments (absence and non-lethal presence of Aeshna dragonfly larvae). Tadpoles from the high latitude population grew and developed faster and in the beginning of the experiment they hid less and were more active than tadpoles from the low latitude population. When raised together with high latitude tadpoles the southern tadpoles had a longer larval period, however, the response of high latitude tadpoles to the competition by low latitude tadpoles did not differ from their response to intra-population competition. This result was not significantly affected by density or predator treatments. Our results support the hypothesis that high latitude populations are better competitors than their low latitude conspecifics, and suggest that in R. temporaria fast growth and development trade off with other fitness components along the latitudinal gradient across Scandinavia.     

牛蛙(Rana catesbeiana)染色体研究

对牛蛙（Rana catesbeiana,Shaw）的染色体组型进行了研究。观察骨髓的C-中期细胞,结果证明牛蛙的体细胞染色体数目2n=26,其中有5对大型染色体和8对小型染色体,可以分成A、B、C3个组,雌性和雄性个体间没有发现异型性染色体。上述结果与前人的研究结果基本一致。但是作者发现牛蛙骨髓细胞的第7、8、10、12号染色体上均有次缢痕。牛蛙的核型为2n：26=22m＋4sm。     

蛙属Rana活性肽研究新进展

本文对近年从蛙属Ｒａｎａ提取分离的活性肽作了综述,对一些活性肽如排钠利尿肽,速激肽,抗菌肽,激素肽等作了较详细的介绍。     

Inheritance of parental genomes by a hybrid form <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rana “esculenta”</Emphasis> (Amphibia,Ranidae)

In this study, quantitative analysis of paternal genome inheritance by a hybrid form Rana “esculenta” (= Rana esculenta L., 1758 × Rana ridibunda Pall., 1881) (Amphibia, Ranidae) was examined. The hybrid form examined was characterized by a polymodal mode of inheritance (genome of any of the parental species can be inherited). The absence of correlation between the proportion of normal gametes and either sex or ploidity of the producer was demonstrated. The gametes produced could be both haploid and diploid (hybrid or homozygous). The mechanism of alloploid reproduction is discussed.     

Über homoioplastische Transplantation des Schwanzblastems bei Rana fusca

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

凹耳蛙（Rana tormotus Wu）生态学研究

通过野外考察和人工模拟自然环境下的饲养观察,确定了凹耳蛙（R.tormotus)的栖息地、活动环境、鸣声、以及与之生活在同一生境下的其他两栖动物的主要种类;发现其鸣声在音节、音量上的变化;认为其自然分布的海拔高程范围大于现有资料上的报道。     

New Replacement Name for Rana paradoxa Mocquard, 1890 with Designations of Lectotypes for Rana paradoxa and Rana conspicil- lata Giinther, 1872： Both Synonymized with Limnonectes kuhlii （Tschudi, 1838） （Dicroglossidae： Dicroglossinae）

Fanged frogs, now called Limnonectes kuhlii, from Borneo are remotely related to true Javanese L. kuhliL For future taxonomy of Bornean fanged frogs, we fix the nomenclatural status of two existing names, Rana conspicillata Giunther, 1872 and Rana paradoxa Mocquard, 1890. Morphological comparison of the type-series revealed heterospecific relationships of the two species. For R. conspicillata, we designate BMNH 1947.2.29.20 as the lectotype, and for R. para doxa, we also designate MNHN 1889.222 as the lectotype and propose a replacement name Limnonectes mocquardi, in order to stabilize their nomenclature.     

南昌近郊青蛙(Rana nigromaculata)产卵习性的调查

1、以青蛙(Rana nigromaculata)为对象,从1957年3月15日到5月10日在南昌近郊进行了产卵习性的调查。 2、调查是以九个不同环境條件的地区作为恆定工作地区來进行的。同時,还逐日作了调查期间內氣温和水温的记载。(以上午6时30分-8时30分为标准。) 3、调查证明:青蛙喜欢产卵於腐植质少、氨基酸与CO_2含量较少的清洁环境內,pH值为5.9-6.9之间,产卵地区与水中动植物的分布、浅水沟的存在和稻田的耕作也有密切的关系。 4、产卵的温度幅度(以上午6时30分-8时30分为标准)为11.5-22℃,而以11.5-17℃最為適宜。 产卵是在温度上升后突然下降(冷的)刺激下进行的。 由此推知:在南昌近郊,青蛙产卵是在清明节前10天到清明节后15天內进行的。而以清明节前后十多天(4月3日到4月16日)內产卵最多。 5、产卵是在水深浅於10厘米的浅水沟和稻田內进行的,这是因为:(1)水浅水温易於上升,(2)水浅可以溶解大量的氧;大量氧的存在才能适应蛙胚发育的需求。 6、青蛙产卵地区与蟾蜍产卵地区截然不同,这可能与成体的生活习性有关。 7、青蛙是一次产卵的,产卵的数目为786-5,114个,这与王希成先生所报导的有些不同,这可能是因为青蛙产卵数目幅度较大的缘故。     

