新生儿医院感染产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌流行状况及耐药性分析

目的了解新生儿医院感染中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）细菌流行状况及耐药性,为预防和控制感染提供依据。方法对2011年1月至2013年12月间新生儿医院感染病原菌分布及耐药性进行回顾性分析;用VITEK-2 Compact微生物鉴定系统鉴定菌种和药敏试验。结果共检出病原菌192株,105株为肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌,占54.7%;检出产ESBLs菌58株,全部来自肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌;产ESBLs菌对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、单内酰环类抗菌药物高度耐药,耐药率〉80.0%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药率较低,耐药率〈20.0%,未检测到亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药株。结论产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌是新生儿医院感染中主要的病原菌,且对常用抗菌药物耐药率较高,临床应加强病原菌的耐药性监测,合理使用抗菌药物。     

综合ICU危重症患者大肠埃希菌致尿路感染菌群特点及耐药性

目的分析综合ICU危重症患者大肠埃希菌致尿路感染病原菌的分布特点和耐药性。方法收集2012-2014年宁波市北仑区第二人民医院128例综合ICU危重症患者大肠埃希菌致尿路感染的清洁中段尿液培养标本,分别进行细菌鉴定、药敏试验及超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检测。结果 128例患者共分离出大肠埃希菌128株,2012-2014年每年留置尿管患者检出的产ESBLs菌株数均多于非留置尿管患者,但差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。产ESBLs菌株对头孢唑林、头孢呋辛完全耐药,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢替坦较为敏感,对亚胺培南的敏感性最强。产ESBLs菌株对大部分抗菌药物的耐药性均高于非产ESBLs菌株,部分耐药性的差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论大肠埃希菌产ESBLs菌株对多数抗菌药物存在较高的耐药性,但对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢替坦、亚胺培南的耐药性较低,可作为治疗大肠埃希菌致尿路感染优先抗菌药物。     

临床尿标本分离128株大肠埃希菌分析

目的探讨南昌大学第一附属医院尿标本大肠埃希菌的检测及耐药情况,为临床用药提供指导。方法采用常规方法进行细菌的分离及鉴定;运用VITEK-2全自动细菌分析仪进行细菌的鉴定及药敏分析。结果128株分离的大肠埃希菌中,产ESBLs菌92株,占71.5%,非产ESBLs菌36株,占28.5%。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的药物敏感性与非产ESBLs菌株间具有较大差异（P〈0.05）。产ESBLs菌株对亚胺培南、厄它培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星、呋喃妥因等敏感性好,但对氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类和磺胺类的耐药率高于非产ESBLs菌株。所有分离菌株可首选哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢替坦、厄它培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星和呋喃妥因进行治疗。结论南昌大学第一附属医院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌耐药性较为严重（71.5%）;医院应加强重视,强化抗生素的合理使用,降低细菌耐药率的产生。     

妇科肿瘤患者尿液主要致病菌分布及大肠埃希菌耐药性的分析

目的探讨妇科肿瘤患者尿路感染情况。方法对688份尿液标本中主要致病菌分布及主要菌大肠埃希菌的药敏进行了总结和分析。结果尿液中主要菌为大肠埃希菌(59．3％),粪肠球菌(11．1％),铜绿假单胞菌(6．3％)。大肠埃希菌中产ESNLs菌株占51．8％,大肠埃希菌对青霉素类、头孢类耐药率均大于50％,对喹诺酮类耐药率大于70％,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林。舒巴坦、阿莫西林-棒酸、替卡西林-棒酸耐药率很高,不适合用于临床治疗,对哌拉西林-他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮-舒巴坦敏感率均在90％左右。结论     

