L-鸟氨酸高产菌的原生质体融合育种

以谷氨酸高产菌S9114和谷氨酸棒杆菌GS538为出发菌株,应用原生质体融合技术,定向选育出一株L-鸟氨酸高产菌株RH169,该菌株能在发酵液中积累L-鸟氨酸,质量浓度可达19.3 g.L-1。     

钝齿棒杆菌的代谢改造：L-鸟氨酸与L-瓜氨酸合成菌株的构建

【目的】对一株产L-精氨酸的钝齿棒杆菌(Corynebacterium crenatum)SYPA5-5进行代谢工程改造,构建L-鸟氨酸和L-瓜氨酸合成菌株,并考察其发酵生产相应氨基酸的性能。【方法】分别敲除菌株SYPA5-5鸟氨酸氨甲酰转移酶(Ornithine carbamoyltransferase,OTC)的编码基因argF和精胺琥珀酸合成酶(Argininosuccinate synthase,ASS)的编码基因argG,构建能够合成L-鸟氨酸及L-瓜氨酸的重组菌株SYPA5-5△argF和SYPA5-5△argG;考察不同营养条件对上述重组菌株生长和相应氨基酸积累的影响。【结果】添加0.3 g/L L-精氨酸可满足SYPA5-5△argF的生长及L-鸟氨酸积累所需,L-鸟氨酸产量可达21.5 g/L;添加L-精氨酸有利于SYPA5-5△argG的生长,但不利于L-瓜氨酸的积累;不添加L-精氨酸时,L-瓜氨酸产量可达15.2 g/L,同时积累6.8 g/L的L-谷氨酸。【结论】分别敲除L-精氨酸生产菌株SYPA5-5的argF及argG基因,可实现L-精氨酸合成途径的中间代谢物L-瓜氨酸和L-鸟氨酸的积累,拓展了该菌株的工业应用范围。     

钝齿棒杆菌中异源表达N-乙酰鸟氨酸脱乙酰基酶合成L-鸟氨酸的研究

目的:对一株产鸟氨酸的钝齿棒杆菌Corynebacterium crenatum SYPA5-5/△proB/△argF(SYPO-1)进行代谢工程改造,筛选不同细菌来源的N-乙酰鸟氨酸脱乙酰基酶在大肠杆菌中克隆与表达,纯化后对其进行酶学性质的比较;将黏质沙雷氏菌Serratia marcescens Y213来源的Smarg E基因编码的N-乙酰鸟氨酸脱乙酰基酶在L-鸟氨酸生产菌株C.crenatum SYPO-1中过量表达,进一步提高L-鸟氨酸的产量。方法:通过利用pDXW10穿梭质粒对不同来源的N-乙酰鸟氨酸脱乙酰化酶进行克隆表达和酶学性质比较,选择性质最优来源的N-乙酰鸟氨酸脱乙酰基酶编码基因Smarg E在产L-鸟氨酸重组钝齿棒杆菌中表达,考察重组菌株发酵过程中参数的变化。结果:来源于S.marcescens Y213的N-乙酰鸟氨酸脱乙酰基酶比酶活最高为798.98U/mg,最适pH为7,最适温度为37℃,0.1mmol/L的Mg~(2+)、Li~+、Mn~(2+)促进酶的比酶活提高了50%;在钝齿棒杆菌中表达N-乙酰鸟氨酸脱乙酰基酶酶活达到128.4U/ml,显著提高了钝齿棒杆菌中胞内乙酰基循环水平;5L发酵罐发酵重组菌株96h,L-鸟氨酸的产量达到38.5g/L,比出发菌株,L-鸟氨酸的产量提高了33.2%,产率达0.401g/(L·h)。结论:筛选出最佳来源的N-乙酰鸟氨酸脱乙酰基酶,在鸟氨酸生产菌株C.crenatum(SYPO-1)中过量表达,可以促进鸟氨酸的前体物质N-乙酰鸟氨酸的快速消耗,实现鸟氨酸的积累。     

