中国水仙六倍体的诱导和染色体数目的变异(简报)

中国水仙(Narcissus tazetta L.var.chinensis Roem)属于石蒜科水仙属多年生草本花卉植物。中国水仙的品种不多,在福建漳州地区主要栽培品种为单瓣水仙,此外,还有重瓣和“金三角”两个品种。中国水仙为三倍体植物,染色体数目为2n=3x=30[1-3],其高度不孕性,只开花不结实,靠子鳞茎进行无性繁殖繁衍后代。由于长期的无性繁殖和病毒感染,现存种质退化、品质下降,花朵数明显减少、香味变淡、生长势差、鳞茎变小、抗性减弱等问题,严重影响了该花卉的进一步生产和发展。因此,采用现代生物工程技术(体细胞杂交技术、转基因技术等)改良中国水仙,培育中国水仙新品种迫在眉睫。     

中国水仙遗传转化研究进展(综述)

中国水仙是我国传统名花,其栽培种一直存在三个问题：品种单一,繁殖速度有限,病毒积累严重。生物技术的发展为解决中国水仙目前存在的问题提供了新的途径。本文从外植体的预处理、愈伤组织和小鳞茎的诱导与分化、生根及移栽等方面概述中国水仙的组织培养进展,较详尽地阐述中国水仙基因工程的研究进展,并对中国水仙未来研究方向进行展望。     

中国水仙与欧洲水仙品种RAPD指纹的研究

利用随机多态性DNA(RAPD)技术对中国水仙和欧洲红口水仙共6个品种进行了分析。选用了12个10bp引物共扩增出119条DNA片段。计算各样本间的相似性系数和遗传距离,并采用UPGMA法对遗传距离进行了聚类分析。结果表明：中国水仙3个品种亲缘关系十分密切,红口水仙3个品种亲缘关系较近,而中国水仙与红口水仙3个品种间的亲缘关系较远。建立的水仙RAPD技术体系可帮助育种亲本的选配及水仙品种的鉴定。     

应用HPLC图谱进行石蒜属种间关系与分类研究

利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)对石蒜属及其近缘植物中国水仙共17份样品的生物碱进行检测,以各样品生物碱色谱峰的相对保留时间为变量,采用SPSS12.0中的Q型聚类法,得到树形图。聚类分析结果显示,17份样品聚成3类:第Ⅰ类包括长筒石蒜、安徽石蒜、鹿葱、换锦花、中国石蒜、香石蒜、乳白石蒜、红蓝石蒜8个种;第Ⅱ类由石蒜、稻草石蒜、江苏石蒜、忽地笑、玫瑰石蒜、矮小石蒜组成;中国水仙单独成第Ⅲ类。聚类结果与传统分类结果有较好的一致性,并支持鹿葱、玫瑰石蒜、安徽石蒜杂交起源的观点。外形相似的忽地笑与中国石蒜,矮小石蒜与石蒜HPLC图谱明显有别,表现出较远化学亲缘关系。表明HPLC化学图谱可用于石蒜属及其近缘植物中国水仙的分类和鉴别研究,并为石蒜属植物指纹图谱研究和质量控制提供重要参考。     

福建漳州水仙花的染色体数目及命名研究

福建漳州的水仙花分为单瓣水仙及重瓣水仙两类,李时珍早就指出它们乃一物二种^[1]。李懋学等(1980)观察了福建漳州、浙江舟山、江苏崇明岛等地的水仙花的染色体数目,均为2n=30,因此认为这三个地区的水仙花都是中国水仙Narcissus tazetta L.var.chinensis Roem.,并从染色体组型分析,阐明它们全是同源三倍体^[8]。我们分别观察了漳州的单瓣水仙及重瓣水仙染色体数目,与他们观察的结果有所不同。说明漳州水仙花的染色体数目及其分类问题,有进一步研究之必要。     

