甘肃河西地区麻黄资源分布及鉴别

麻黄是传统的中药材，草质茎具有发汗、平喘和利水的作用，可治疗外感风寒、咳喘水肿等症。《中华人民共和国药典》（１９８５年版）收载的麻黄为麻黄科（Ｅｐｈｅｄｒａｃｅａｅ）植物草麻黄ＥｐｈｅｄｒａｓｉｎｉｃａＳｔａｐｆ、木贼麻黄Ｅ．ｅｑｕｉｓｅｔｉｎａＢｕ...     

中国宁夏产盐生肉苁蓉一新变种

内苁蓉属Ｃｉｓｔａｎｃｈｅ为列当科Ｏｒｏｂａｎｃｈａｃｅａｅ寄生植物,是补肾壮阳常用中药之一。近年来由于大量采挖,资源濒于枯竭,为国家二级保护植物之一。作者对我国肉苁蓉属植物资源进行了详细的调查,对采集的植物标本进行了分类研究,鉴定出肉苁蓉属植物４种,即肉苁蓉ＣｉｓｔａｎｃｈｅｄｅｓｅｒｔｉｃｏｌａＭａ、盐生肉苁潜Ｃ．ｓａｌｓａ（Ｃ．Ａ．Ｍｅｙ．）Ｇ．Ｂｅｃｋ、沙苁蓉Ｃ．ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＧ．Ｂｅｃｋ和管花肉苁Ｃ．ｔｕｂｕｌｏｓａ（Ｓｃｈｅｎｋ．）Ｒ．Ｗｉｇｈｔ,并发现１新变种白花盐苁蓉Ｃ．ｓａｌｓａｖａｒ．ａｌｂｉｆｌｏｒａＰ．Ｆ．ＴｕｅｔＺ．Ｃ．Ｌｏｕ,ｖａｒ．ｎｏｖ,搞清了我国肉苁蓉属植物的种类和资源。本文报道此新变种的形态特征。     

湖北红豆杉属一栽培新变种及其生物学特性

荆江红豆杉〔Ｔａｘｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｐｉｌｇｅｒ）Ｒｅｈｄｃｖ．‘ｊｉｎｇｊｉａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ’Ｙ．Ｊ．Ｆｅｉｃｖ．ｎｏｖ．〕是笔者于１９９６年在湖北荆州古城庭园观赏树种南方红豆杉〔Ｔ．Ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｐｉｌｇｅｒ）Ｒｅｈｄ．ｖａｒ．ｍａｉｒｅｉ（ＬｅｍéｅｅｔＬéｖｌ．）ＣｈｅｎｇｅｔＬ．Ｋ．Ｆｕ〕居群中发现的一栽培变种,并详细观察研究了它的生物学特性,以期为保护扩繁这一新种质资源提供科学依据。图１　荆江红豆杉的雄球花Ｆｉｇ．１　ＴｈｅｍａｌｅｃｏｎｅｆｒｏｍＴ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（…     

我国南海海龟资源的调查与保护研究现状与展望

我国南海海龟资源的调查与保护研究现状与展望王亚民（中华人民共和国农业部水产司,北京１０００２６）ＡｃｈｉｅｖｅｍｅｎｔａｎｄＰｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｏｆｔｈｅＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｓｏｎＳｏｕｔｂＣｈｉｎａＳｅａＴｕｒｔｌｅＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓａｎｄＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎｉｎＣｂｉｎａ￥ＷａｎｇＹａｍｉｎ（ＤｉｖｉｓｉｏｎｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ,ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＦｉｓｈｅｒｙ,Ｐｅｏｐｌｅ’ｓＲｅｐｕｂｌｉｃｏｆＣｈｉｎａＭｉｎｉｓｔｒｙｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ,Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００２６）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（６）：６０－６１．ＴｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｓｔｈｅｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｓｉｎｆｉｅｌｄｏｆＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａＳｅａｔｕｒｔｌｅｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓａｎｄｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎｉｎＣｈｉｎａ．ＴｈｅｒｅａｒｅｆｉｖｅｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｓｅａｔｕｒｔｌｅｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａ,ａｂｏｕｔ９０％ｏｆｔｈｅｍｌｉｖｅｉｎＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａｓｅａ。Ｄｕｒｉｎｇ１９５９－１９８８,３１８４．Ｉｔｓｅａｔｕｒｔｌｅｗｅｒｅｃａｔｃｈｅｄ（ａｂｏｕｔ     

