成垄压实施肥对氮素运移及氮肥利用率的影响

黄土高原地区夏玉米生长正逢雨季,是N素淋溶的主要时期,为此提出氮肥施用的成垄压实法,通过连续两年的田间小区试验,研究了夏玉米生长期成垄压实施肥方式下夏玉米产量和氮肥利用率,以及土壤NO3^--N迁移规律,并结合室内模拟实验探讨了该施肥法的影响因素。结果表明,在供水量接近研究区同期多年平均降雨量(370mm)的年份,平地施肥条件下,NO3^--N可被淋溶至90cm以下的土层;而成垄压实施肥可明显减少施肥区NO3^--N随入渗水分向土壤深层迁移,至60cm以下土层,土壤NO3^--N含量小于10mg·kg^-1,NO3^--N主要累积于近地表20～40cm土层,该土层土壤NO3^--N含量约为80～90mg·kg^-1。成垄压实施肥法局部存在的大容重障碍层对作物生长发育无影响在240.0kgN·hm^-2施氮量条件下,成垄压实较平地施肥没有显著提高玉米生物产量和经济产量,但却能极显著地增加作物吸氮量,使氮肥利用率提高9％左右。成垄压实施肥条件下,障碍层容重对NO3^--N迁移影响明显,随障碍层容重的增加,NO3^--N迁移深度减小,大田条件下,垄坡度对NO3^--N迁移影响不明显。     

长期施肥对NO3^——N深层积累和土壤剖面中水分分布的影响

研究了旱地农业系统中,长期不同施肥条件下,降水对NO3^--N积累、剖面水分分布以及N有收量、回收率影响及其相互之间的关系。结果表明,降水和氮肥施用量显著影响作物产量。施用氮肥在土壤剖面中造成NO3^--N深层积累,其中NPM处理累积层位于60－120cm,累积量相当于3.0年的年度施肥量（120kg·hm^-2）,NP处理累积层位于80－140cm,相当于1.4年施肥量。随着降水的年际间波动,进化论在丰水年、平水年还是干旱年,NPM处理耗水量＞NP处理＞M处理＞P,CK处理。12年不同施肥造成了土壤剖面水分差异。冬小麦播种前不同施肥处理0－100cm水分剖面分布差别不大,NPM处理、NP处理（除丰水年外）,土壤100－300cm含水量迅速降低,干旱年M处理缓慢降低,P和CK处理在任何年份变化都不大,氮肥回收率随着降水的波动也呈现相应的高低变化,NPM、NP处理的高低波动幅度最大。NPM、NP处理NO3^-－N累积与N素回收率的降低、土壤水分亏缺基本吻合。由此也反映了水分－作物－施肥三者之间存在的内在制约关系。     

长期施肥条件下黄土旱塬土壤N03^--N的淋溶分布规律

在黄土旱塬区,长期施肥对土壤剖面NO3^-1—N含量和分布有显著影响．施用化学氮肥,土壤剖面中出现NO3^-1—N的淋溶与深层累积,而施用磷肥和有机肥有减弱NO3^-1—N向更深层淋溶的作用．单施氮肥处理(N),NO3^-1—N的累积峰深度最大,为120～200cm;N、P有机肥配施处理(NPM),NO3^-1—N的累积峰值最高,但峰深度降低至60～120cm;N、P配施(NP)累积深度为80～140cm．不施氮肥,分布在土壤剖面中NO3^-1—N含量显著降低．氮肥用量愈大,NO3^-1—N的累积量愈大．N、P配施可以有效降低NO3^-1—N累积．在同一氮肥用量下,NO3^-1—N累积量随磷肥用量的增加而减少．     

长期施肥对石灰性土壤磷素肥力的影响Ⅰ．有机质、全磷和速效磷

在陕西关中黄土区连续23年进行了不同施肥、小麦-玉米轮作定位试验。研究了0～100cm土层土壤有机质、全磷、速效磷含量变化．结果表明,长期单施化肥或有机肥与化肥且配施均可增加耕层(0～20cm)土壤有机质含量．长期施用厩肥并配施化肥处理对土壤总磷库及无机磷库、速效磷的贡献大于玉米秸秆处理．长期单施化肥可增加土壤全磷、无机磷和速效磷含量,增加幅度低于厩肥和休闲处理,与秸秆处理对全磷、速效磷含量的影响效应相近．23年的不同施肥处理,与无肥处理相比,其理土壤磷素增量在0～100cm土壤剖面中的分布特点是：全磷增量剖面分布可为3层——耕层(0～20cm)为显著累积层,20～60cm土层为微增一亏损层,60～100cm土层为轻度累积层．速效磷增量剖面分布趋势与全磷增量分布趋势基本相同,仅在60～100cm土层累积较弱．     