中国林蛙Rana chensinensis系统发育及物种形成和分化的研究

运用分支分类法,通过形态、染色体和同工酶性状分析寻找出姐妹群,建立中国林蛙各亚种系统发育分支图。并根据地理分布、古地理和古气候特点,认为中国林蛙起源于西伯利亚勒拿河以东。讨论了中国林蛙的分化及与其近缘种的亲缘关系。根据形态推测起源中心时,应考虑环境变化因素,当分布区环境不变或呈单向性变化时,保留祖征最多的亚种所在地就是该物种的起源中心。     

No personality without experience? A test on Rana dalmatina tadpoles

While the number of studies reporting the presence of individual behavioral consistency (animal personality, behavioral syndrome) has boomed in the recent years, there is still much controversy about the proximate and ultimate mechanisms resulting in the phenomenon. For instance, direct environmental effects during ontogeny (phenotypic plasticity) as the proximate mechanism behind the emergence of consistent individual differences in behavior are usually overlooked compared to environmental effects operating across generations (genetic adaptation). Here, we tested the effects of sociality and perceived predation risk during ontogeny on the strength of behavioral consistency in agile frog (Rana dalmatina) tadpoles in a factorial common garden experiment. Tadpoles reared alone and without predatory cues showed zero repeatability within (i.e., lack of personality) and zero correlation between (i.e., lack of syndrome) activity and risk‐taking. On the other hand, cues from predators alone induced both activity and risk‐taking personalities, while cues from predators and conspecifics together resulted in an activity – risk‐taking behavioral syndrome. Our results show that individual experience has an unequivocal role in the emergence of behavioral consistency. In this particular case, the development of behavioral consistency was most likely the result of genotype × environment interactions, or with other words, individual variation in behavioral plasticity.     

New Replacement Name for Rana paradoxa Mocquard,1890 with Designations of Lectotypes for Rana paradoxa and Rana conspicillata Günther,1872:Both Synonymized with Limnonectes kuhlii (Tschudi,1838) (Dicroglossidae:Dicroglossinae)

Fanged frogs,now called Limnonectes kuhlii,from Borneo are remotely related to true Javanese L.kuhlii.For future taxonomy of Bornean fanged frogs,we fi x the nomenclatural status of two existing names,Rana conspicillata Günther,1872 and Rana paradoxa Mocquard,1890.Morphological comparison of the type-series revealed heterospecif ic relationships of the two species.For R.conspicillata,we designate BMNH 1947.2.29.20 as the lectotype,and for R.paradoxa,we also designate MNHN 1889.222 as the lectotype and propose a replacement name Limnonectes mocquardi,in order to stabilize their nomenclature.     

牛蛙（Rana catesbeiana）染色体高分辨带显示的初步探讨

本文报道显示牛蛙染色体高分辨带的一种方法。通过2—巯基乙醇的预处理和Ohnuki低渗液和低渗及火焰干燥可使染色体伸长并显出高分辨带纹,且这种带纹和人的高分辨G带类似。初步探讨了牛蛙染色体高分辨显带机理。     

Temperaturadaptation der Sauerstoffaffinität des Blutes von Rana esculenta L.