崖姜蕨的引种与繁殖技术研究

崖姜蕨Ｐｓｅｕｃｈｏｄｒｙｎａｒｉａ ｃｏｒｏｎａｎｓ（Ｗａｌｌ．）Ｃｈｉｎｇ．是一种药用、观赏兼备的珍稀蕨类植物。本文报道该种植物引种和繁殖技术,以便为合理开发与保护这一珍贵资源提供科学资料。     

小腹茧蜂属二新种一新记录种（膜翅目：茧蜂科：小腹茧蜂亚科）

记述采自辽宁、河南、山东、浙江等省的小腹茧蜂属Ｍｉｃｒｏｇａｓｔｅｒ Ｌａｔｒｅｉｌｌｅ２新种和１中国新记录种;刻胸小腹茧蜂Ｍｉｃｒｏｇａｓｔｅｒ ｐｕｎｃｔｉｔｈｏｒａｘ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．、玉主螟小茧蜂Ｍｉｃｒｏｇａｓｔｅｒ ｏｓｔｒｉｎｉａｅ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和平原小腹茧蜂Ｍｉｃｒｏｇａｓｔｅｒ ｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓ Ｔｏｂｉａｓ１９６４,ｎｅｗ ｒｅｃｏｒｄ。模式标本保存在浙江大河保护系昆虫标本     

麻黄属一新变种——两性木贼麻黄

两性木贼麻黄　新变种ＥｐｈｅｄｒａｅｑｕｉｓｅｔｉｎａＢｕｎｇｅｖａｒ.ｍｏｎｏｉｃａＹ .Ｙａｎｇ,ｖａｒ.ｎｏｖ .Ａｖａｒ.ｅｑｕｉｓｅｔｉｎａｄｉｆｆｅｒｔｐｌａｎｔａｍｏｎｏｉｃａ,ｒａｍｕｌｉｓｇｒａｃｉｌｉｏｒｉｂｕｓ0 .8～ 1ｍｍｄｉａｍｅｔｒｏ ,ｆ     

太湖地区持续农业的发展战略与对策

太湖地区持续农业的发展战略与对策杨林章,徐琪（中国科学院南京土壤研究所,２１０００８）ＳｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓｆｏｒＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇＳｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｎＴａｉＬａｋｅＲｅｇｉｏｎ￥．ＹａｎｇＬｉｎｚｈａｎｇ;ＸｕＱｉ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＳｏｉｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｎａｎｊｉｎｇ,２１０００８）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：２７—２８．ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓａｎｄｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅｓｆａｃｅｄｂｙａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｉｎＴａｉＬａｋｅｒｅｇｉｏｎ,ｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌ－ｉｚｅｄｒｅｇｉｏｎｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａａｒｅｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄａｎｄｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓｆｏｒｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇｉｔｓｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅａｒｅｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄｉｎｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ,ＴａｉＬａｋｅｒｅｇｉｏｎ．１关于持续农业（ｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ）近年来在一些地区由于不合理的利用土地资源,过     

射干生物学研究（1）分类学综合特征和居群调查

本文对射干［Ｂｅｌａｍｃａｎｄａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｌ．）ＤＣ．］分类学的综合特征包括根、茎、叶、花、果实、种子以及地理分布和居群调查进行报道,旨在利用和保护这一宝贵的中药资源,并为引种栽培提供参考。     