山西曲沃设施蔬菜施肥现状及土壤氮磷累积与分配特征

在山西省南部调查了种植年限为1、7、10、13、16年的越冬长茬设施蔬菜生产施肥现状,研究了不同种植年限设施蔬菜土壤剖面硝态氮、Olsen-P和CaCl2-P的分配特征和规律,为控制设施蔬菜生产对农业面源污染的影响提供参考。结果表明：不同种植年限设施养分投入差异较大,新建设施氮、磷和钾投入量高达6088.3、2705.4和3287.2 kg·hm-2,随后养分投入量明显降低N、P和K的养分投入水平在1591.1—2943、619.4—1195.6和877.5—2026.3 kg·hm-2,80%的氮和90%磷在移栽前投入。过量养分投入和施肥与作物需肥不耦合增加了NO3--N在土壤剖面的迁移,种植1年200 cm土壤剖面的NO3--N通体大于30.00 mg·kg-1,随种植年限增加NO-3-N向下移动明显,种植16年0—60 cm NO3--N含量达110—203 mg·kg-1,土层180—200 cm接近60 mg·kg-1;设施土壤0—20 cm的 Olsen-P和CaCl2-P累积明显,种植1年分别达138.0 和2.7 mg·kg-1,而后累积至300 mg·kg-1和7.6 mg·kg-1左右,随种植年限增加Olsen-P和CaCl2-P在土壤剖面明显下移。该区域土壤Olsen-P与CaCl2-P的突变点为46.70 mg·kg-1,土壤NO3--N含量与EC值显著正相关（r= 0.624, P<0.01）,CaCl2-P/Olsen-P与有机质含量表现出显著的正相关（r=0.317,P<0.05）。这表明EC值能够较好地表征NO3--N污染状况,由于CaCl2-P为易淋洗磷,故土壤Olsen-P含量>46.70 mg·kg-1时易出现磷的淋洗,土壤有机质提升增加了磷淋洗的风险。     

长期施肥对石灰性土壤磷素肥力的影响 Ⅰ.有机质、全磷和速效磷

在陕西关中黄土区连续23年进行了不同施肥、小麦玉米轮作定位试验,研究了0～100cm土层土壤有机质、全磷、速效磷含量变化.结果表明,长期单施化肥或有机肥与化肥且配施均可增加耕层(0～20cm)土壤有机质含量.长期施用厩肥并配施化肥处理对土壤总磷库及无机磷库、速效磷的贡献大于玉米秸秆处理.长期单施化肥可增加土壤全磷、无机磷和速效磷含量,增加幅度低于厩肥和休闲处理,与秸秆处理对全磷、速效磷含量的影响效应相近.23年的不同施肥处理,与无肥处理相比,其理土壤磷素增量在0～100cm土壤剖面中的分布特点是:全磷增量剖面分布可为3层———耕层(0～20cm)为显著累积层,20～60cm土层为微增-亏损层,60～100cm土层为轻度累积层.速效磷增量剖面分布趋势与全磷增量分布趋势基本相同,仅在60～100cm土层累积较弱.     

脲酶抑制剂/硝化抑制剂对植稻土壤中尿素N行为的影响

采用自制根盒试验,主要研究了脲酶抑制剂氢醌（HQ）,硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）及二者组合对离水稻根际不同距离处NH4^--N和NO3^-N分布的影响,结果表明,DCD及其与HQ组合均能显著促进稻株地上部分生长,始终显著降低水稻根际与近根际土中NH4^ -N含量直至施肥后60d,施肥后20d时,DCD及其与HQ组合可使非根际土中NH4^ -N含量显著增加,随后,却出现相反现象,施肥后20d时,距根际不同距离的土壤中,配施DCD或DCD＋HQ处理均能显著降低NO3^-N含量,随后,近根际和非根际仍保持上述现象直至施肥后40d;同未施DCD处理相比,根际土壤却较早出现NO3^--N含量高峰,正好与水稻N营养需求时期相一致,因此,DCD及其与HQ组合可减少水稻根际环境下尿素N损失潜势,通过不种稻土壤和距根际3cm处的土壤中尿素无机氮形态分布的差异,充分显示了研究水稻根际土壤氮素转化及相关抑制剂对其影响时,以取离根际3cm外的土壤作为非根际明显优于不种稻土壤。     

