影响柑桔树开花结果性能的生态生理因素

本文报道1988年和1989年春夏之际异常和正常的桔园小气候环境对柑桔树开花结果物候期、抽梢生长、幼果发育、生理落果、当年果实产量和品质等性能的影响。结果表明,柑桔树的座果率受许多生态生理因素制约,但第一次生理落果主要与开花期桔园的小气候环境有关,第二次生理落果则与树体营养生理代谢密切相关。据此提出了预测预报柑桔树第二次生理落果的指标及其防御措施。     

从桔皮生产果胶的废水中回收橙皮甙

果胶是重要的食品添加剂,主要从柑桔类的果皮中制取。以桔皮为原料生产果胶,除了考虑胶凝度,还必须注意脱色和脱去苦味。桔皮中的苦味物质主要是橙皮甙(hesperidin)。橙皮甙是重要药物,具有止咳作用和与维生素P相似的作用,通过化学结构改造,还可合成其他药物和甜味剂等,因此,目前国内外市场较畅销。将果胶生产中需要脱去的橙皮甙加以回收,可提高经济效益,降低生产成本。     

柑桔六点黄裂爪叶螨的发生及其防治

柑桔六点黄裂爪叶螨Schizotetranychus sexmacu-latus(Riley)是宜昌地区的一种重耍柑桔害虫。尤以西陵峡内沿江的甜橙主耍产区为最严重,一般年份,被害株率都在90％左右,是甜橙非正常落叶的重要原因。 柑桔六点黄裂爪叶螨主要危害叶片和绿色枝条,次为花蕾和果实。造成落叶、落果、枯梢,常导致产量     

利用松毛虫赤眼蜂防治柑桔卷叶蛾试验

柑桔卷叶蛾是杨村柑桔场主要害虫之一,终年为害,尤以4月为害幼果及9月为害将近成熟果而造成大量落果,损失很大。为防治卷叶蛾,本场每年虽用敌百虫20吨以上,也只能基本上控制为害。对生长比较茂密或树干较高的栟柑园,由于喷药很难均匀,往往仍会受害引起大量落果,是造成柑桔减产原因之一。本场柑桔园一般每年使用农药10次左右,主要防治红蜘蛛、锈蜘蛛、卷叶蛾、柑桔尺蠖、潜叶蛾等,由于每次喷     

广州柑桔拟小黄捲叶蛾(Adoxophyes cyrtosema Meyr.)的研究

作者于1952年9月到广东潮汕区调查柑桔虫害,在潮阳县发现卷叶蛾严重为害,引起柑桔大量落果,潮汕区果农称它为“丝虫”。因为这种卷叶蛾能吐丝将数叶片缀合一起,取食其中,又能吐丝下坠,随风飘荡,迁移他枝,因而得“丝虫”之名。在广州区1952年尚未发现卷叶蛾严重为害,只发现一种小灰蛾(Psorosticha zizyphi Stainton,织叶蛾科     

利用鱼藤根制剂防治柑桔红蜘蛛试验

柑桔红蜘蛛是柑桔最主要害虫之一。柑株被害后,会引起落叶、落果、严重影响树势生长。以前使用有效杀虫药剂——1059、1605等都不同程度地产生了抗药性。目前使用的松脂合剂、石硫台剂杀螨效果好,但高温干旱季节,连续使用,容易产生药害。为寻求防治害     

上海郊区桔全爪螨发生动态的初步观察

<正> 桔全爪螨Panonychus citri(McGregor)属蜱螨亚纲(Acari),叶螨科(Tetranychidae)。是柑桔的主要害螨,吸取树木液汁,为害柑桔叶片,造成叶片严重脱落,还引起落蕾、落果。我们于1983年6月中旬—8月下旬在本院附属农场柑桔园观察了桔全爪螨的发生动态,其结果如下。 试 验 方 法 1.夏季发生动态的观察 在柑桔园内选10株树龄3—4年生的柑桔树作定点调查,每株     

桔大实蝇为害征状的初步观察

桔大实蝇(Tetradacus citri Chen)属于双翅目果实蝇科(Trypetidae),是为害柑桔类植物具有毁灭性的重要害虫之一。它的幼虫因地域及被害柑桔品种的不同,有柑蛆、桔蛆及果蛆等名称。柑桔被它为害后,被害果呈现未熟先黄、黄中带红的现象,而且容易落果。为害重的则满     