淡竹叶与竹叶的原植物研究与商品鉴定

古代所用的中药淡竹叶与现在的不同,其属于竹叶的一种。本文考证认为古代的淡竹叶为刚竹属植物淡竹Ｐｈｙｌｏｓｔａｃｈｙｓｎｉｇｒａ（Ｌｏｄｄ．）Ｍｕｎｒｏｖａｒ．ｈｅｎｏｎｉｓ（Ｍｉｔｆ．）ＳｔａｐｆｅｘＲｅｎｄｌｅｒ的叶;堇竹叶可能为刚竹ＰｈｙｌｏｓｔａｃｈｙｓｂａｍｂｕｓｏｉｄｅｓＳｉｅｂ．ｅｔＺｕｃ．的叶;苦竹叶可能包括现今苦竹Ｐｌｅｏｂｌａｓｔｕｓａｍａｒｕｓ（Ｋｅｎｇ）Ｋｅｎｇｆ．及刚竹属笋味苦的一些种类的叶。对收集的２种淡竹叶及４种竹叶类商品药材性状进行了鉴定,并给出了检索表。中国是世界上竹类资源种类最多,资源面积最大的国家,开发药用竹类资源对充分利用竹类森林资源,振兴广大贫困山区经济意义重大。     

Self-poisoning with drugs: the past 20 years in Sheffield.

In Sheffield there are now over 1000 admissions to hospital each year because of self-poisoning, an increase of twentyfold over the past two decades. The city is representative of the Trent Region, and it can be confidently estimated that there are at least 100 000 cases of self-poisoning in the United Kingdom each year. Most patients are in their late teens and early twenties, and in young women self-poisoning is the most common cause of emergency admission to a medical ward. Although the drugs are usually prescribed by a doctor, patients, especially the young, are showing an increasing tendency to misappropriate drugs prescribed for others. The choice of drug is a matter of simple availability, and national trends in prescribing are reflected in the overdose figures. Barbiturates and paracetamol are responsible for the most deaths. Residence in densely populated areas may be a predisposing factor.     

Minor operations in general practice.

An analysis of minor operations performed in one general practice showed that one doctor doing an average of only four minor operations a week can save the area health authority over 15 000 pounds a year.     

Carbon accumulation of tropical peatlands over millennia: a modeling approach

Tropical peatlands cover an estimated 440 000 km² (~10% of global peatland area) and are significant in the global carbon cycle by storing about 40–90 Gt C in peat. Over the past several decades, tropical peatlands have experienced high rates of deforestation and conversion, which is often associated with lowering the water table and peat burning, releasing large amounts of carbon stored in peat to the atmosphere. We present the first model of long‐term carbon accumulation in tropical peatlands by modifying the Holocene Peat Model (HPM), which has been successfully applied to northern temperate peatlands. Tropical HPM (HPMTrop) is a one‐dimensional, nonlinear, dynamic model with a monthly time step that simulates peat mass remaining in annual peat cohorts over millennia as a balance between monthly vegetation inputs (litter) and monthly decomposition. Key model parameters were based on published data on vegetation characteristics, including net primary production partitioned into leaves, wood, and roots; and initial litter decomposition rates. HPMTrop outputs are generally consistent with field observations from Indonesia. Simulated long‐term carbon accumulation rates for 11 000‐year‐old inland, and 5 000‐year‐old coastal peatlands were about 0.3 and 0.59 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1, and the resulting peat carbon stocks at the end of the 11 000‐year and 5 000‐year simulations were 3300 and 2900 Mg C ha^?1, respectively. The simulated carbon loss caused by coastal peat swamp forest conversion into oil palm plantation with periodic burning was 1400 Mg C ha^?1 over 100 years, which is equivalent to ~2900 years of C accumulation in a hectare of coastal peatlands.     

Recent developments in manufacturing and marketing carrageenan

Carrageenan has annual sales of over US$ 200 million, about 15% of the world use of food hydrocolloids. The market for carrageenan has grown exponentially at 5% per year for at least 25 years: 5 500 metric tons in 1970, and over 20 000 metric tons expected in 1995. The industry has become dominated by very large, multi-product companies with carrageenan factories in Europe and the US, but factories are now springing up in the Philippines and Chile, where red seaweeds grow in abundance. About 80 000 tons of dry red seaweeds are needed to produce 20 000 tons of carrageenan. About 40 000 tons comes from the Philippines, 15 000 tons from Indonesia, 15 000 tons from Chile, and 10 000 tons from elsewhere. Carrageenan growth depends on food fads like the McLean hamburger and food winners like processed pork and turkey. Carrageenan is a regulated food additive, and current health concerns focus on the minimum safe molecular weight for carrageenan when eaten. The most innovative development in carrageenans in recent years has been the introduction of a food grade version of lower cost natural grade carrageenan. Its acceptance, however, has been hampered by strong resistance from conventional carrageenan producers.     