Zusammenfassung Die Sauerstoffaffinität des Blutes (ausgedrückt im Sauerstoffhalbsättigungsdruck P ₅₀) von an 5° C adaptierten Fröschen (Rana esculenta L.) ist bei gleicher Umgebungstemperatur geringer als bei an 20° C adaptierten Fröschen. P ₅₀ bei pH 7,4 und 20° C Umgebungstemperatur betrug 42,4 mm Hg bei den kälte- und 39,1 mm Hg bei den wäremadaptierten Fröschen (Abb. 1). Die Sauerstoffkapazität der kälteangepaßten Frösche von 12,33 ml O₂/100 ml Blut ist höher als die der wärmeangepaßten von 10,43 ml O₂/100 ml Blut (Tabelle 1). Die Bedeutung und die Ursache der Sauerstoffkapazitäts- und Sauerstoffaffinitätsadaptation im Hinblick auf die Stoffwechseladaptation werden diskutiert.

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Temperature adaptation of the oxygen affinity of the blood in Rana esculenta L.

Summary The oxygen affinity of blood (expressed by the oxygen half saturation pressure P ₅₀) in frogs (Rana esculenta L.), adapted to 5° C is less as in frogs, adapted to 20° C at equal experimental temperature. P ₅₀ in cold-adapted frogs related to pH 7.4 and 20° C is 42.4 mm Hg and in heat-adapted frogs 39.1 mm Hg (Fig. 1). The oxygen capacity of the cold-adapted frogs is with 12.33 ml O₂/100 ml blood higher than of the heat-adapted frogs with 10.43 ml O₂/100 ml blood (Table 1). The importance and the origin of the adaptation of the oxygen affinity and capacity in view to the adaptation of the metabolic rate are discussed.

     

Saisonbedingte Veränderungen in der Morphologie der Leydigzellen von Rana esculenta

Zusammenfassung Saisonabhängige Veränderungen in der Morphologie der Leydigzellen von Rana esculenta wurden über den Zeitraum eines Jahres in Licht- und Elektronenmikroskop untersucht.In den Monaten November bis Februar kommen im Zytoplasma der Leydigzellen kleine Mitochondrien des tubulären Typs, Vesikel des glatten endoplasmatischen Retikulum und freie Ribosomen vor, Fettvakuolen treten nur vereinzelt auf, der Golgikomplex ist gering entwickelt. In der Zeit von März bis Juni nimmt die Zahl der Zellorganellen zu. Es erscheinen in Gruppen angeordnete Lysosomen und außer den kleinen Mitochondrien Riesenmitochondrien, des Golgifeld ist größer, die Fettvakuolen sind vermehrt. Sowohl die kleinen als auch die Riesenmitochondrien enthalten Kristalle, die aus osmiophilen globulären Einschlußkörpern hervorzugehen scheinen. In den Monaten Juni/Juli ist fast der ganze Zelleib einer Leydigzelle von Fettvakuolen ausgefüllt. Die Zahl der Riesenmitochondrien und Lysosomen verringert sich, das Golgifeld ist wieder unauffällig.Eine Beziehung zwischen der Vermehrung und Entfaltung der Zellorganellen und der in der Literatur angegebenen Phase der gesteigerten Steroidproduktion konnte festgestellt werden. Das Auftreten der Riesenmitochondrien und Lysosomen und ihre Bedeutung für die saisonbedingte Entwicklung und Involution der Leydigzellen wird diskutiert.

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Seasonal changes in the morphology of leydig cells in Rana esculenta

Summary Seasonal changes in the structure of the testicular interstitial cells in Rana esculenta were investigated.Throughout November–February, small mitochondria of the tubular type, visicles of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes predominate and the cytoplasm contains few lipid droplets and a poorly developed Golgi apparatus. During the period from March to June the cell organelles increase in number. There are numerous aggregated lysosomes and conspicuous accumulations of lipid droplets. Besides small mitochondria increasing numbers of giant mitochondria occur and the Golgi complex is enlarged. The small and giant mitochondria contain crystals which seem to originate from osmiophilic globular inclusion bodies. During June and July the whole cytoplasm may be filled with lipid droplets. Concomitantly there is a decrease in the number of lysosomes and giant mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus is in a state of involution.Possible correlations between the development of the cell organelles and the period of increased steroid production are pointed out. The appearance of giant mitochondria and lysosomes and their importance for seasonal Leydig cell development and involution are discussed.

Auszugsweise vorgetragen auf der 68. Versammlung der Anatomischen Gesellschaft in Lausanne, April 1973. — Herrn Prof. Dr. Dr. E. Horstmann danke ich für die Anregung zu dieser Arbeit und Herrn Prof. Dr. A. F. Holstein für die Durchsicht des Manuskriptes.