HPLC-ELSD法测定发酵液中L-鸟氨酸的含量

采用HPLC-ELSD法,Prevail C18柱,体积分数0.06%HFBA溶液-乙腈(88∶12)为流动相,柱温30℃,流速为0.8 ml.min-1,ELSD漂移管温度110℃,气体流量2.8 L.min-1,建立了测定L-鸟氨酸的方法。鸟氨酸在0.1-0.6 g.L-1范围内,线性回归比非常显著(r2=0.9998),平均回收率98.94%。该法简便、快速、准确性高、重复性好,适合于L-鸟氨酸的定量分析。     

三化螟与荔枝蝽体液氨基酸和脂肪体转氨酶与谷氨酸脱氢酶的研究

1.用纸层析的方法测定了水稻、三化螟与荔枝蝽体液的氨基酸含量。2.在三化螟幼虫脂肪体中,观察到谷天转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶与鸟氨酸转氨酶的活力。在荔枝蝽的脂肪体中有11种氨基酸(L-天门冬氨酸、L-丙氨酸、L-异白氨酸、L-白氨酸、L-缬氨酸、L-苯丙氨酸、L-鸟氨酸、L-酪氨酸、L-色氨酸、L-β-丙氨酸与DL-γ-氨基丁酸)可与α-酮戊二酸进行转氨作用,以形成谷氨酸。3.在三化螟与荔枝蝽脂肪体中均存在谷氨酸脱氢酶。     

L-鸟氨酸发酵液的脱色研究

为了提高L-鸟氨酸发酵液的脱色效率,对其脱色工艺开展研究。首先通过树脂的选择性吸附确定L-鸟氨酸发酵液中色素的化学性质,随后结合颗粒活性炭的物理结构和零电荷点分析,优选出在接近中性条件下具有优良脱色性能的颗粒活性炭。在静态条件下考察pH、温度、时间和活性炭用量等因素对其脱色性能的影响。在此基础上,考察活性炭层析柱对L-鸟氨酸发酵液的动态脱色工艺和基于两步解吸法的活性炭再生工艺,单柱可动态脱色处理45倍床层体积(BV)的发酵液,脱色率达97%以上,脱色液呈无色透明状,L-鸟氨酸损失率低于1%,活性炭再生效果保持稳定。     

L-鸟氨酸的化学合成方法

将国内外L-鸟氨酸的化学合成的研究状况作了简要归纳,对主要的三种化学合成路线进行分析介绍。     

L-鸟氨酸发酵菌种的代谢工程研究进展

L-鸟氨酸是一种非蛋白类氨基酸参与尿素代谢及生物多胺类的合成,其对人体具有治疗肝脏疾病、增强免疫力等作用,被广泛应用于医疗、保健、食品等领域。工业上生产鸟氨酸主要有化学法、酶法及工业发酵法。其中,发酵法因其生产成本及环境保护等方面的优势而逐渐成为研究的焦点。本文归纳了近年来采用基因工程技术选育鸟氨酸高产菌种最新研究进展,重点讨论了产鸟氨酸谷氨酸棒杆菌的代谢工程改造策略,并对未来的研究方向进行了预测。     

L-鸟氨酸的混合菌种发酵研究

谷氨酸棒杆菌可发酵葡萄糖产L-鸟氨酸。通过连续筛选与驯化筛选到了产量较高的生产菌株CG1006。以GC/MS对发酵液成分的定性分析及鸟氨酸的产量为依据,优化了培养条件,产量从最初的14.346g/L提高到40.416g/L。初步考察了酵母菌CG1006-1对发酵液成分及产量的影响。结果表明混合菌种发酵可纯化发酵液成分。     