水仙根围细菌群落组成

【目的】探究水仙(Narcissus tazetta var.chinensis roem)土壤根围微生物组成及其与水仙生长特性的相关性。【方法】分别采集崇明水仙及漳州水仙健康植株根围土壤,抽提根围土壤中细菌总DNA并纯化,扩增16S r RNA基因并进行高通量测序分析比较不同产地植株根围细菌的组成与多样性。【结果】崇明水仙和漳州水仙根围微生物组成的主要细菌门类相同,均为12种,其中,优势菌为Proteobacteria、Chloroflexi、Bacteroidetes和Acidobacteria。根围微生物OTUs(Operational taxonomic units)分布及主成分分析(PCA)表明崇明水仙和漳州水仙根围微生物组成有较大差异,且Planctomycetales和Xanthomonadales在崇明水仙根围分布显著多于漳州水仙,而Chloroflexales和Chlorobiales在漳州水仙根围的丰度较高。【结论】根围微生物的组成,如厌氧氨氧化细菌、机会致病菌和光合细菌的多样性与丰度可能与水仙生长特性有密切的关系。     

中国水仙生物技术研究进展

中国水仙是我国传统名花,其栽培中一直存在三个问题:品种单一、繁殖速度有限、病毒积累严重。生物技术的发展为解决中国水仙目前存在的问题提供了新的途径,将成为中国水仙遗传改良、种质资源创新的重要手段。该文从四个方面综述了近年来中国水仙生物技术的研究进展:(1)离体培养;(2)基因工程;(3)离体突变体筛选;(4)分子标记。     

福建3个产地水仙的核型分析

通过对福建漳州、平潭和南日岛3地水仙(Narcissus tazetta Linn. var. chinensis Roem.)核型的分析,探讨南日岛地区水仙的起源,了解南日岛、漳州、平潭3地水仙的亲缘关系.结果表明:3地水仙的染色体数目及倍性相同,均为同源三倍体(2n=3x=30);核型差异较小,都属于典型不对称的二型核型.3地水仙是同一起源的中国水仙,它们之间形态特征的差异是不同环境条件下的自发突变,经过长期的自然选择所形成的基因型和生态型的差异.     

中国水仙查尔酮合酶cDNA的克隆及序列分析(简报)

中国水仙系石蒜科水仙属多年生草本植物。其花枝多,花香浓郁,素有“凌波仙子”的美称。但水仙花色单一,影响其观赏价值。花色形成与植物体内的一类次级代谢产物类黄酮有关。查尔酮合酶(Chalcone synthase,CHS)是类黄酮合成途径中的一个关键酶,在植物体内它催化丙二酰基辅酶A的三个乙酸基和对羟苯丙烯酰辅酶A的一个乙酸基的缩合,产生柚配基查尔酮(naringenin)。此中心中     

浙江南麂列岛大檑山屿水仙自然居群的物种多样性、环境解释及空间分布格局分析

在野外调查基础上,对浙江南麂列岛大檑山屿水仙(Narcissus tazetta var.chinensis M.Roem.)自然居群5个典型生境(乔木林地、林缘、弃耕地、荒坡和灌木林地)的物种组成和α多样性指数进行分析,并采用典范对应分析(CCA)、最小生成树(MST)分析和空间点格局分析(SPPA)分别研究水仙自然居群物种分布与主要环境因子的关系、水仙与其伴生种的种间关系及空间分布格局.结果表明:浙江南麂列岛大檑山屿水仙自然居群5个生境共有植物28种,其中,乔木林地、林缘、弃耕地、荒坡和灌木林地分别有16、13、9、8和8种.5个生境中水仙的重要值均最高.弃耕地和乔木林地的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数较高,灌木林地和林缘其次,荒坡最低.5个生境的聚类分析结果显示:弃耕地和乔木林地聚为一组,其他3个生境聚为另一组.CCA排序结果显示:水仙的分布与坡度呈负相关,与土壤的电导率、含水量和温度以及坡向和海拔呈正相关,说明水仙适宜生长于坡度平缓以及土壤的含水量、电导率和温度适中的生境.MST分析结果显示:水仙与其伴生种羊蹄(Rumex japonicus Houtt.)、鬼针草(Bidens pilosa Linn.)、野艾蒿(Artemisia lavandulifolia DC.)的种间关系最近,这3个伴生种应作为水仙自然居群恢复生物治理的重点防控对象.SPPA分析结果显示:荒坡中水仙群丛分布数量相对较多,集中分布于东北角,西部和南部较少;在0.0~0.1 m尺度时,水仙群丛表现为随机分布;在大于0.1 m尺度时,表现为集中分布.研究结果显示:浙江南麂列岛大檑山屿水仙自然居群主要集中分布在东南坡的弃耕地,海岛生境异质性与自身繁殖特性是影响南麂列岛水仙自然居群恢复的关键因素,建议对水仙群落动态进行长期监测和相关研究,并结合岛屿生态系统进行综合管理.     