2921株大肠埃希菌的临床分布与耐药分析

目的了解近五年来本院分离的大肠埃希菌(ECO)的临床分布和耐药性变化,为临床合理治疗大肠埃希菌引起的感染提供参考。方法采用VITEK-32全自动微生物分析系统,对2009-2013年分离的大肠埃希菌进行菌株鉴定和药物敏感试验,用WHONET 5.4软件进行耐药统计分析。结果 2009-2013年本院共分离出2 921株ECO,2009-2012年大肠埃希菌主要分离自尿液,平均占29.4%,2013年大肠埃希菌主要分离自血液,占27.6%;2011-2013年产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌平均检出率为70.1%,高于2009-2010年的平均检出率64.1%(P0.05);主要来源于普外科和ICU,分别占22.1%、18.4%;非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对头孢替坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南的耐药率高于产ESBLs大肠埃希菌(P0.05),对本研究其他药物的耐药率,非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌低于产ESBLs大肠埃希菌(P0.05);产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、头孢曲松、氨苄西林/舒巴坦的耐药率均90%,非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林的耐药率70%。结论大肠埃希菌是临床常见致病菌,本市产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的分离率非常高,耐药问题十分严重,应加强合理使用抗菌药物管理,定期监测,控制耐药菌的产生,预防医院感染暴发流行。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌对喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药性检测

目的 了解临床分离产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）大肠埃希菌对喹诺酮类等抗菌药物的耐药性。方法 NCCLS表型确证试验（纸片增强法）检测出临床分离大肠埃希菌中产ESBLs菌株,琼脂稀释法测定产ESBLs菌株对喹诺酮类等抗菌药物的耐药性。结果 临床分离大肠埃希菌中产ESBLs菌株的检出率为40．2％（92／229）,产ESBLs菌株以尿标本多见,对6种喹诺酮类抗菌药物的耐药率均在89％以上,哌拉西林的耐药率为100％;对头孢噻肟、头孢他啶和哌拉西林-三唑巴坦的耐药率分别为77．2％、1．1％和21．7％,对亚胺培南极其敏感,耐药率为0％。结论 产ESBLs大肠埃希菌发生率较高,对喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药显著,临床应加强检测和监测。     

大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌诱导产ESBLs的危险因素和耐药分析

目的探讨大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌诱导产ESBLs的危险因素和耐药情况。方法调查2005年1月至2006年12月院内感染大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌82例原发疾病、免疫抑制剂的使用、侵入性操作、住院时间、抗菌药物使用时间和品种、致病菌对抗菌药物的敏感性,按产ESBLs组和非产ESBLs组对上述各因素进行比较。结果大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs检出率分别为72．3％、5．3％,产ESBLs组对广谱青霉素、头孢菌素耐药率近100％,对环丙沙星、庆大霉素、氨苄西林／舒巴坦、复方磺胺甲曝唑高达75％以上,对哌拉西林／他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦较低分别为6．4％、16．7％,头孢西丁、阿米卡星为20％,对亚胺培南均敏感。产ESBLs组住院时间和广谱抗菌药物使用时间显著长于非产ESBLs组（P〈0．01）。产ESBLs组3代头孢菌素使用率显著高于非产ESBLs组（P〈0．01）,而广谱青霉素使用率显著低于非产ESBLs组（P〈0．01）。产ESBLs组使用3代头孢菌素平均9．3d诱导出产ESBLs菌株。结论住院时间长,长期使用广谱抗菌药物,特别是3代头孢菌素的广泛使用是大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌诱导产ESBLs的危险因素。产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对广谱青霉素、头孢菌素、单环类等β-内酰胺类抗生素、喹诺酮类、庆大霉素、磺胺类耐药严重。     