外源H_2O_2对混合盐碱胁迫下燕麦幼苗叶片脯氨酸积累和代谢途径的影响

为探讨H_2O_2对盐碱胁迫下植物脯氨酸代谢的调控机理,以燕麦新品种‘定莜6号’幼苗为材料,采用水培法研究了外源H_2O_2对混合盐碱胁迫下燕麦脯氨酸积累和代谢途径的影响。结果表明,75 mmol·L-1混合盐碱(Na Cl∶Na_2SO_4∶Na HCO_3∶Na_2CO_3=12∶8∶9∶1)胁迫可促进燕麦幼苗叶片脯氨酸的积累,提高脯氨酸合成的鸟氨酸途径关键酶鸟氨酸δ-氨基转移酶(δ-OAT)活性,抑制脯氨酸合成的谷氨酸途径关键酶Δ1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶(P5CS)及脯氨酸降解限速酶脯氨酸脱氢酶(Pro DH)活性。在75 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫下添加0.01~1 000μmol·L-1H_2O_2可显著提高燕麦幼苗叶片的脯氨酸含量,其中10μmol·L-1H_2O_2的作用最明显;10μmol·L-1H_2O_2上调了75 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫下燕麦幼苗叶片的P5CS和δ-OAT活性,降低了Pro DH活性。此外,10μmol·L-1H_2O_2使75 mmol·L-1混合盐碱胁迫下燕麦幼苗叶片内源性H_2O_2含量急剧升高后迅速降低。表明外源H_2O_2能够提高混合盐碱胁迫下燕麦幼苗内源H_2O_2的含量,并通过活化脯氨酸合成的谷氨酸途径和鸟氨酸途径,抑制脯氨酸的降解,促进混合盐碱胁迫下燕麦幼苗脯氨酸的积累。     

Arginine catabolism in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803 involves the urea cycle and arginase pathway

Cells of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 supplemented with micromolar concentrations of L-[(14)C]arginine took up, concentrated, and catabolized this amino acid. Metabolism of L-[(14)C]arginine generated a set of labeled amino acids that included argininosuccinate, citrulline, glutamate, glutamine, ornithine, and proline. Production of [(14)C]ornithine preceded that of [(14)C]citrulline, and the patterns of labeled amino acids were similar in cells incubated with L-[(14)C]ornithine, suggesting that the reaction of arginase, rendering ornithine and urea, is the main initial step in arginine catabolism. Ornithine followed two metabolic pathways: (i) conversion into citrulline, catalyzed by ornithine carbamoyltransferase, and then, with incorporation of aspartate, conversion into argininosuccinate, in a sort of urea cycle, and (ii) a sort of arginase pathway rendering glutamate (and glutamine) via Delta(1)pyrroline-5-carboxylate and proline. Consistently with the proposed metabolic scheme (i) an argF (ornithine carbamoyltransferase) insertional mutant was impaired in the production of [(14)C]citrulline from [(14)C]arginine; (ii) a proC (Delta(1)pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase) insertional mutant was impaired in the production of [(14)C]proline, [(14)C]glutamate, and [(14)C]glutamine from [(14)C]arginine or [(14)C]ornithine; and (iii) a putA (proline oxidase) insertional mutant did not produce [(14)C]glutamate from L-[(14)C]arginine, L-[(14)C]ornithine, or L-[(14)C]proline. Mutation of two open reading frames (sll0228 and sll1077) putatively encoding proteins homologous to arginase indicated, however, that none of these proteins was responsible for the arginase activity detected in this cyanobacterium, and mutation of argD (N-acetylornithine aminotransferase) suggested that this transaminase is not important in the production of Delta(1)pyrroline-5-carboxylate from ornithine. The metabolic pathways proposed to explain [(14)C]arginine catabolism also provide a rationale for understanding how nitrogen is made available to the cell after mobilization of cyanophycin [multi-L-arginyl-poly(L-aspartic acid)], a reserve material unique to cyanobacteria.     

Studies on the turnover rates of ornithine aminotransferase in Morris hepatoma 44 and host liver.

