噻芬太尼对羚牛的保定研究

羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor)属国家第一类保护的珍稀动物。羚牛包括4个亚种,其中四川亚种和秦岭亚种为我国所特有。随着野生动物科研工作的发展。有关羚牛的生态、遗传、血液生化等研究工作正逐步进行,羚牛的疾病诊治、捕捉、搬迁等工作也日益频繁。羚牛性情凶猛,不易保定,人工强行保定极易造成动物和人员的伤亡。因此,如何解决羚牛的化学保定问题,是进一步开展羚牛科研工作的重要条件之一。     

羚牛,同羊及黄牛血清蛋白电泳的比较研究

本文用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对羚牛、同羊、黄牛的血液进行了血清蛋白电泳分析研究。结果表明,羚牛和同羊的谱带在A、B两区基本相似,在A、C两区尚有差异,其C区差异明显。羚牛和黄牛的谱带在A、B区差异较大,在C区又具有一定的相似性。用基因生化表现型的研究方法证明,羚牛和同羊之间具有较近的亲缘关系。羚牛的亲缘关系介于同羊与黄牛之间,羚牛和黄牛的亲缘关系比同羊稍远。     

三十载羚牛情

羚牛主要分布在中国,针对该物种的主要科研工作都是由中国学者完成的。西北濒危动物研究所的吴家炎研究员是中国最早一批开展羚牛研究的学者,从上世纪60年代起就开始了羚牛的地理分布、生理生态等方面的研究工作,其著作《中国羚牛》是我国第一本全面介绍羚牛的专著。在吴家炎之后,中国科学院动物研究所的宋延龄研究员及其弟子曾治高、官天培等在秦岭和四川对羚牛的行为生态学（如集群、占区和繁殖）开展了研究。另外,在90年代,西华师范大学珍稀动植物研究所的胡锦矗教授等也在四川开展了一部分关于羚牛习性和生境选择等方面的研究。     

陕西长青自然保护区羚牛冬春季对栖息地的选择

1998～2000年冬春季节,在陕西长青自然保护区境内各种植被类型和不同海拔高度的197个样方中,分别调查了秦岭羚牛对栖息地的选择与利用。在冬春两个季节中,羚牛平均利用过的样方分别为40个及27个。用主成分分析法对生态因子综合评价结果显示,影响羚牛选择的因素依贡献率大小,依次为植被类型、采伐方式、郁闭度、竹林、海拔、坡度、坡向、人为活动、公路。     

羚牛在中国的地理分布与生态研究现状

羚牛（Budorcas taxicolor）是一种大型草食动物,现存4个亚种。中国是世界上羚牛资源最大的拥有国,羚牛研究工作也主要集中在中国。自1964年开始,中国学者对羚牛生态进行了广泛的研究,并取得了许多成果。本文根据大量的文献,对羚牛的地理分布、栖息地、生境、食性、种群、行为、习性等生态学方面的研究方法、研究状况及研究成果等进行了分析汇总,并对4个亚种的研究状况进行了对比,同时也针对今后羚牛生态学的研究方法、研究方向提出了自己的看法。     

景观因素对秦岭羚牛集群的影响

集群是有蹄类动物的社会行为和对环境变化的响应,是增加种群适合度的重要生存对策。有蹄动物集群机制的研究集中在食物资源和捕食者风险等因素,就栖息地景观特征对集群影响的研究开展较少。本研究以陕西桑园国家级自然保护区的秦岭羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi)种群为对象,通过布设红外相机采集羚牛群的空间位置、年龄结构等信息并统计羚牛群个体数量,开展羚牛集群与坡度、海拔等地形因子之间的相关性分析,探讨影响羚牛集群机制的主要地形因子及其特征。结果表明：(1)坡度因子与集群大小显著相关(r=0.336,P=0.006),而羚牛集群大小与海拔、坡向因子之间均不相关。(2)坡度对7只及以下和7只以上的羚牛群的影响差异显著(P=0.015)。(3)7只及以下的羚牛群为以成体羚牛为主的混合群,雄性个体占比较高,喜选择坡度较小的环境(12.42°±0.21°),该区域物种间竞争大、植被组成相对丰富。7只以上的羚牛群为幼体比例较大的家群,雌性个体占比较高,喜选择坡度值较大的环境(22.02°±0.95°),所在区域种间竞争相对较小、植被组成相对简单。研究表明,坡度是影响秦岭羚牛集群规模、...     