Aquaporins: water channel proteins of the cell membrane

Aquaporins (AQP) are integral membrane proteins that serve as channels in the transfer of water, and in some cases, small solutes across the membrane. They are conserved in bacteria, plants, and animals. Structural analyses of the molecules have revealed the presence of a pore in the center of each aquaporin molecule. In mammalian cells, more than 10 isoforms (AQP0-AQP10) have been identified so far. They are differentially expressed in many types of cells and tissues in the body. AQP0 is abundant in the lens. AQP1 is found in the blood vessels, kidney proximal tubules, eye, and ear. AQP2 is expressed in the kidney collecting ducts, where it shuttles between the intracellular storage sites and the plasma membrane under the control of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Mutations of AQP2 result in diabetes insipidus. AQP3 is present in the kidney collecting ducts, epidermis, urinary, respiratory, and digestive tracts. AQP3 in organs other than the kidney may be involved in the supply of water to them. AQP4 is present in the brain astrocytes, eye, ear, skeletal muscle, stomach parietal cells, and kidney collecting ducts. AQP5 is in the secretory cells such as salivary, lacrimal, and sweat glands. AQP5 is also expressed in the ear and eye. AQP6 is localized intracellular vesicles in the kidney collecting duct cells. AQP7 is expressed in the adipocytes, testis, and kidney. AQP8 is expressed in the kidney, testis, and liver. AQP9 is present in the liver and leukocytes. AQP10 is expressed in the intestine. The diverse and characteristic distribution of aquaporins in the body suggests their important and specific roles in each organ.     

CARBOHYDRASES IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF THE SPINED SOLDIER BUG,Podisus maculiventris (SAY) (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)

The spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris, is a generalist predator of insects and has been used in biological control. However, information on the digestion of food in this insect is lacking. Therefore, we have studied the digestive system in P. maculiventris, and further characterized carbohydrases in the digestive tract. The midgut of all developmental stages was composed of anterior, median, and posterior regions. The volumes of the anterior midgut decreased and the median midgut increased in older instars and adults, suggesting a more important role of the median midgut in food digestion. However, carbohydrase activities were predominant in the anterior midgut. In comparing the specific activity of carbohydrases, α‐amylase activity was more in the salivary glands (with two distinct activity bands in zymograms), and glucosidase and galactosidase activities were more in the midgut. Salivary α‐amylases were detected in the prey hemolymph, demonstrating the role of these enzymes in extra‐oral digestion. However, the catalytic efficiency of midgut α‐amylase activity was approximately twofold more than that of the salivary gland enzymes, and was more efficient in digesting soluble starch than glycogen. Midgut α‐amylases were developmentally regulated, as one isoform was found in first instar compared to three isoforms in fifth instar nymphs. Starvation significantly affected carbohydrase activities in the midgut, and acarbose inhibited α‐amylases from both the salivary glands and midgut in vitro and in vivo. The structural diversity and developmental regulation of carbohydrases in the digestive system of P. maculiventris demonstrate the importance of these enzymes in extra‐oral and intra‐tract digestion, and may explain the capability of the hemipteran to utilize diverse food sources.     