大肠埃希菌耐药性及其基因同源性分析

目的 研究临床分离的大肠埃希菌对常用抗生索的耐药性及其基因分型,了解其耐药性趋势与传播流行情况,为临床合理治疗大肠埃希菌引起的感染提供参考依据。方法 采用常规鉴定技术鉴定细菌;采用K—B纸片扩散法测定77株大肠埃希菌对19种药物的耐药性;K—B法鉴定产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）;通过脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）法对其进行基因分型以确定菌株之间的亲缘关系;FINGERPRINT Ⅱ软件进行细菌基因指纹图谱分析。结果 大肠埃希菌对青霉素类、喹诺酮类药物和氨曲南的耐药性明显增高,亚胺培南和美罗培南是大肠埃希菌感染患者的首选药物;经ESBLs确证试验,ESBLs阳性率为28．60％（22／77）;产ESBLs大肠埃希菌经PFGE指纹图谱分析,除第62株和第70株相似性系数为78．27％外,其余相似度均低于70．0％;ESBLs大肠埃希菌阴性株中除少数几对菌株相似性系数较高外,其余呈散在分布,且电泳带存有6条以上的不同条带,为流行病学无关的不同克隆。结论 大肠埃希菌对常用抗生索耐药性明显增高,且呈多重耐药趋势;该研究尚不能证明存在大肠埃希菌爆发性流行感染,提示可能存在院内感染大肠埃希菌的优势克隆;PFGE基因分型方法是耐药性与流行状况分析的有效手段。     

重庆地区儿童感染患者11039株大肠埃希菌的临床分布及耐药性

目的分析2010-2015年重庆地区儿童感染的11 039株大肠埃希菌的临床分布特征及耐药性,为合理应用抗菌药物和预防控制医院感染提供依据。方法分析大肠埃希菌对19种抗菌药物的耐药性,采用BD Phoenix 100 MIC法结合K-B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验,按美国临床实验室标准化委员会(CLSI)标准判断结果。结果大肠埃希菌总检出率为13.53%;大肠埃希菌在呼吸病房和新生儿病房的检出率高于其他病房;以痰标本多见,占62.22%(6869/11039);大肠埃希菌对氨苄青霉素耐药率最高(90.33%),对美罗培南、亚胺培南的耐药率低,分别为0.81%和0.78%。ESBLs平均检出率为50.98%(5628/11039)。结论大肠埃希菌的耐药性呈上升趋势,呼吸病房和新生儿病房是预防控制的重点科室。     

某三甲医院儿童和成年女性尿培养病原菌分布和耐药性分析

摘要 目的：了解尿路感染儿童和成年女性尿培养病原菌种类和耐药性的差异,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法：分别收集2018年1月~2019年12月期间在我院住院的尿路感染儿童的尿培养标本1618份和尿路感染成年女性的尿培养标本1044份,分析其病原菌的分布和耐药性。结果：1618份儿童尿培养标本中分离出267株病原菌,居首位的病原菌是屎肠球菌,占43.82%（117/267）;1044份成年女性尿培养标本中分离出139株病原菌,居首位的病原菌是粪肠球菌,占28.78%（40/139）。在两种人群尿培养病原菌中大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌构成比均分别为第二位和第三位。儿童尿培养屎肠球菌对青霉素G、氨苄西林、环丙沙星等喹诺酮类药物的耐药率高于成年女性尿培养粪肠球菌,对克林霉素、奎奴普丁/达福普汀、四环素的耐药率低于成年女性尿培养粪肠球菌（P＜0.05）;未发现对高浓度庆大霉素、高浓度链霉素、利奈唑胺、万古霉素、替加环素耐药的肠球菌。儿童尿培养大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢吡肟的耐药率均高于成年女性尿培养大肠埃希菌（P＜0.05）。儿童尿培养肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、氨曲南、厄他培南、亚胺培南、美洛培南、呋喃妥因、头孢唑啉等头孢菌素类药物的耐药率高于成年女性尿培养肺炎克雷伯菌（P＜0.05）。结论：尿路感染儿童和成年女性尿培养病原菌均以肠球菌为主,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌构成比分别为第二位和第三位,两种人群尿培养主要病原菌耐药性均有不同程度的差异,临床医生应根据尿培养和药敏结果合理用药。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.