独龙江流域羚牛的种群、分布和保护

2012年11月至2013年7月间研究了独龙江乡区域羚牛指名亚种Budorcas taxicolor taxicolor(后文简称羚牛)的种群分布、数量和保护现状的问题。研究采用了改良的访问调查和实地调查相结合的方法。其中实地调查独龙江乡羚牛种群一群,调查面积35.70 km2,目测羚牛种群数量58头,适宜生境面积24.46 km2。计算羚牛适宜生境种群密度为2.4头/km2。种群数量和访查信息相符合,说明采用访问调查的方法是可靠的。本研究共计访问调查了独龙江乡的25个村庄,发现共有12个羚牛种群分布在独龙江乡,分布区羚牛适宜生境面积总和为167 km2。综合羚牛分布区面积和访查结果,本研究估算当前独龙江羚牛种群数量为400~450头。根据实地调查中羚牛利用的生境类型,利用GIS分析获得全独龙江羚牛适宜生境面积为1726 km2,可承载超过4000头,因此独龙江区域应为羚牛指名亚种的主要分布区。基于访查结果本研究还分析了羚牛的垂直分布和保护现状,提出降低人为干扰和保护羚牛生境廊道是独龙江羚牛保护的关键。     

羚牛防御行为的观察

1995年8月到1996年8月对陕西佛坪自然保护区境内的72群次羚牛(独牛31只次, 羚牛群41次) 的防御行为进行了观察。羚牛的防御行为包括发现、警觉、示警、御敌4种方式。羚牛通过视觉、嗅觉和听觉发现异常情况, 但其听觉更为敏锐。羚牛十分警觉, 稍有异常就会进入警觉状态, 警觉行为持续的时间为18.26±18.08 s。所有的羚牛个体均能通过声音和动作向同伴进行示警, 但3龄以下的个体发出的示警行为往往不能得到重视。御敌行为包括聚集、威吓、护幼、攻击、逃跑。逃跑是羚牛躲避敌害的主要手段, 在72群次中逃跑的羚牛占95.8%。羚牛逃跑时往往进行长距离的迁移并具有分群的现象, 但仍会返回原地。群体的大小对羚牛的分群行为有影响, 群体越大, 分群逃跑的可能性也越大。羚牛具有明显的护幼行为, 当群体中有幼仔时羚牛的攻击性增大。独牛攻击人的可能性要比群牛大。     

秦岭羚牛的采食行为

从集群、迁移、时间、方式、饮水和舔盐 6个方面报道了秦岭羚牛的采食行为。羚牛主要以集群的方式在白天采食 ,也见到羚牛单独采食及在夜间活动采食的情形。研究期间集群活动的羚牛个体数占所见羚牛总数的 95 4% ,有 5 0 %以上的羚牛是在大于 1 5只的羚牛群体中见到的。头牛在羚牛群体的采食迁移过程中起着重要的作用。它通过发出低沉的吼叫声来使牛群聚集在一起并共同采食迁移。随着食物的季节性生长变化 ,羚牛具有季节性上下垂直迁移采食的习性。羚牛采食时 ,多用上下唇扯断植物的枝 (茎 )叶 ,而不是以舌卷食 ,也用牙咬或啃食木本植物的幼枝或皮。羚牛有多种采食方式 ,一般是以常规行走的方式采食。但当食物超出正常采食方式所能获得的特殊情况下 ,羚牛会采用一些特殊的方式取食 ,包括后肢站立采食、骑树采食、压枝采食、撞击采食和跪地采食。     

秦岭羚牛( Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi )

羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor),别名扭角羚,是亚洲特有的偶蹄目牛科动物,主要产于我国,是我国国家一级重点保护动物,并在中国濒危动物红皮书中被列入濒危级保护动物.羚牛共有4个亚种,秦岭羚牛(B.t.bedfordi)是其中体型最大的一个亚种.秦岭羚牛只分布于我国秦岭山脉(北纬32～34°,东经106～110°),一般活动在沿秦岭主脊的海1 200～3 500 m之间,但在海拔700 m左右的区域也可能有极少数独牛光顾.目前秦岭羚牛的高密度分布区主要在陕西的太白、佛坪、周至、洋县、宁陕、柞水、镇安等地.与羚牛同域分布的有大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)、金丝猴(Pygathrix roxellana)等珍稀濒危动物.     

Structural analysis of an HLA-B27 functional variant, B27d, detected in American blacks

The structure of a new functional variant B27d has been established by comparative peptide mapping and radiochemical sequencing. This analysis completes the structural characterization of the six known histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 subtypes. The only detected amino acid change between the main HLA-B27.1 subtype and B27d is that of Tyr59 to His59. Position 59 has not been previously found to vary among class I HLA or H-2 antigens. Such substitution accounts for the reported isoelectric focusing pattern of this variant. HLA-B27d is the only B27 variant found to differ from other subtypes by a single amino acid replacement. The nature of the change is compatible with its origin by a point mutation from HLA-B27.1. Because B27d was found only in American blacks and in no other ethnic groups, it is suggested that this variant originated as a result of a mutation of the B27.1 gene that occurred within the black population.     