基于芽苗砧嫁接油茶砧穗创伤后内源激素动态变化分析

为研究油茶(Camellia oleifera A)嫁接时穗条和砧木创伤后内源激素动态变化规律,解析影响砧穗嫁接面愈合的生理机制,为油茶砧穗愈合生长机理提供理论支持。以树龄6年的长林18号和53号的穗条和实生砧木为材料,按照芽苗砧嫁接方法切割穗条S0(0 min)、S10(10 min)、S40(40 min)和砧木茎段Z0(0 min)、Z10(10 min)后,利用液质联用法(HPLC-MS)测定吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、反式玉米素(TZR)、玉米素(Zeatin)、水杨酸(SA)和茉莉酸(JA)含量,分析不同时间段内源激素变化及品种间差异的关系。结果显示:创伤后18号的TZR、Zeatin和SA含量总体高于53号;18号IAA、SA和JA逐渐下降;TZR和Zeatin分别在S10和S0达最高值后下降;ABA在S10达最高值。53号IAA和JA爱S10达最高值后下降;TZR、Zeatin和SA在S10达低值后逐渐上升;ABA在S0达高值后逐渐下降。砧木茎段创伤前后激素含量除JA外18号高于53号;两品种Z0时激素含量下降,Z10后上升,仅53号ABA和SA含量在Z0达高值后下降。砧木茎段和根部激素含量在品种间除JA外18号高于53号,茎段的IAA、ABA高于根部,其他激素为根部高于茎段。激素比值在品种间和部位间差异明显;IAA/ABA、IAA/TZR、IAA/Zeatin和IAA/JA、ABA/TZR、ABA/Zeatin和ABA/JA比值为53号高于18号;穗条内SA/IAA为18号高于53号,SA/JA和SA/ABA为53号高于18号;砧木茎段均为18号高于53号;TZR/SA、TZR/JA比值在穗条和砧木茎段为18号高于53号。两品种创伤后IAA与JA极显著正相关,而IAA与SA,SA与JA在18号极显著正相关,53号极显著或显著负相关;53号TZR、Zeatin、SA间极显著或显著正相关,JA与TZR、Zeatin和SA极显著负相关。砧木茎段创伤后18号激素间为极显著或显著正相关;53号TZR和Zeatin与IAA、JA极显著正相关,与SA存在显著负相关,SA与JA有显著负相关。砧木茎段和根部间品种间仅在SA与各激素间相关性存在差异,其他激素间存在极显著正相关或负相关。综上所述,砧穗创伤后激素水平上18号在创伤面易于愈伤组织发育,而53号抗逆激素水平较高且与细胞分裂增殖类激素负相关,可能影响53号嫁接后愈合生长;嫁接应在创伤后10 min内较为适宜;砧穗间激素含量及比值的差异可能会影响后期嫁接部位形态重建以及穗条生长。     

A role for ecdysteroids in the phase polymorphism of the desert locust

Abstract. Locusts show density-dependent continuous phase polymorphism; they appear in two forms or phases, gregarious and solitary, and there is a continuous range of intermediates between the extreme phases. Although earlier studies showed that there are no major phase-dependent differences in the titres of ecdysteroid in the haemolymph of desert locusts, Schistocerca gregaria , recent studies showed some minor differences in the timing of the main peak of ecdysteroids. In crowded penultimate- and last-instar hoppers, peak titres were lower but longer-lasting, whereas in isolated hoppers they were higher but of shorter duration. The major component of the haemolymph peak of ecdysteroid was 20-hydroxyecdysone in both isolated and crowded hoppers, but differences were found in the relative amounts of two minor components (makisterone A-like compound and highly polar products). In S. gregaria adults, the regression of the prothoracic glands was irregular and subject to high individual variations, but phase-dependent differences in the rate of regression were significant, and the adult glands did not produce physiologically significant amounts of ecdysteroids. Peak titres of ecdysteroid in the haemolymph were higher in isolated than in crowded adults. Similar to larvae, adults of the solitary phase contain more ecdysone in the haemolymph than those of the gregarious phase. Moreover, the phase characteristic titres of ecdysteroid in the adult stage can be shifted from one phase to another phase in response to appropriate changes in density. In contrast, the maximum amount of ecdysteroids in both ovaries and eggs was significantly higher in the gregarious than in the solitary phase. The amounts, and to some extent the types of ecdysteroids, were the only difference between ovaries and eggs from solitary and gregarious locusts. In addition, in newly hatched larvae, the amount of ecdysteroid was more than five times higher in gregarious than in solitary phase.     

