农业生态经济学的内容和性质

一、农业生态经济学的内容农业经济系统和农业生态系统组成的系统国外称为“生态经济系统”(Ecolonomic system,)。农业生态经济学用农业生态经济系统这个概念把农业生态系统与农业经济系统联系起来当作一个功能单位研究,其中心是它的结构和功能。研究农业生态经济系统结构,主要是以天然生态系统和工业经济系统为参照系统,对系统的组成部分、农业生态系统与农业经济系统     

旱地不同种植制度下农田生态系统的结构与功能分析

农业生产是一个利用太阳辐射能的系统。依靠农田生态系统,提高其对物质与能量的转化效率,就能提高单位面积产量。农田生态系统功能效率的高低与它的结构状况密切相关。因此,研究调节农田生态系统结构是很重要的。因为系统的结构决定着系统的整体功能。从世界农业发展史看,农田生态的结构总是由简单趋向复杂,经营由粗放走向精细,产量则逐     

农业生态系统中磷循环的研究进展

1　引　言能量转化和物质循环是农业生态系统最基本的功能特征。1976年在荷兰召开的第一次农业生态系统矿质养分循环研讨会标志着从系统层次研究物流的开始,但物流仍是系统研究的薄弱环节,特别是较高系统层次准确的物流的数量概念更为缺乏[1,2]。生态系统中营养元素的输入、输出状况反映了一个地区生产发展水平的高低和生态系统功能的强弱;而投入、产出的动态变化,则显示了一定时期内营养元素循环的基本规律[3]。在各种水平(如地球、陆地、国家或生态系统)上的有关磷循环的论文也发表了不少,借以阐述各组成部分中磷的数量及其相互间的转化速…     

东莞市郊低洼地农业生态系统模式的研究

研究了广东省东莞市郊低洼地现存农业生态系统模式的结构和经济效益,发现该地区的主要模式有种养结合模式、养殖模式和高畦深沟连作蔬菜模式．研究结果表明,种养结合模式具有较完善的系统功能和较高的劳动日值．建议连作蔬菜模式可以根据生态工程的原理引进必要的组分如养猪和深沟养鱼等,从而改善生态系统的整体功能和获得持续效益．     

略谈农业生态系统

农业生态系统一般都是由若干个亚系统组成。亚系统的数目、种类则根据地区和自然条件的特点有所不同。例如农、林、牧、渔亚系统,农、牧、渔亚系统,农、牧亚系统等。稳定性较强,生产能力较高的生态系统,通常是由较多的亚系统组成。但也有很多农业生态系统仅由两个或一个亚系统组成,如农、牧生态系统和农田生态系统等。亚系统可以再分为亚亚系统,如     

农业生态经济系统耦合过程模型的建立及应用

基于"一般系统论中系统演化"的思想、"Thornes关于植被和土壤侵蚀耦合模型"等思路,构建了农业生态经济系统耦合过程的基础模型和扩展模型。通过该模型能够揭示农业"生态—经济"的互动过程、确定农业经济系统影响生态系统的临界点,这对于开发利用农业资源、制定农业生态经济系统可持续发展方案具有重要的现实意义。以纸坊沟流域20余年农业生态经济系统演变资料为基础,借鉴已有研究结果,通过对"模型"参数的计算,建立了反映纸坊沟流域不同情境下农业生态经济系统耦合过程模型,结果表明:按照农业生态经济系统现状演变轨迹,农业生态系统自我调节的临界点为en(t)=1.22×el(t);如果继续完善系统循环,强化"林草资源-畜牧业"链网,在生态系统阈值范围内可增强经济系统功能;如果停止"退耕"而出现复垦,生态系统自我调节的临界点变为en(t)=0.69×el(t),单位生态系统功能减弱。为此,必须稳定退耕还林工程,促进农业资源合理、高效利用,加速产业优化升级,这样方能实现农业生态经济系统健康、持续发展。     

专业化茶叶种植影响下的农业生态系统服务功能价值评价——以福建省安溪县为例

饮茶已逐渐成为世界潮流与时尚,不断扩大的茶叶需求正不断刺激茶叶的增产,茶叶经济发展受到世界瞩目,但关于规模化、专业化茶叶种植对农业生态系统的影响却未得到相应的关注。为研究规模不断扩大的专业化茶叶种植对农业生态系统的影响,以专业化茶叶种植大县安溪县为研究对象,通过构建由供给、调节和支持正、负服务组成的农业生态系统服务功能价值评价指标体系,结合能值法,从不同专业化茶叶种植水平、不同农业种植结构、不同地貌类型三个方面进行评估分析。研究结果表明:(1)安溪县以专业化茶叶种植为主的农业生态系统中供给、调节和支持三大服务功能的正服务价值都大于负服务价值,系统以提供正服务为主;(2)专业化茶叶种植具有较高的经济效益和较好的气体、气候调节能力,对农业生态系统中的供给与调节功能具有正效应;(3)但专业化种植过程中造成的土壤流失情况也较为严重,对农业生态系统支持功能的负面影响较大;(4)"茶-蔬"、"茶-果"等复合生态茶树种植结构有利于提高农业生态系统服务功能,实现茶叶经济与农业生态系统的和谐发展。     

丘陵地区农户生态系统生产潜力分析

一、前言建立高效的农业生态系统必须从全面分析系统的结构、功能特点以及系统中各因子之间的相互关系着手,阐明影响系统功能的主要结构因子和条件因子,从而为增强系统功能拔出有效的调控途径与调控措施。农业生态系统是一个多层次、多组分、多变量的复合系统,可以从任一层次水平上开展研究,或乡、或村、或户。鉴于目前大多数农村仍以农户为生产单位,以分散经营为特色,故本研究从农户这一     