柑橘果实加工废料资源化新技术研究

本文报道柑橘果实加工废料经直接压榨,并利用微生物发酵制取乙醇、橙皮甙及饲料等新技术。乙醇、橙皮甙产品经检验达A.R.级;饲料中脂肪、蛋白质含量分别比发酵前提高了175.7%和51.1%。制备全过程不产生污染,便于产业化。     

柑桔红蜘蛛研究简报

柑桔红蜘蛛(Panonychus citri McG.)属蜘蛛纲蜱螨目(Acarina)叶螨科(Tetranychidae),亦名柑桔叶螨;由于身体背部有明显的疣状突起,又名柑桔疣皮红蜘蛛;在发生季节遇高温干旱及多风环境,则普遍传播蔓延成灾,故四川果农又有“火风”之称。为害叶片、绿色枝条及果实,特别对幼年树和苗木为害较大,发生严重时引起大量的落叶和落果,对产量的影响很大。     

Resting metabolism and heat increment of feeding in mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) and Chinese snakehead (Channa argus)

Resting metabolism was measured in immature mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi weighing 42.1-510.2 g and Chinese snakehead Channa argus weighing 41.5-510.3 g at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 degrees C. Heat increment of feeding was measured in mandarin fish weighing 202.0 (+/-14.0) g and snakehead weighing 200.8 (+/-19.3) g fed swamp loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus at 1% body weight per day at 28 degrees C. In both species, weight exponent in the power relationship between resting metabolism and body weight was not affected by temperature. The relationship between resting metabolism and temperature could be described by a power function. The temperature exponent was 1.39 in mandarin fish and 2.10 in snakehead (P<0.05), indicating that resting metabolism in snakehead increased with temperature at a faster rate than in mandarin fish. Multiple regression models were used to describe the effects of body weight (W, g) and temperature (T, degrees C) on the resting metabolism (R(s), mg O(2)/h): lnR(s)=-5.343+0.772 lnW+1.387 lnT for the mandarin fish and lnR(s)=-7.863+0.801 lnW+2.104 lnT for the Chinese snakehead. The proportion of food energy channelled to heat increment was 8.7% in mandarin fish and 6.8% in snakehead.     

Dietary intake of the citrus flavonoid hesperidin affects stress-resilience and brain kynurenine levels in a subchronic and mild social defeat stress model in mice

ABSTRACT

Depressive disorders are partly caused by chronic inflammation through the kynurenine (KYN) pathway. Preventive intervention using anti-inflammatory reagents may be beneficial for alleviating the risk of depression. In this study, we focused on the Japanese local citrus plant, Citrus tumida hort. ex Tanaka (C. tumida; CT), which contains flavonoids such as hesperidin that have anti-inflammatory actions. The dietary intake of 5% immature peels of CT fruits slightly increased stress resilience in a subchronic and mild social defeat (sCSDS) model in mice. Moreover, the dietary intake of 0.1% hesperidin significantly increased stress resilience and suppressed KYN levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in these mice. In addition, KYN levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were significantly correlated with the susceptibility to stress. In conclusion, these results suggest that dietary hesperidin increases stress resilience by suppressing the augmentation of KYN signaling under sCSDS.     

Production and cryoconservation of embryogenic cultures of mandarin and mandarin hybrids

Assays were performed to obtain embryogenic callus lines from nine mandarin and mandarin hybrid cultivars by in vitro culture of ovules collected from immature fruits six weeks after anthesis. All cultivars produced embryos and loose friable callus. The small proliferations of nucellar callus from cultured ovules were suitable to recover embryogenic callus lines by periodical subculturing to fresh medium. The embryogenic callus cultures were subjected to cryoprotection with 10% (v/v) (DMSO), freezing by slow cooling, storage in liquid nitrogen and thawing by fast warming. Whole plants from these cryopreserved cultures were recovered through embryogenesis. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Techniques for studying adipocytes