洞庭湖克氏原螯虾肌肉成分分析及品质特性分析

通过对洞庭湖克氏原螯虾肌肉成分进行分析, 并与其他产地克氏原螯虾进行比较, 进而较为科学的评定其品质特性。结果表明: 克氏原螯虾含肉率为20.21%, 水分和灰分含量分别为79.46%和1.17%, 粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量分别16.67%和0.77%; 对肌肉的质构特性分析表明克氏原螯虾肌肉硬度小, 易咀嚼; 肌肉中含18种氨基酸, 其中包括8种必需氨基酸, 必需氨基酸指数为80.02%, 氨基酸总含量为16.06%, 鲜味氨基酸含量为5.98%; 依据氨基酸化学评分, 克氏原螯虾的第一限制性氨基酸是含硫氨基酸(甲硫氨基酸和胱氨酸), 第二限制性氨基酸是缬氨酸。测定了克氏原螯虾肌肉中15种脂肪酸占肌肉鲜质量的含量, 其总脂肪酸含量为6.66‰, 其中不饱和脂肪酸含量为4.94‰, n-3与n-6多不饱和脂肪酸比值为1.73。综上所述, 洞庭湖克氏原螯虾具有较高的食用价值和养殖价值。     

Purification and characterization of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-binding lectin from Falcata japonica

An N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-binding lectin from Falcata japonica seeds was purified by affinity column chromatography of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine coupled to epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B. A 1000-fold purification of lectin was obtained from the crude extracts. The purified lectin agglutinated blood group A red cells, but neither blood group B nor O red cells. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the lectin showed one diffuse band. Molecular weights of 125,000 and 117,000 were estimated by gel filtration and ultracentrifugal analysis, respectively. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the lectin also showed a single band which has a molecular weight of 34,000. Therefore, the lectin molecule was estimated to be a tetramer composed of four identical non-covalently bound subunits. F. japonica lectin was a glycoprotein containing 5% total carbohydrate, and the amino acid composition was characterized by a high content of aspartic acid, serine and glycine, a low content of methionine and the absence of cysteine.     

Isolation of 3-Hydroxy-β-ionol from Burley Tobacco

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) proteins were fractionated into five fractions, i. e., water-, salt-, ethanol-, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)- and 2-mercaptoethanol (ME)-soluble fractions, by successive extraction with various solvents from millet flour. The proportion in each fraction was 7.2, 5.6, 40, 25 and 20% respectively, of total flour nitrogen. The proteins of the ethanol- and SDS-soluble proteins were similar in amino acid composition and molecular weight distribution. More than 15 different molecular weight classes of proteins ranging from 11,000 to 150,000 were distinguished by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis without prior reduction of their disulfide bonds. These major protein bands in the gel were estimated to be homo-olygomers (monomer, dimer, trimer, etc.) of subunit A or subunit B. The molecular weights of subunits A and B were 12,000 and 17,000, respectively. Subunits A and B were also different in amino acid composition: subunit A had higher content of methionine.     

杨尺蠖核型多角体病毒蛋白质的特性

本文研究了杨尺蠖核型多角体病毒(AciNPV)蛋白质特性,用反复调等电点法,从AciNPV的多角体蛋白中分离到A,B两种蛋白,Sepharose 6B柱层析和超离心沉降分析表明,两者均为一个峰纯,沉降系数(S20w)分别为4.9和8.9,对A蛋白进行了16种氨基酸组成分析,Glu、Asp和Leu含量高于其它氨基酸,不含Cys,用SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和免疫双扩散法分析表明,用两倍体积饱和硫酸铵沉淀法制备的多角体蛋白,与提纯的多角体A、B蛋白之间无差异,多角体蛋白结构多肽由6种组成,分子量在12500—54000道尔顿范围内,其中32000是多角体蛋白的主要多肽,病毒粒子结构多肽和核衣壳蛋白分别由19和7个多肽组成,分子量范围分别在89000～13000和34000～13000之间,间接试验结果表明,在AciNPV中有碱性蛋白酶活性存在。     

The Hemogram,Serum Biochemistry,and Electrolyte Profile of Aged Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatto)

The hemogram, scrum biochcmicals, and electrolytes of aged (15- to 28-year-old) rhesus monkeys were compared with values for younger adults (4-14 years old) maintained under identical conditions. Aged males had lower mean corpuscular volume, serum iron and magnesium, and higher percentages of eosinophils, globulins, and triglycerides than adult males. Aged females had lower mean corpuscular hemoglobin, total leukocyte count, percentage of neutrophils, alkaline phosphatase and magnesium, and higher percentages of lymphocytes and eosinophils, globulins, and uric acid than adult females.     

