新烟碱类杀虫剂对新菠萝灰粉蚧的毒力

新菠萝灰粉蚧Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley是近年我国新发现的一种外来物种,是危害剑麻的主要害虫之一,本研究旨在筛选出防治新菠萝灰粉蚧的有效杀虫剂。采用喷雾法测定了啶虫脒、呋虫胺、噻虫胺、噻虫嗪和烯啶虫胺等5种新烟碱类杀虫剂对新菠萝灰粉蚧不同虫态的室内毒力。研究结果表明:5种新烟碱类杀虫剂对新菠萝灰粉蚧均有显著的触杀作用,对新菠萝灰粉蚧的毒力随着龄期的增长而减小。其中,烯啶虫胺对新菠萝灰粉蚧的毒力最高,对新菠萝灰粉蚧1龄、2龄、3龄若虫和雌成虫的LC_(50)分别为0.1406 mg/L、0.1550 mg/L、0.3870 mg/L和0.5060 mg/L。啶虫脒和噻虫嗪的毒力低于烯啶虫胺,呋虫胺和噻虫胺的毒力最低。不同龄期新菠萝灰粉蚧对同一药剂的敏感性表现为:1龄2龄3龄雌成虫。烯啶虫胺对新菠萝灰粉蚧的触杀毒力最好,可作为防治新菠萝灰粉蚧的备选药剂。     

快速鉴定新菠萝灰粉蚧的分子标记技术

新菠萝灰粉蚧Dysmicoccus neobrevipes(Beardsley)是一种严重为害剑麻、番荔枝等经济作物的入侵性害虫。由于粉蚧类昆虫体型较小,且外部形态十分相似,难以达到快速准确识别。本文利用分子标记技术,研究了新菠萝灰粉蚧的快速鉴定方法。通过对新菠萝灰粉蚧、扶桑绵粉蚧、双条拂粉蚧、杰克贝尔氏粉蚧、大洋臀纹粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、甘蔗粉蚧和木瓜粉蚧等8种粉蚧的序列进行分析,针对新菠萝灰粉蚧设计了1对特异性引物,其扩增片段大小为552 bp(Gen Bank登录号为MF 363108),该引物对其它7种粉蚧没有扩增能力。该引物不仅对新菠萝灰粉蚧成虫具有扩增效能,对1龄若虫、2龄若虫和3龄若虫都具有同样的扩增能力,其最低检出阈值为437.5 pg/μL。该技术的建立,实现了在剑麻等苗木调运过程中对新菠萝灰粉蚧的快速准确鉴定,同时对新菠萝灰粉蚧的检疫和监测也具有重要的意义。     

温度对新菠萝灰粉蚧生长发育和繁殖的影响

新菠萝灰粉蚧是近年在我国新发现的一种重要外来入侵害虫,温度是决定新菠萝灰粉蚧能否建立稳定种群的最基本因素.本研究以南瓜作为寄主,探索恒温条件对新菠萝灰粉蚧生长发育和繁殖的影响.在17、20、23、26、29和32 ℃,光周期14L∶10D,相对湿度(75±5)%的实验室条件下,测定了新菠萝灰粉蚧各虫态的发育历期、发育速率、存活率和繁殖力,组建了新菠萝灰粉蚧的实验种群生命表.结果表明: 在20～29 ℃,各虫态的发育历期均随温度的升高而缩短,在20 ℃下雌、雄若虫期的发育历期最长,分别为46.95和50.26 d;29 ℃时雌虫若虫期的发育历期最短,为20.28 d;而雄虫若虫期在32 ℃时最短,为20.70 d.各虫态的温度与发育速率的关系均符合二次回归关系.此外,温度显著影响新菠萝灰粉蚧的存活率,在29 ℃时雌、雄若虫期的存活率均最高,分别为70.3%和69.3%;雌虫世代的发育起点温度为13.80 ℃,有效积温为491.50日·度;雄虫世代的发育起点温度为11.61 ℃,有效积温为388.85日·度.新菠萝灰粉蚧的产卵前期和成虫寿命随着温度的升高而缩短;成虫产卵量在29 ℃时最高,达每雌442.2粒;最小为20 ℃,仅为每雌111.8粒;29和20 ℃下种群趋势指数分别为168.2和19.1,且在17和32 ℃时,新菠萝灰粉蚧1龄若虫和3龄若虫均表现为生长停滞.说明温度过高或过低均不利于其生长发育.温度对新菠萝灰粉蚧的生长发育、存活、繁殖及种群增长有显著的影响,23～29 ℃是最适宜新菠萝灰粉蚧生长发育和繁殖的温度范围.     