太湖地区稻田土壤养分淋洗特征

通过排水采集器(Lysimeter)模拟试验,研究了太湖地区不同施肥水平下稻季农田养分淋洗特点。结果表明,施肥后田面水NH4^+-N浓度升高很快,2～3d达到峰值,最高值达26．2mg·L^-1,随后下降很快,这一周期约7～10d,渗漏水中NH4^+-N浓度很低,稻季NH4^+-N淋洗的氮仅占施肥量的0．008％～0．074％,渗漏液中NO3^--N含量随着氮肥用量的增加而增加,其浓度范围在0～7．14mg·L^-1,在土壤剖面中呈上低下高的趋势,稻季氮素的淋洗仍以NO3^--N为主,净淋洗量在3．2～8．3kg·hm^-2之间,占总施肥量的1．40％～2．78％,田面水磷浓度在施磷肥后1d即达最高值,随后下降,下层渗漏液中T-P含量很低,几乎不受施肥量的影响,猪粪能促进磷的迁移。     

长期施肥条件下黄土旱塬土壤NO3--N的淋溶分布规律

在黄土旱塬区,长期施肥对土壤剖面NO₃^--N含量和分布有显著影响.施用化学氮肥,土壤剖面中出现NO₃^--N的淋溶与深层累积,而施用磷肥和有机肥有减弱NO₃^--N向更深层淋溶的作用.单施氮肥处理(N),NO₃^--N的累积峰深度最大,为120～200cm;N、P有机肥配施处理(NPM),NO₃^--N的累积峰值最高,但峰深度降低至60～120cm;N、P配施(NP)累积深度为80～140cm.不施氮肥,分布在土壤剖面中NO₃^--N含量显著降低.氮肥用量愈大,NO₃^--N的累积量愈大.N、P配施可以有效降低NO₃^--N累积.在同一氮肥用量下,NO₃^--N累积量随磷肥用量的增加而减少.     

济南地区日光温室土壤养分的分布状况和累积规律

对济南地区不同种植年限日光温室内外及不同蔬菜作物的土壤养分差异和频数分布进行比较,分析了日光温室土壤养分随种植年限的累积特征,并对不同蔬菜温室土壤养分与种植年限进行曲线拟合,研究了引起土壤盐渍化和酸化的原因.结果表明:济南地区日光温室土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质、电导率显著高于棚外土壤,增幅分别为135.3％、475.2％、290.1％、97.7％、188.7％,pH值较棚外土壤降低0.31;各土壤养分的频数分布曲线均呈正态分布.不同蔬菜温室土壤养分含量各有差别,其中,碱解氮和电导率为番茄＞甜椒＞黄瓜,有机质和pH为黄瓜＞甜椒＞番茄,速效磷为黄瓜＞番茄＞甜椒,速效钾为番茄＞黄瓜＞甜椒.日光温室土壤有酸化的趋势,但不明显.温室土壤盐渍化程度加重主要由碱解氮和速效钾的累积所致.pH的降低与碱解氮的累积关系密切.日光温室各土壤养分随种植年限的累积规律基本一致,1～2年为养分的快速累积期,3～4年的累积速率变缓,以后处于一个稳定水平,整体上表现为土壤系统的动态平衡.除pH的累积为负向外,其他均为正向累积.不同蔬菜温室土壤养分与种植年限呈极显著相关,且可用2次或3次曲线进行拟合.     

Catecholamines in sow graafian follicles at proestrus and at diestrus

Endogenous dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline were detected in the sow graafian follicular wall and in the follicular fluid. Noradrenaline represented the highest level and adrenaline the lowest. Dopamine and noradrenaline concentrations found in the follicular fluid were lower at early proestrus than at mid-diestrus, whereas adrenaline levels in the fluid did not differ at either stage of the estrous cycle. The sow follicular wall contained less dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline at early proestrus than at mid-diestrus. Concomitantly, a decrement of [3H]-dopamine and [3H]-noradrenaline uptake, and of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity was detected at early proestrus compared to levels detected at mid-diestrus. The findings in sow graafian follicles show the existence of relationships between hormonal status, dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline endogenous levels and uptake, and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity. Possible links between estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels during the pig estrous cycle and ovarian catecholamines are discussed, as is a plausible involvement of these neurotransmitters in the contractile activity of the theca layer and the processes of follicular rupture and ovulation.     