Various fixatives as well as tissue and slide handling procedures have been evaluated in attempts to demonstrate adipocytes histochemically while maintaining cell and tissue integrity. The optimal procedure for analysis of immature adipose depots consists of the following steps: 1) fresh, unfixed tissues are rapidly in isopentane quenched in a liquid nitrogen bath; 2) cryostat sections are cut, removed from the knife with a room temperature slide, and then air dried for 5-10 minutes; 3) slides can be stained directly with picro-Ponceau or toluidine blue procedures or with oil red O following fixation for 30 minutes in cold (4 C) 10% formalin-CaCl2 (1.25%). For analysis of mature rat adipose depots steps 2 and 3 are modified as follows: 2) cryostat sections are removed from the knife with a cold slide (-20 C) and dried for 30 minutes at 4 C; 3) the mounted sections are stained with oil red O following fixation for 30 minutes in cold (4 C) 10% formalin-HgCl2 (2.5%). When procedures described above for immature adipose depots are combined with esterase staining, adipocyte cytoplasm is clearly demonstrated. These procedures allow the routine use of fresh frozen, unfixed cryostat sections in studies of adipose cellularity.     

Techniques for Studying Adipocytes

Various fixatives as well as tissue and slide handling procedures have been evaluated in attempts to demonstrate adipocytes histochemically while maintaining cell and tissue integrity. The optimal procedure for analysis of immature adipose depots consists of the following steps: 1) fresh, unfixed tissues are frozen rapidly in isopentane quenched in a liquid nitrogen bath; 2) cryostat sections are cut, removed from the knife with a room temperature slide, and then air dried for 5-10 minutes; 3) slides can be stained directly with picro-Ponceau or toluidine blue procedures or with oil red O following fixation for 30 minutes in cold (4 C) 10% formalin-CaCl₂ (1.25%). For analysis of mature rat adipose depots steps 2 and 3 are modified as follows: 2) cryostat sections are removed from the knife with a cold slide (-20 C) and dried for 30 minutes at 4 C; 3) the mounted sections are stained with oil red O following fixation for 30 minutes in cold (4 C) 10% formalin-HgCl₂ (2.5%). When procedures described above for immature adipose depots are combined with esterase fining, adipocyte cytoplasm is clearly demonstrated. These procedures allow the routine use of fresh frozen, unfixed cryostat sections in studies of adipose cellularity.     

Apoptotic effect of hesperidin through caspase3 activation in human colon cancer cells, SNU-C4.

Hesperidin, a known flavonoid constituent of citrus, reduces the proliferation of many cancer cells. The apoptotic effects of hesperidin on human colon cancer cells, SNU-C4, were determined at concentrations of 1-100 microM. At 100 microM, hesperidin reduced cell viability to 65.00+/-0.05% of control values in a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cell death induced by hesperidin showed apoptotic features in 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining and in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays. Examination of the expression of apoptosis-regulating genes indicated that hesperidin treatment decreased the expression of B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL2) mRNA, and increased the expression of BCL2-associated X protein (BAX). The expression and activity of the major apoptotic factor caspase3 (CASP3) was increased significantly with hesperidin treatment. Hesperidin down-regulated the protein expression of pro-CASP3, and up-regulated the level of active CASP3. Thus, these results suggest that hesperidin could induce apoptosis in human colon cancer cells through CASP3 activation.     

SPE-HPLC-DAD法同时检测柑橘药用资源中黄烷酮类和川陈皮素成分

为检测柑橘类5种药用资源中芸香柚皮苷、柚皮苷、橙皮苷、柚皮素和橙皮素等5个黄烷酮物质和川陈皮素的含量。实验用70%乙醇水溶液分别浸提化橘红、陈皮、青皮、橘络和橘核,提取液经稀释后利用C18固相萃取柱除杂和浓缩,再以0.5%醋酸水溶液和甲醇为流动相进行反相梯度洗脱,用串联二极管阵列检测器(DAD)扫描紫外光谱做定性分析,并分别在283、285、290、335nm波长处做定量检测。在该条件下6个类黄酮成分均实现基线分离;外标法定量,线性相关性好(R2≥0.9998);加标回收率为95.83%~103.56%,相对标准偏差为2.90%~8.78%。含量分析结果显示:芸香柚皮苷10.49mg/g、柚皮素0.327mg/g、橙皮素0.129mg/g在青皮中含量最高,橙皮苷10.78mg/g、川陈皮素1.74mg/g在陈皮中含量最高,柚皮苷19.20mg/g在化橘红中含量最高。该方法适用于柑橘药用资源中微量类黄酮成分的准确定性和定量检测。     