Hypothalamic metabolism of neurotransmitters (serotonin,norepinephrine, dopamine) and NPY,and gonadal and adrenal activities,during the early postnatal period in the rat

It is noteworthy that in the rat the early postnatal life is marked by an activation of both the corticostimulating function of the adenohypophysis in neonates of both sexes and of the gonadostimulating function mainly in males. In order to specify if such neuroendocrine variations are temporally correlated with changes in the hypothalamic metabolism of neurotransmitters, the hypothalamic metabolism of serotonin (5 HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) and the hypothalamic content of neuropeptide Y (NPY) have been investigated in newborn rats of both sexes, delivered at term by cesarean section, as well as changes in the activity of both the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) and the hypothalamo-pituitary gonadal axis (HPG). Experimental data suggested that 1) in males a rise in hypothalamic metabolism of 5 HT, NE and DA occurs during the first two hours after delivery, whereas in females, only the metabolism of NE increases. Moreover, the postnatal metabolism of NE was higher in females than in littermate males; 2) NPY content of the hypothalamus, which was at birth significantly higher in males than in females, dropped in the former but not in the latter; 3) in newborn males, an early surge of plasma testosterone occurs, suggesting postnatal activation of the HPG axis; on the other hand, in females, a late and slight increase in plasma estradiol is observed; 4) in early postnatal life, a sex-independent rise in plasma ACTH and adrenal and plasma corticosterone levels suggest a comparable activation of the HPA axis in newborns of both sexes. In conclusion, the early postnatal activation of the corticostimulating function in neonates of both sexes and that of the gonadostimulating function, mainly in males, could be temporally correlated with a rise in the hypothalamic metabolism of two neurotransmitters, 5 HT and NE, and of NPY content. According to our data, a sex-dependent metabolsim of neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus is already apparent in early postnatal life.     

A quantitative study of some digestive enzymes in the rabbitfish, Siganus canaliculatus and the sea bass, Lates calcarifer

Digestive enzyme distribution and activity in the digestive tracts of the rabbitfish, Siganus canaliculatus and the sea bass, Lates calcarifer were studied. Quantitative determinations of digestive enzymes in the guts of both fishes showed that they were capable of digesting carbohydrates and proteins in their diet. The carbohydrases, amylase, laminarinase, maltase, sucrase and trehalase were detected in the rabbitfish; their activities being mainly in the stomach, intestine and pyloriccaeca. Amylase, maltase, trehalase and chitinase activities were recorded in the gut of the sea bass, primarily in the intestine and the pyloriccaeca. Their activities were significantly lower than those in the rabbitfish. Proteases (pepsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, leucine aminopeptidase and trypsin) were found in both the rabbitfish and the sea bass. Pepsin activity however, was higher in the sea bass; while trypsin and chymotrypsin activities were higher in the rabbitfish. The activities of the various digestive enzymes in both fishes are discussed in relation to their feeding habits.     

Comparison of mineral contents between the arteries in upper and lower limbs of japanese monkeys

To examine whether the calcium accumulation in aged arteries is related to the way of walking, the mineral contents were determined in the arteries of Japanese monkeys of quadrupedal walk by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Sixteen Japanese monkeys consisting of 7 males and 9 females ranging in age from 2 to 33 yr were studied. The accumulation of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium occurred progressively in most, but not all, of the arteries with aging. It was found that independent of the upper and lower limbs, a higher accumulation of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium occurred in the arteries of the proximal regions with aging, compared with the arteries of the distal regions. In a comparison between the arteries of anatomically corresponding regions of the upper and lower limbs, the accumulation of calcium and magnesium was 20–60% higher in the external iliac and femoral arteries of the lower limb than in the axillary and brachial arteries of the upper limb. Regarding phosphorus, the accumulation was 20–120% higher in the external iliac and femoral arteries than in the axillary and brachial arteries. It was known that in humans, the accumulation of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium was three to seven times higher in the arteries of the lower limb than in the arteries of the upper limb. It is clear that there is a very significant difference in the accumulation of calcium and magnesium in the arteries of the lower limbs between Japanese monkeys and humans. The present study suggests that the accumulation of calcium and magnesium in the arteries of the lower limb with aging is affected by the way of walking.     