菠萝粉蚧和新菠萝灰粉蚧溴甲烷熏蒸处理研究

菠萝粉蚧Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell)和新菠萝灰粉蚧Dysmicoccus neobrevipes(Beardsley)是菠萝等热带水果上的重要害虫,均属我国进出境水果贸易中需要检疫处理的对象.为了建立两种粉蚧有效的除害处理方法,本文测定了溴甲烷熏蒸2h对两种粉蚧各虫龄的致死毒力.结果表明,两种粉蚧对溴甲烷具有相似的毒力反应,1龄若虫的耐药性明显低于其它各虫龄.菠萝粉蚧LC99最大值在19.4℃和28.8℃下均为3龄若虫,分别为30.32 g/m3和18.17 g/n3;新菠萝灰粉蚧LC99最大值在19.2℃和29.4C下分别为3龄若虫和成虫,分别为29.19 g/m3和18.41 g/m3.确认实验表明,在25℃下,采用熏蒸剂量25 g/m3,在19℃下采用40 g/m3熏蒸2h可以使菠萝粉蚧和新菠萝灰粉蚧达到安全检疫处理要求.     

利用28S rDNA种特异引物鉴定新菠萝灰粉蚧

【目的】新菠萝灰粉蚧Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley是近年来口岸中经常截获的检疫性有害生物,其与近似种形态差异小,极易随进境果蔬及种苗传播蔓延,但却难以快速准确鉴定。【方法】以新菠萝灰粉蚧为靶标,进境水果中常截获的其他6种粉蚧为对照,利用扩增粉蚧的28SrDNA通用引物扩增7种粉蚧基因部分序列,同时应用Primer Premier 5软件设计新菠萝灰粉蚧28S rDNA种特异引物1对(D.neo-28SF/R)。【结果】获得了新菠萝灰粉蚧及其他6种粉蚧的28SrDNA基因部分序列;种特异引物(D.neo-28SF/R)能稳定扩增出片段大小为235 bp条带,且该引物只对新菠萝灰粉蚧具有扩增能力,对其他6种粉蚧不具有扩增效果;对不同寄主来源新菠萝灰粉蚧亦具有同样的扩增效能。【结论】利用基于28S rDNA种特异性PCR方法,建立了新菠萝灰粉蚁快速分子检测技术。该技术方法完全可用于新菠萝灰粉蚧的准确识别,对有效阻截其进一步扩张蔓延具有重要实践意义。     

中国进境植物及植物产品携带蚧虫疫情分析

【背景】蚧虫是半翅目胸喙亚目蚧总科下的一类昆虫的总称。蚧虫个体小、食性广,极易随货物扩散传播。【方法】分别从疫情概况、截获种类、产地、截获载体、截获年份等方面对10年来我国各口岸截获蚧虫的信息数据进行了比对和统计,并对之前容易被忽视的非检疫性蚧虫疫情进行了统计和分析。【结果】2005年以来,我国从进口植物和植物产品中截获蚧虫共计171978批次,其中,检疫性蚧虫12种共7071批次;南洋臀纹粉蚧截获量最大,达2848批次,大洋臀纹粉蚧次之,为2442批次,第3是新菠萝灰粉蚧,为1714批次。东南亚是蚧虫的主要来源地,截获量居前3位的蚧类几乎都来自该地区;水果是截获蚧虫的主要载体,占所有植物及植物产品总截获量的99.0%;总体来看,蚧虫截获量从2006年开始逐年下降,到2010年后又呈暴发性上升趋势。比较3种截获量较大的蚧虫发现,2005~2008年,截获主要以南洋臀纹粉蚧为主;自2009年起,大洋臀纹粉蚧截获量逐年上升,成为截获量最多的蚧虫;2011年以来,新菠萝灰粉蚧截获量激增。2005年至今,我国口岸共截获其他非检疫性蚧类68797批次,鉴定到种的有46个属105种共68712批次,其中,在我国内陆地区尚未报道的有23个种,入侵风险高,需要引起重视。【结论与意义】了解我国口岸蚧类害虫截获情况,有利于针对性地开展疫情检疫与监测,有效防范蚧类害虫的传入与扩散。     