THE ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF LARGE BASIC PEPTIDES FROM BOVINE SPINAL CORD

Abstract— Two basic peptides (B1 and B2) were derived from bovine spinal cord following in situ proteolysis at 37°C for 10–24 h. These peptides do not arise as degradation products from the A1 protein as shown by amino acid composition and end group analysis; rather they appear to originate from some larger basic protein in the spinal cord having similarities to the P2 protein, a basic protein found in peripheral nerve myelin. The peptides were purified following defatting, acid extraction, and ammonium sulphate fractionation, by chromatography on Amberlite IRC-50 resin using guanidinium chloride. The peptides, found generally in a 4:1 ratio of B1 to B2, appeared homogeneous on gel electrophoresis and immunodiffusion. Approximately 25–60 mg of peptides was obtained per 100 g wet spinal cord.
In contrast to the basic A1 protein from myelin, neither of these peptides nor their pepsin digests were encephalitogenic. They do not cross-react immunologically with the basic A1 protein, but cross-react with each other. These peptides further differ from the A1 protein in their tryptic peptide map, size (B1, 63 residues; B2, 54 residues), and composition particularly the high lysine: arginine ratio, and low histidine content. Like the A1 protein, however, they contain a tryptophan residue and a blocked NH₂-terminal amino acid; peptide Bl has COOH-terminal valine. It was concluded that the basic peptides represent a fragment of a hitherto unidentified protein(s) of the nervous system.     

THE ROLE OF BACTERIAL SYMBIONTS IN AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF BLACK BEAN APHIDS

To evaluate the role of bacterial symbionts (Buchnera spp.) in the black bean aphids (Aphis craccivora Koch), the aphids were treated with the antibiotic, rifampicin, to eliminate their intracellular symbiotic bacteria. Analysis of protein and amino acid concentration in 7‐day‐old of aposymbiotic aphids showed that the total protein content per mg fresh weight was significantly reduced by 29%, but free amino acid titers were increased by 17%. The ratio of the essential amino acids was in general only around 20% essential amino acids in phloem sap of broad bean, whereas it was 44% and 37% in symbiotic and aposymbiotic aphids, respectively, suggesting that the composition of the free amino acids was unbalanced. For example, the essential amino acid, threonine represented 21.6% of essential amino acids in symbiotic aphids, but it was only 16.7% in aposymbiotic aphids. Likewise, two nonessential amino acids, tyrosine and serine, represented 8.9% and 5.6% of total amino acids in symbiontic aphids, respectively, but they enhanced to 21.1% and 13.6% in aposymbiotic aphids. It seems likely that the elevated free amino acid concentration in aposymbiotic aphids was caused by the limited protein anabolism as the result of the unbalanced amino acid composition.     

Concentrations of sucrose and nitrogenous compounds in the apoplast of developing soybean seed coats and embryos

The apoplast of developing soybean (Glycine max cv Hodgson) embryos and seed coats was analyzed for sucrose, amino acids, ureides, nitrate, and ammonia. The apoplast concentration of amino acids and nitrate peaked during the most rapid stage of seed filling and declined sharply as the seed attained its maximum dry weight. Amino acids and nitrate accounted for 80 to 95% of the total nitrogen, with allantoin and allantoic acid either absent or present in only very small amounts. Aspartate, asparagine, glutamate, glutamine, serine, alanine, and γ-aminobutyric acid were the major amino acids, accounting for over 70% of the total amino acids present. There was a nearly quantitative conversion of glutamine to glutamate between the seed coat and embryo, most likely resulting from the activity of glutamate synthase found to be present in the seed coat tissue. This processing of glutamine suggests a partly symplastic route for solutes moving from the site of phloem unloading in the seed coat to the embryo.     

Amino acid composition of aragonitic concholin in the shell of Arctica islandica

Haugen, J. E. & Sejrup, H. P. 1990 04 15: Amino acid composition of aragonitic conchiolin in the shell of Arctica islandica. Lethaia , Vol. 23, pp. 133–141. Oslo. ISSN 0024–1164.
The distribution of amino acids within the two aragonitic shell layers of modern specimens of the mollusc Arctica islandica (Linné) has been studied in detail. The mean total hydrolyzed amino acid content was 19 nmol*mg in the inner layer and 15 nmol/mg in the outer layer. No significant difference in amino acid composition could be found between the two layers. The layers contained minor amounts of free amino acids which made up 0.3–0.7% of the total hydrolyzed amino acid content. The composition of the free amino acid fraction was very similar in each of the two layers, but differed somewhat from the total hydrolyzed fraction. The total hydrolyzed fraction was dominated by aspartic acid, glycine. alanine and glutamic acid, which together made up 62% of the total amount of amino acids, whereas the free fraction was dominated by Asp. Ser, Gly and Tyr. Amino acid content and composition within a single layer showed little variation from umbo to the ventral margin. The amino acid composition is in accordance with previously reported data on similar mineral structures which support the theory of structure specific rather than species specific amino acid composition. * Arctica islandica. amino acids. shell structure .