Coronary heart disease prevention: insights from modelling incremental cost effectiveness

Objective To determine which treatments for preventing coronary heart disease should be offered to which patients by assessing their incremental cost effectiveness.Design Modelling studyData sources Cost estimates (for NHS) and estimates of effectiveness obtained for aspirin, antihypertensive drugs, statins and clopidogrel.Data synthesis Treatment effects were assumed to be independent, and cost per coronary event prevented was calculated for treatments individually and in combination across patients at a range of coronary risks.Results The most cost effective preventive treatments are aspirin, initial antihypertensive treatment (bendrofluazide and atenolol), and intensive antihypertensive treatment (bendrofluazide, atenolol and enalapril), whereas simvastatin and clopidogrel are the least cost effective (cost per coronary event prevented in a patient at 10% coronary risk over five years is £3500 for aspirin, £12 500 for initial antihypertensives, £18 300 for intensive antihypertensives, £60 000 for clopidogrel, and £61 400 for simvastatin). Aspirin in a patient at 5% five year coronary risk costs less than a fifth as much per event prevented (£7900) as simvastatin in a patient at 30% five year risk (£40 800).Discussion A cost effective prevention strategy would offer aspirin and initial antihypertensive treatment to all patients at greater than 7.5% five year coronary risk before offering statins or clopidogrel to patients at greater than 15% five year coronary risk. Incremental cost effectiveness analysis of treatments produces robust, practical cost effectiveness rankings that can be used to inform treatment guidelines.     

Incidence and estimated need of caesarean section,inguinal hernia repair,and operation for strangulated hernia in rural Africa.

Numbers of caesarean sections, inguinal hernia repairs, and operations for strangulated hernia performed in 1979-81 at 10 rural hospitals in eastern Africa were matched against estimated populations in the respective catchment areas. Annual rates of each operation varied considerably between hospitals, the averages being: for caesarean sections 25 per 100 000 per year; for inguinal hernia repairs 25 per 100 000 per year; and for operations for strangulated hernia four per 100 000 per year. The estimated minimum needs for these operations, based on available data for morbidity were 225, 175, and 30 per 100 000 per year, respectively. Numerous deaths and cases of permanent disability occur in remote rural villages because common conditions requiring urgent surgery are neither prevented nor properly cared for. A balanced improvement of both primary and secondary care in rural Africa is needed.     

Genotyping validates the efficacy of photographic identification in a capture‐mark‐recapture study based on the head scale patterns of the prairie lizard (Sceloporus consobrinus)

Population studies often incorporate capture‐mark‐recapture (CMR) techniques to gather information on long‐term biological and demographic characteristics. A fundamental requirement for CMR studies is that an individual must be uniquely and permanently marked to ensure reliable reidentification throughout its lifespan. Photographic identification involving automated photographic identification software has become a popular and efficient noninvasive method for identifying individuals based on natural markings. However, few studies have (a) robustly assessed the performance of automated programs by using a double‐marking system or (b) determined their efficacy for long‐term studies by incorporating multi‐year data. Here, we evaluated the performance of the program Interactive Individual Identification System (I³S) by cross‐validating photographic identifications based on the head scale pattern of the prairie lizard (Sceloporus consobrinus) with individual microsatellite genotyping (N = 863). Further, we assessed the efficacy of the program to identify individuals over time by comparing error rates between within‐year and between‐year recaptures. Recaptured lizards were correctly identified by I³S in 94.1% of cases. We estimated a false rejection rate (FRR) of 5.9% and a false acceptance rate (FAR) of 0%. By using I³S, we correctly identified 97.8% of within‐year recaptures (FRR = 2.2%; FAR = 0%) and 91.1% of between‐year recaptures (FRR = 8.9%; FAR = 0%). Misidentifications were primarily due to poor photograph quality (N = 4). However, two misidentifications were caused by indistinct scale configuration due to scale damage (N = 1) and ontogenetic changes in head scalation between capture events (N = 1). We conclude that automated photographic identification based on head scale patterns is a reliable and accurate method for identifying individuals over time. Because many lizard or reptilian species possess variable head squamation, this method has potential for successful application in many species.     