高温胁迫对新菠萝灰粉蚧不同地理种群保护酶活性的影响

为分析高温胁迫下新菠萝灰粉蚧Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley不同地理种群保护酶活性的差异,阐明该粉蚧对高温适应性的生理响应。本研究以室内26℃处理为对照测定了高温胁迫下(35℃、38℃、41℃、44℃)新菠萝灰粉蚧4个不同地理(广西、广东、海南和云南)种群雌成虫过氧化物酶(POD)、酚氧化酶(PO)及谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)的活性。结果表明,在35～44℃高温胁迫下,新菠萝灰粉蚧不同地理种群雌成虫POD和GST活性均高于常温对照的,PO活性均低于常温对照的(除云南种群38℃处理外);在35～44℃高温胁迫下该粉蚧3种酶活性变化均具有随着处理温度的升高呈先升高后降低趋势。在常温26℃下,该粉蚧除了广西、广东种群POD活性显著高于海南、云南种群外,4个种群的PO、GST间的活性无显著差异。在38℃、41℃和44℃高温处理下广西、广东、云南种群间的POD活性无显著差异。在相同高温处理下,除广东种群38℃处理的GST活性显著低于其它种群的外,其它相同温度处理的不同种群间的GST活性无显著差异。说明新菠萝灰粉蚧广西、广东、云南种群的POD对38℃、41℃、...     

菠萝粉蚧和新菠萝灰粉蚧γ-射线辐照处理研究

菠萝粉蚧Dysmicoccus brevipes(Cockerell)和新菠萝灰粉蚧Dysmicoccus neobrevipes(Beardsley)是菠萝等热带水果上的重要害虫,是我国进出境水果贸易中均需要检疫处理的对象。为了建立适合菠萝等水果上这两种粉蚧的检疫处理技术,本研究采用80、130、180、230和280 Gyγ-射线辐照处理了两种粉蚧的若虫和成虫。结果表明,两种粉蚧对γ射线的剂量反应基本一致,表现为随虫龄增大对辐照的耐受性增强,以雌成虫为最强。采用230Gy辐照若虫,两种粉蚧各若虫均不产生F1代活虫体,并且菠萝粉蚧1龄若虫在该剂量下不能发育至雌成虫。以230 Gy辐照成虫,两种粉蚧均产生F1代雌成虫,但不产生F2代。以240 Gy剂量大规模辐照处理3龄若虫和雌成虫,表明该剂量足以阻止两种粉蚧繁殖,该剂量可作为这两种粉蚧辐照处理的参考指标。     

菠萝粉蚧的生物学特性及防治

菠萝粉蚧DysmicoccusbrevipesCockerell[1],又名菠萝洁粉蚧,属同翅目、粉蚧科,是菠萝的重要害虫。国内该央主要分布于粤、桂、琼、台、闽等省（区）。1986年海南岛严重发生菠萝粉蚧为害,导致菠萝大面积凋萎。当年下半年广东湛江的湖光农场从海南购回卡因菠萝种苗,植后在1987年下半年菠萝粉蚧危害严重。湛江的金星农场农科所当时已建立的菠萝引种园,普遍发生粉蚧为害,其中以引进的卡因新品种如泰国卡因等受害严重。为此,1985～1988年笔者对菠萝粉蚧的发生与防治进行一了研究,结果如下。1生活史与习性1．1生活史菠萝粉蚧孤雌生殖,成…     

花生新珠蚧的学名考证(半翅目:蚧总科:珠蚧科)

通过标本观察和资料分析,作者认为在中国中部严重为害花生的新珠蚧学名应是Neomargarodes gossypii Yang,并且对该虫的各虫态特征进行了重新描述。     

蒸汽爆破和微生物酶解处理对剑麻纤维结构的影响

将蒸汽爆破和微生物酶解两种方法处理的剑麻纤维与对照进行了比较,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(IR)和热性能分析等仪器对纤维微观表面结构、基团及其热稳定性进行了分析,同时对化学组分、直径、回潮率、含水率、耐碱性和抗拉强度等也进行了研究.结果表明:蒸汽爆破对剑麻纤维中的半纤维素组分影响较大,但在红外光谱中并未形成新的基...     