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of flavonoid markers in Frucus aurantii of different geographical origin by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection

A capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection (CE-ED) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of four major flavonoid markers (synephrine, naringin, hesperidin and naringenin) in Frucus aurantii of different geographical origin. Operated in a wall-jet configuration, a 300 microm diameter carbon disc electrode was used as the working electrode, which exhibits a good response at +0.85 V (versus saturated calomel electrode) for the analytes. Under the optimum conditions, the analytes were baseline separated within 20 min in a 80 mmol/L borax buffer (pH 8.45). The intra-day relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) and inter-day R.S.D.s were based on the analysis of the standard solution on the same day and on the following 6 consecutive days. The intra-day R.S.D.s ranged from 0.8% (naringin) to 3.6% (hesperidin). The inter-day R.S.D.s ranged from 1.2% (hesperidin) to 4.6% (naringenin). Calibration curves were linear in ranges between 0.05 and 1000 microg/mL for the markers. Limits of detection ranged from a low of 1 x 10(-8)g/mL (hesperidin) to a high of 5 x 10(-7)g/mL (naringin). The method was successfully used in the analysis of F. aurantii of different geographical origin with relatively simple extraction procedures, and the assay results were satisfactory.     

Determination of extracellular hesperidin in blood and bile of anaesthetized rats by microdialysis with high-performance liquid chromatography: a pharmacokinetic application

A method coupled with microdialysis technique and liquid chromatography was applied in the continuous and concurrent in vivo monitoring of extracellular hesperidin in the blood and bile of anaesthetized rats. Hesperidin was intravenously administered via the femoral vein. Sampling was achieved using two microdialysis probes, which were implanted into the jugular vein and into the bile duct. Dialysates of blood and bile were both directly injected onto the liquid chromatographic system, so no further clean-up procedures were required. Separation was performed using a reversed phase ODS-2 microbore column 150 mm x 1 mm i.d., particle size 5 microm with mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.1M ammonium acetate (30:70, v/v) at flow-rate of 0.05 ml/min. The UV detection for hesperidin was set at a wavelength of 283 nm. This method was used to determine the pharmacokinetics of hesperidin and its interaction in the presence of cyclosporin A, which is a P-glycoprotein modulator. The results indicate that the curve of area under the concentration versus time (AUC) for hesperidin in bile was significantly greater than that for hesperidin in blood at the dose of 30 mg/kg. The blood-to-bile distribution ratio (k = AUC(bile)/AUC(blood)) was 8.9 +/- 2.5 for hesperidin at 30 mg/kg. Following cyclosporin A treatment, the distribution ratio was reduced to 3.2 +/- 0.6. In conclusion, hesperidin goes through hepatobiliary elimination against the concentration gradient from blood to bile, and this hepatobiliary excretion of hesperidin may be regulated by the P-glycoprotein.     

Hydrolytic properties of crude alpha-L-rhamnosidases produced by several wild strains of mesophilic fungi

AIMS: Observation of the dependence of alpha-L-rhamnosidase activity on pH and temperature and the capability to hydrolyse concentrated naringin solutions and hesperidin suspensions of enzyme complexes produced by several fungi. METHODS AND RESULTS: The enzymes were produced by several wild strains of mesophilic fungi grown in liquid media containing rhamnose as sole carbon source. The properties and their ranges of values measured were as follows: (i) optimum pH, 3.5-6.5; (ii) optimum temperature, 50-65 degrees C; (iii) hydrolysis of supersaturated 100 g l(-1) naringin solutions, 45-100% and (iv) hydrolysis of hesperidin suspensions, 6-35%. CONCLUSIONS: Some alpha-L-rhamnosidase enzymes hydrolysed supersaturated naringin solutions with a high yield. The enzyme produced by Fusarium sambucinum 310 showed good activity even at pH 10. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Crude enzymes with possible utilization as catalysts for the manufacture of hydrolysis products of the flavonoid glycosides were found.