Reversal of postmenopausal vertebral bone loss by oestrogen and progestogen: a double blind placebo controlled study

Because of uncertainty about the place of hormones in the treatment of postmenopausal bone loss vertebral and forearm bone loss was measured by absorptiometry in early post-menopausal women before and after continuous or sequential treatment with combined oestrogen and progestogen in a double blind placebo controlled trial. Treatment with hormones significantly reversed the vertebral bone loss. The net gain in vertebral bone density amounted to 6·4% a year with continuous supplementation and 5·4% a year with sequential supplementation; the net gain in forearm bone density was lower (3·6% with continuous and 3·7% with sequential supplementation).Before a policy of supplementation with hormones can be recommended to all postmenopausal women with the aim of reducing the incidence of vertebral crush fractures further studies with different doses and combinations of hormones, administered over several years, are needed.     

How does a wetland plant respond to increasing temperature along a latitudinal gradient?

Global warming affects plant fitness through changes in functional traits and thereby ecosystem function. Wetlands are declining worldwide, and hence, ecosystem functions linked to wetlands are threatened. We use Caltha palustris “a common wetland plant” to study whether warming affects growth and reproduction differently depending on origin of source population, potentially affecting phenotypic response to local climate. We conducted a 2‐year in situ temperature manipulation experiment using clone pairs of C. palustris in four regions, along a 1300‐km latitudinal gradient of Sweden. Open‐top chambers were used to passively increase temperature, paired with controls. Growth and reproductive traits were measured from 320 plants (four regions × five sites × two treatments × eight plants) over two consecutive seasons to assess the effect of warming over time. We found that warming increased plant height, leaf area, number of leaves, and roots. High‐latitude populations responded more strongly to warming than low‐latitude populations, especially by increasing leaf area. Warming increased number of flowers in general, but only in the second year, while number of fruits increased in low‐latitude populations the first year. Prolonged warming leads to an increase in both number of leaves and flowers over time. While reproduction shows varying and regional responses to warming, impacts on plant growth, especially in high‐latitude populations, have more profound effects. Such effects could lead to changes in plant community composition with increased abundance of fast‐growing plants with larger leaves and more clones, affecting plant competition and ecological functions such as decomposition and nutrient retention. Effects of warming were highly context dependent; thus, we encourage further use of warming experiments to predict changes in growth, reproduction, and community composition across wetland types and climate gradients targeting different plant forms.     

Individual Variations in Serum Melatonin Levels through Time: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies

Melatonin, a marker for the circadian rhythm with serum levels peaking between 2AM and 5AM, is hypothesized to possess anti-cancer properties, making it a mechanistic candidate for the probable carcinogenic effect of circadian rhythm disruption. In order to weigh epidemiologic evidence on the association of melatonin with cancer, we must first understand the laboratory and biological sources of variability in melatonin levels measured in samples. Participants for this methodological study were men enrolled in the Prostate Lung Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO). We measured serum melatonin levels over a five year period in 97 individuals to test if melatonin levels are steady over time. The Pearson correlation coefficient between two measures separated by 1 year was 0.87, while the correlation between two measures separated by 5 years was to 0.70. In an additional cross-sectional study of 292 individuals, we used Analysis of Variance to identify differences in melatonin levels between different lifestyle and environmental characteristics. Serum melatonin levels were slightly higher in samples collected from 130 individuals during the winter, (6.36±0.59 pg/ml) than in samples collected from 119 individuals during the summer (4.83±0.62 pg/ml). Serum melatonin levels were lowest in current smokers (3.02±1.25 pg/ml, p = 0.007) compared to never (6.66±0.66 pg/ml) and former (5.59±0.50 pg/ml) smokers whereas BMI did not significantly affect serum melatonin levels in this study. In conclusion, the high 5 year correlation of melatonin levels implies that single measurements may be used to detect population level associations between melatonin and risk of cancer. Furthermore, our results reiterate the need to record season of sample collection, and individual characteristics in order to maximize study power and prevent confounding.