The ornithine aminotransferase [EC 2.6.1.13] content of Morris hepatoma 44 is about 15 times higher than that in normal liver. The turnover rates of ornithine amino-transferase in hepatoma 44 and host liver were determined using L-[14C]leucine. Studies on the incorporation of radioactive leucine into ornithine aminotransferase in rats bearing hepatoma 44 showed that the rate of synthesis of this enzyme in the hepatoma was about 5-fold higher than that in host liver. The half-life of ornithine aminotransferase in host liver was 0.98 day, which was the same as that in normal liver, whereas that in hepatoma 44 was 3.5 days. The rate constant of degradation of ornithine aminotransferase in hepatoma 44 was significantly less than that in host liver. These results show that the high ornithine aminotransferase content of hepatoma 44 is due to both increase in its rate of synthesis and decrease in its rate of degradation.     

Increased ornithine decarboxylase activity during meiotic maturation in xenopus laevis oocytes

The activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ornithine carboxylyase E.C. 4.1.1.17) was studied during meiotic maturation induced in vitro by progesterone in follicle cell-free oocytes. Enzyme activity increased 4–6 fold during maturation, preceding germinal vesicle breakdown. The increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity was inhibited by cholera toxin, an agent that blocks meiotic maturation and increases cAMP levels within the cell. It was also prevented by cycloheximide but not by actinomycin D. Treatment of oocytes with D,L-α-difluoromethyl-ornithine, an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase and of putrescine synthesis, effectively abolished enzyme activity without preventing germinal vesicle breakdown. These observations show that the progesterone-induced increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity is not required for completion of meiotic division of the oocyte.     

Arginase from rat fibrosarcoma. Its possible role in proline,glutamate and polyamine metabolism

The presence of arginase in rat fibrosarcoma not synthesizing urea, suggested that this enzyme may have additional functions. Ornithine carbamoyl transferase, a key enzyme of the urea cycle was absent in this tissue, when compared to normal tissues, lower amount of ornithine was found in the fibrosarcoma, but this tumour contained a higher level of proline. The radioactivity present in L-[U-¹⁴C] arginine was incorporated into putrescine, spermidine, spermine, proline glutamate and glutamine suggesting that arginine was a possible precursor and that arginase may have a role in the synthesis of these metabolites.     

CarO, an Acinetobacter baumannii outer membrane protein involved in carbapenem resistance, is essential for L-ornithine uptake

We previously associated the emergence of carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii with the loss of an outer membrane (OM) protein designated CarO. CarO was found essential for L-ornithine uptake: CarO-deficient strains were specifically impaired to grow only on L-ornithine, and failed to incorporate L-[(14)C] ornithine from the medium. L-arginine, and histidine and lysine to a lower extent, could effectively compete for L-[(14)C] ornithine uptake. L-ornithine also reduced A. baumannii sensitivity to imipenem, suggesting that both compounds compete for uptake. The overall results indicate that CarO participates in the selective uptake of L-ornithine, carbapenems, and other basic amino acids in A. baumannii.     

Substrate specificity in the stimulation of intestinal ornithine decarboxylase activity by refeeding after starvation

Jejunal loops in 3-day-fasted rats were perfused with hexoses and amino acids to test for their ability to stimulate intestinal ornithine decarboxylase activity. Intraluminal L- and D-glucose, galactose and 3-O-methylglucose were potent stimulants, while D-fructose and L-leucine were not. Intravenously infused D-glucose was also without effect. Induction of ornithine decarboxylase therefore appears to involve a receptor-mediated event which is probably located at the luminal cell surface.     

Interaction of L-canaline with ornithine aminotransferase of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Sphingidae)

Ornithine aminotransferase (L-ornithine:2-oxo-acid aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.13)) has been purified to homogeneity from last instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Sphingidae). This enzyme is a 144,000-Da tetramer constructed from 36,000-Da protomeric units. It has a high aspartate/asparagine and glutamate/glutamine content and 2 cysteine residues/subunit. All 8 cysteine residues can react with N-ethylmaleimide to inactivate the enzyme. Maintenance of the enzyme in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol maximizes enzymatic activity and improves storage conditions, presumably by protecting these sulfhydryl groups. The apparent Km values for L-ornithine and 2-oxoglutaric acid are 2.3 and 3.2 mM, respectively. The turnover number is 2.0 +/- 0.1 mumol min-1 mumol-1. L-Canaline (L-2-amino-4-(aminooxy)butyric acid) is a potent ornithine aminotransferase inhibitor. Reaction of the enzyme with L-[U-14C]canaline produces an enzyme-bound, covalently linked, radiolabeled canaline-pyridoxal phosphate oxime. The L-[U-14C]canaline-pyridoxal phosphate oxime has been isolated from canaline-treated enzyme. Dialysis of canaline-inactivated ornithine aminotransferase against free pyridoxal phosphate slowly reactivates the enzyme as the oxime is replaced by pyridoxal phosphate. Analysis of L-[U-14C]canaline binding to ornithine aminotransferase reveals the presence of 4 mol of pyridoxal phosphate/mol of enzyme.     