Survey of the natural enemies of Dysmicoccus mealybugs on pineapple in Hawaii

Surveys for mealybugs, associated natural enemies and ants were conducted in abandoned pineapple fields on the Hawaiian islands of Oahu and Maui from July 1992 to November 1993. Whole plant samples were taken, and mealybugs and ants found were identified. Mealybug-infested plant parts were isolated and held until natural enemies emerged from parasitized host material. At sample sites where only Dysmicoccus brevipes was present, its densities ranged from a mean of 23 to 157 mealybugs per plant, while in areas with mixed populations of this mealybug and Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley, densities ranged from a mean of 23 to 118 mealybugs per plant. Ants were present at all sample sites and on all dates. Pheidole megacephala (F.) was the most common ant species found. Anagyrus ananatis Gahan was the most common parasitoid reared. However, it attacked only D. brevipes, the dominant mealybug in the pineapple fields surveyed. Percent parasitization of D. brevipes by A. ananatis in the presence of ants ranged from 0.3 to 9.9%. Percent parasitization of D. brevipes and D. neobrevipes per plant by Euryrhopalus propinquus Kerrich ranged from 0.05 to 2.2%. Mean densities of the predators Lobodiplosis pseudococci (Felt), Nephus bilucernarius Mulsant and Sticholotis ruficeps Weise ranged from 0.05 to 5.75, 0.1 to 1.8, and 0.05 to 0.2 individuals per plant, respectively.     

Anaerobic batch co-digestion of sisal pulp and fish wastes

Co-digestion of various wastes has been shown to improve the digestibility of the materials and biogas yield. Batchwise digestion of sisal pulp and fish waste was studied both with the wastes separately and with mixtures in various proportions. While the highest methane yields from sisal pulp and fish waste alone were 0.32 and 0.39 m3 CH4/kg volatile solids (VS), respectively, at total solid (TS) of 5%, co-digestion with 33% of fish waste and 67% of sisal pulp representing 16.6% of TS gave a methane yield of 0.62 m3 CH4/kg VS added. This is an increase of 59-94% in the methane yield as compared to that obtained from the digestion of pure fractions at 5% TS.     

利用种特异性COI引物（SS-COI）鉴别扶桑绵粉蚧

扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley是我国近年新发现的一种严重威胁农林业生产的重要外来入侵害虫。针对扶桑绵粉蚧与其他粉蚧类昆虫难以准确快速识别且适生区广泛的问题, 以扶桑绵粉蚧为靶标, 以我国常见的其他7种粉蚧为参照, 采用基于线粒体DNA细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ (mtDNA COI) 基因序列的种特异性(species-specific COI, SS-COI) PCR方法, 研究其快速分子检测技术。通过已知粉蚧的COI基因序列设计通用型引物1对, 获得扶桑绵粉蚧及其他7种粉蚧包括康氏粉蚧Pseudococcus comstocki Kuwana、 南洋臀纹粉蚧Planococcus lilacius Cockerell、 木槿曼粉蚧Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green)、 甘蔗红粉蚧Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell)、 新菠萝灰粉蚧Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley、 番石榴粉蚧Planococcus minor Maskel和石蒜绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solani Ferris的COI基因序列, 根据测序结果及数据库中已知粉蚧的COI基因序列设计SS COI引物1对(PSZTF1/PSZTR1), 其扩增片段大小为546 bp。种特异性检验结果表明, 该引物只对扶桑绵粉蚧的COI基因具有扩增能力, 对其他7种粉蚧不具有扩增效果; 该引物不仅对成虫具有良好的扩增能力, 对不同虫态的扶桑绵粉蚧以及来自我国不同省市的14个地理种群和口岸截获的来自巴基斯坦的扶桑绵粉蚧亦具有同样的扩增效能。这些结果表明, 该技术体系完全可用于扶桑绵粉蚧的准确识别及其检测监测, 对有效阻截其进一步扩张蔓延意义重大。     