Histological comparison between wheat embryos developing in vitro from isolated zygotes and those developing in vivo

There is currently great interest shown in understanding the process of embryogenesis and, due to the relative inaccessibility of these structures in planta, extended studies are carried out in various in vitro systems. The culture of isolated zygotes in particular provides an excellent platform to study the process of in planta embryogenesis. However, very few comparisons have been made between zygotic embryos grown entirely in cultures and those grown in vivo. The present study analyses the differences and similarities between the in vitro and in vivo development of wheat zygotic embryos at the level of morphology and histology. The study was possible thanks to an efficient culture system and an appropriate method of preparing isolated wheat zygotes for microscopy. The in vitro embryos were fixed, embedded and sectioned in the two-celled, globular, club-shaped and fully differentiated stages. Embryos developing in vitro closely followed the morphology of their in planta counterparts and their cell types and tissues were also similar, demonstrating the applicability of the present culture system for studying the process of zygotic embryogenesis. However, some important differences were also detected in the case of in vitro development: the disturbance of or lack of initial polarity led to changes in the division symmetry of the zygotes and subsequently to the formation of uniform cells in the globular structures. Presumably, differences between the in vitro and in planta environments resulted in a lower level of differentiation and maturation in in vitro embryos and in abundant starch and protein accumulation in the scutellum.     

In vivo labeling of sunflower embryonic tissues by fluorescently labeled phenylalkylamine

Summary A fluorescently labeled phenylalkylamine, DM-Bodipy PAA, was used as a probe for the in vivo detection of ion channels in embryonic and nonembryonic tissues of sunflower. Zygotic embryos, somatic embryos, callus, leaves, roots, and shoots were analysed. Fluorescence intensity in the tissues was determined with cytofluorometry and confocal microscopy. DM-Bodipy PAA intensively labeled the protoderm and epidermis cells in both zygotic and somatic embryos. Callus cultures exhibited labeling on sites where somatic embryos developed. Labeling was, however, very weak in leaves, shoots, and roots, except in the root cap and in the epidermis of the root. Considering that the location of phenylalkylamine binding sites is related to the distribution of ion channels in both animal and plant cells, the high intensity of labeling observed in the protoderm and epidermis of zygotic and somatic embryos as well as in protoderm, epidermis, and caps of root tips, is consistent with the role these tissues may play in ion exchange with the environment.     

Seasonal dynamics and grazing rate of zooplankton in Yueqing Bay,China

The species composition,biomass,abundance,and species diversity of zooplankton were determined for samples collected from August 2002 to May 2003 from 14 stations in Yueqing Bay,China.Phytoplankton growth rate and microzooplankton grazing rate were obtained by using the dilution method developed by Landry and Hassett.The spatial and temporal variations of zooplankton and its relationship with environmental factors were also analyzed.The results showed that the zooplankton in the Yueqing Bay could be divided into four ecotypes,namely coastal low saline species,estuary brackish water species,offshore warm water species,and eurytopic species.A total of 75 species of zooplankton belonging to 56 genera and 17 groups of pelagic larva were identified in the Yueqing Bay.The coastal low saline species was the dominant ecotype in the study area,and the dominant species were Labidocera euchaeta,Acartia pacifica,Acrocalanus gibber,Pseudeuphausia sinica,and Sagitta bedoti among others.There was considerable seasonal variation in zooplankton biomass and abundance in the surveyed areas.The peak biomass appeared in August,descending in November and in May,and the lowest biomass appeared in February.Similarly,the highest abundance of zooplankton was observed in August,with the abundance descending in the following months:May,November,and February.There were similar horizontal distribution patterns for the biomass and the abundance of zooplankton.They both increased from the upper to the lower bay in February and May,but decreased from the upper to the lower bay in August.Biomass and abundance were evenly distributed in the Yueqing Bay in November.Moreover,there was marked seasonal variation in the species diversity of zooplankton,which conformed to the abundance of zooplankton.Results of the dilution experiments indicated that there was grazing pressure of microzooplankton on phytoplankton in the Yueqing Bay throughout the year though the rate of microzooplankton grazing on phytoplankton varied seasonally.Phytoplanktons were growing at 0.26-2.07/d and grazed by microzooplankton at a rate of 0.15--0.48/d in different seasons.