L-ornithine-induced inactivation of mammalian ornithine decarboxylase in vitro

Partially purified ornithine decarboxylase, isolated from the liver of thioacetamide-treated rats, is stable in the absence of added low-molecular-mass thiols or other reducing agents. However, under these conditions, the enzyme is rapidly inactivated upon incubation with L-ornithine or L-2-methylornithine. The inactivation process follows first-order kinetics, and saturation kinetics are observed. Rapid recovery of activity is observed after subsequent addition of dithiothreitol. As distinct from L-ornithine, D-ornithine, putrescine, spermidine, or spermine do not produce inactivation of ornithine decarboxylase. Very similar results are obtained with pure ornithine decarboxylase isolated from androgen-stimulated mouse kidney, stabilized with a rat liver extract.     

Metabolic and secretory responses of parotid cells to cationic amino acids. Oxidation of the amino acids and interference with the oxidation of D-glucose or endogenous nutrients.

Cationic amino acids were recently found to stimulate amylase release from rat parotid cells. The possible relevance of their oxidative catabolism to such a secretory stimulation was investigated. D-Glucose, which was efficiently metabolized in parotid cells and which augmented O2 uptake above basal value, failed to affect basal or stimulated amylase release. L-Arginine, L-lysine and L-histidine failed to stimulate the oxidation of either exogenous D-[6-14C]glucose or endogenous nutrients in cells pre-labelled with [U-14C]palmitate or L-[U-14C]glutamine. The oxidation of L-[U-14C]arginine, L-[U-14C]ornithine, L-[U-14C]lysine and L-[U-14C]histidine, all tested at a 10 mM concentration, was much lower than that of D-[U-14C]glucose (5.6 mM). These findings argue against the view that the stimulation of amylase release by cationic amino acids would be related to their role as a source of energy in the parotid cells.     

Compartmental behavior of ornithine in Neurospora crassa.

In Neurospora cells grown on minimal medium, most of the large ornithine pool is found in osmotically sensitive organelles, the "vesicles." In this paper kinetic studies on the compartmental behavior of ornithine and its derivatives are reported. Analysis of the metabolism of a 10(-7) M pulse of uniformly labeled L-[14C] ornithine supports the following conclusions: (a) Over 98% of the cellular ornithine is in the vesicles. (b) The amount of ornithine normally in the cytosol is about 0.3% of the cellular ornithine, as shown by the kinetics of incorporation of 14C into putrescine via the cytosolic enzyme, ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17). (c) Mitochondria, the site of ornithine synthesis, contain about 1% of the cellular ornithine, as demonstrated by the kinetics of incorporation of 14C into citrulline via the mitochondrial enzyme, ornithine transcarbamylase (EC 2.1.3.3). (d) Considerable ornithine exchange, and a net efflux of ornithine, takes place across the mitochondrial membrane. (e) Ornithine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.13), a catabolic enzyme, may have a special relation to the cell membrane in cells grown in minimal medium. This enzyme uses ornithine efficiently while it enters from the medium, but very poorly after all the [14C] ornithine is within the cell. (f) Citrulline and proline are not compartmented with respect to the enzymes using them. (g) In contrast, arginine is distributed such that over 99% is in vesicles. We suggest that the vesicles; with their ability to sequester ornithine and arginine, are potentially significant in regulation.