New records of some potential pest mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) in Japan

Four species of mealybugs, Dysmicoccus neobrevipes, Phenacoccus defectus, Ph. parvus, and Ph. solenopsis (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) are recorded for the first time from Japan in the Ry?ky? (Ryukyu) Archipelago, with brief biological notes. We discuss some features of these species compared with those of related species, D. brevipes and Ph. solani, and we consider their potential risks to Japanese agriculture and/or horticulture.     

Cellulose acetates from linters and sisal: correlation between synthesis conditions in DMAc/LiCl and product properties

We report the acetylation of celluloses from sisal (untreated and alkali treated) and cotton linters (alkali treated), under homogeneous solution conditions, using DMAc/LiCl as solvent system. Our target was to evaluate the effects of cellulose dissolution and reactions conditions on the product properties. The products were characterized in terms of degree of substitution (DS) by 1H NMR, and molar weight distribution (MWD) by size exclusion chromatography. Changes in the DS of the products were correlated with reaction conditions and solution properties. It was found that the dissolution of celluloses and degree of substitution of cellulose derivatives depends on a fine adjustment of the dissolution/derivatization conditions, as well as on the origin (sisal or linters) of celluloses.     

Phylogenomics and gene selection in Aspergillus welwitschiae: Possible implications in the pathogenicity in Agave sisalana

Aspergillus welwitschiae causes bole rot disease in sisal (Agave sisalana and related species) which affects the production of natural fibers in Brazil, the main worldwide producer of sisal fibers. This fungus is a saprotroph with a broad host range. Previous research established A. welwitschiae as the only causative agent of bole rot in the field, but little is known about the evolution of this species and its strains. In this work, we performed a comparative genomics analysis of 40 Aspergillus strains. We show the conflicting molecular identity of this species, with one sisal-infecting strain sharing its last common ancestor with Aspergillus niger, having diverged only 833 thousand years ago. Furthermore, our analysis of positive selection reveals sites under selection in genes coding for siderophore transporters, Sodium?calcium exchangers, and Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins (PEBPs). Herein, we discuss the possible impacts of these gene functions on the pathogenicity in sisal.     

Phylogenetic relationships of the endosymbionts of mealybugs (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) based on 16S rDNA sequences.

A portion of the gene coding for the 16S ribosomal RNA from the endosymbionts of three species of mealybugs [Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti), Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn), and Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Beardsley)] was cloned, sequenced, and compared to a homologous fragment from bacteria representative of aphid endosymbionts as well as major subdivisions of the Proteobacteria. Parsimony analysis of the sequences indicated that the mealybug endosymbionts are related and belong to the beta-subdivision; in contrast, previous studies showed that aphid endosymbionts are part of the gamma-subdivision. These findings suggest that the endosymbiosis of mealybugs is a consequence of a single bacterial infection and indicate that this ancestor was different from the ancestor involved in aphid endosymbiosis.     

Multiple response optimization of alkaline pretreatment of sisal fiber (Agave sisalana) assisted by ultrasound

A procedure for the alkaline pretreatment of sisal fiber assisted by ultrasound was optimized to obtain a higher solubilization of hemicellulose and the removal of lignin with cellulose fraction maintenance. A full factorial design 2³ was used for the evaluation of the effects of the variables (sonication time, NaOH concentration, and sonication amplitude) on the pretreatment. The optimal values for the variables using the Doehlert matrix for the sonication time, NaOH concentration, and sonication amplitude were 27 min, 4.1% (m/v), and 50%, respectively. The X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy analyses, after pretreatment, showed changes in chemical structure and morphology due to the removal of 82% of hemicellulose and 86% of lignin from sisal fiber. The soft reaction conditions and relatively short times demonstrated the effectiveness of the combined action of ultrasound with alkaline pretreatment to improve the accessibility to cellulose in this important step of the ethanol production process from biomass.