广州新垦越冬椋鸟夜栖集群现象

1研究区域 新垦地镇位于东经113.35,北纬22.36,为广州的最南端、珠江口前沿,濒临伶汀洋,三面环海.     

Skin temperatures at the nape in infants at high altitude.

Skin temperatures were measured on three Quechua Indian infants resident at 4,000 meters above sea level in Peru. Nape temperatures were warmer than other skin sites, suggesting that the brown adipose tissue associated with non-shivering thermogenesis is metabolically active despite the reduced oxygen availability at high altitude. The question of the role of non-shivering thermogenesis in infant thermoregulation under the covariant stresses of hypoxia and cold is still open.     

Age at menarche in Iceland

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mean age at menarche in Icelandic girls and compare it with results from other Scandinavian populations as well as in other ethnic groups. The study was performed during the school year 1972-1973 on a cross-sectional sample of 682 girls (aged 8.5 to over 17 years), constituting 9.5% of the girls from the third to eleventh forms in all the primary and secondary schools of Reykjavik. The mean age at menarche in Iceland, elicited by the status quo method, proved to be 13.06 +/- 0.10 years (S.D. 1.17 years). According to the information given by the girls (recall method), the earliest time of menstruation was 9.83 years and the latest 15.17 years, at which age all but one of the girls were menstruating.     

Anthropology at Home in Australia

This introductory essay takes ‘anthropology at home’ to refer to the conduct of fieldwork and other kinds of anthropological research in or about communities which Australian anthropologists regard as culturally familiar. In that sense, anthropology at home raises two interrelated questions: 1) ‘What is an appropriate anthropological object?’ and 2) ‘What are the appropriate methods for studying that object?’ I argue that anthropology remains overdetermined by its colonial heritage and that it is still overly concerned with the study of ‘the other’ through long-term fieldwork. My feeling is that we should displace the idea of ‘the other’ in favour of an anthropological object construed in terms of self-other relationships. This not only implies that anthropology at home should cease to appear as an oxymoron, but also suggests that a more comprehensive employment of various study methods should displace long-term fieldwork as metonymic of the discipline.     

Interallelic Complementation at the sh Locus in Maize at the Enzyme Level

EMS-induced sh mutants and their heterozygotes were examined for the enzyme, sucrose synthetase, which has previously been shown to be coded by the Sh locus. Complementing heterozygotes have a wild-type phenotype, but show no hybrid protein band after starch gel electrophoresis. The existence of a heteromeric complex, however, is inferred from the two-fold elevation in sucrose cleavage activity in the complementing heterozygotes as compared to the mutant homozygotes. The observations on complementation described here are unique, as the elevation in the activity of this reversible enzyme is noticed only in one direction (viz, sucrose cleavage) of the reaction and not the other (sucrose synthesis).     

Changes in breathing pattern at loads near perceptual threshold at different work levels

Five subjects were tested to determine the threshold for detection of an added resistance to inspiration in three tests, one at rest and two with exercise (mild = 50 W; moderate = 100 W) on a cycle ergometer. Changes in the breathing pattern were examined at added resistances near the perceptual threshold. Added inspiratory resistances with a 50% probability of detection were very variable at rest; they decreased significantly from rest (250 Pa.l-1.s-1) to moderate exercise (98 Pa.l-1.s-1) in four subjects. It is suggested that physical exercise may cause discomfort even when workers wearing a respirator do not have any abnormal sensation during sedentary work. Breathing patterns were compared between resistance loaded and unloaded breathing during each test. Decreases in inspiratory peak flow and acceleration of flow early in inspiration were found in resistance loaded breathing in almost all tests and a tendency for tidal volume to decrease was found during moderate exercise only. The ratios of resistance loaded to unloaded breathing for inspiratory time (ti) and total time (tt) tended to be greater in the detected than in the undetected responses at rest and during mild exercise but not during moderate exercise. This would imply that further prolongation of ti and tt in the detected responses was attributable to conscious or subconscious aspects of the resistance leading responses: however, these adjustments in breathing, which reduce frequency, would be less likely to occur as the work rate increases.