湘南山区农业生态系统能量分析

一、引言由于农业系统的复杂性和存在较多的随机因素,对农业系统实行全面定量研究是比较困难的,仅从定性的描述和一些经济指标来判定系统的优劣及系统的特征是不理想的。而从能量观点对农业生态系统加以分析则是一个全面且能定量的方法,并且具有较强的客观性,能够反映农业生态系统最基本、最本质的关系。     

山西省农业生态类型分区的研究

农业生态系统是一个多元综合性概念。它是由地貌、气候、土壤、水文、植被等自然环境要素和人类活动干预形成的农业生物群落两大部分组成。其组成部分及诸要素多重联系,相互作用,在一定的结构中共同实现系统功能。进行农业生态类型分区是为农业生态系统总体结构的优化研究提供科学依据。从而对     

基因流介导的种间渐渗与物种界定

物种界定是生物学中最基本的问题之一。近年来随着分子生物学技术的进步如分子条形码的发展,物种界定也越来越引起人们的兴趣。界定一个物种或相似的一组物种时最重要的一个原则就是选择适合的分子标记。然而,植物中广泛存在的不完全谱系筛选与种间渐渗却常常会阻碍准确鉴定物种。最近,有关基因流介导的种间渗入和物种界定在理论和实验研究中都取得了重大进展。本文综述了基因流介导的物种形成;评价了种间渐渗与不完全谱系筛选的区别;最后总结出应该利用基因流速度较快的分子标记去鉴定物种。     

Evolutionarily inspired solutions to the crop pollination crisis

The global decline in insect diversity threatens pollination services, potentially impacting crop production and food security. Here, we argue that this looming pollination crisis is generally approached from an ecological standpoint, and that consideration of evolutionary principles offers a novel perspective. First, we outline that wild plant species have overcome ‘pollination crises’ throughout evolutionary history, and show how associated principles can be applied to crop pollination. We then highlight technological advances that can be used to adapt crop flowers for optimal pollination by local wild pollinators, especially by increasing generalization in pollination systems. Thus, synergies among fundamental evolutionary research, genetic engineering, and agro-ecological science provide a promising template for addressing a potential pollination crisis, complementing much-needed strategies focused on pollinator conservation.     

Patterns of CRISPR/Cas9 activity in plants,animals and microbes

The CRISPR/Cas9 system and related RNA‐guided endonucleases can introduce double‐strand breaks (DSBs) at specific sites in the genome, allowing the generation of targeted mutations in one or more genes as well as more complex genomic rearrangements. Modifications of the canonical CRISPR/Cas9 system from Streptococcus pyogenes and the introduction of related systems from other bacteria have increased the diversity of genomic sites that can be targeted, providing greater control over the resolution of DSBs, the targeting efficiency (frequency of on‐target mutations), the targeting accuracy (likelihood of off‐target mutations) and the type of mutations that are induced. Although much is now known about the principles of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, the likelihood of different outcomes is species‐dependent and there have been few comparative studies looking at the basis of such diversity. Here we critically analyse the activity of CRISPR/Cas9 and related systems in different plant species and compare the outcomes in animals and microbes to draw broad conclusions about the design principles required for effective genome editing in different organisms. These principles will be important for the commercial development of crops, farm animals, animal disease models and novel microbial strains using CRISPR/Cas9 and other genome‐editing tools.     

Nathan Zuntz and 100 Years Non-Protein-Nitrogen Research in Berlin

The advantages and disadvantages of metabolisable and net energy as parameters of energetic feed evaluation are discussed. For a global comprehensive standardisation of the energetic feed evaluation, the metabolisable energy (ME) will have a preference. The principles of an energetic feed evaluation system with ME as parameter are explained according to which the subsystems for all species of animals should be worked out uniformly. The subsystems for the most important farm animals integrate themselves in addition to ME for predicting the energy and food needs of the animal also the net energy (NE) by taking a standard feedstuff to characterise the relative energetic feed value of the feedstuffs for one or more partial performances of the animal species concerned.     

Combined disturbances and the role of their spatial and temporal properties in shaping community structure

Disturbances are characteristic for many ecosystems. However, we still lack generalizations concerning their role in shaping communities, particularly when disturbances co-occur. To study such effects, we used a novel modeling approach that is unrestricted by a priori tradeoffs among specific plant traits, except for those generated by allocation principles. Thus, trait combinations were emergent properties associated with biotic and abiotic constraints. Specifically, we asked which traits dominate under specific disturbance regimes, whether single and combined disturbance regimes promote similar trait tradeoffs and how complex disturbance regimes affect species richness and functional diversity. Overall, disturbances’ temporal properties governed the outcome of combined disturbances and were a stronger assortative force than spatial disturbance properties: low temporal predictability decreased seed-dispersability and dormancy, but increased competitive ability and disturbance tolerance. Evidence for tradeoffs between different colonization modes and between dormancy and disturbance tolerance were found, while surprisingly, the widely accepted colonization–competition tradeoff was not generated. Diversity was highest at intermediate disturbance intensity, but decreased monotonically with increasing unpredictability. In accordance with our results, future models should avoid restrictive assumptions about tradeoffs to generate robust and more general predictions about the role of disturbances for community dynamics.     

Homogenization of dispersal ability across bird species in response to landscape change

Human land use is known to homogenize biotic communities, increasing similarity in their genetic, taxonomic and functional diversity. Explanations have focused almost exclusively on human‐mediated extinction and range expansion. However, homogenization could also be produced by land use driving selection for similar traits across species. We propose a novel hypothesis to explain how human land use homogenizes dispersal ability across species. With habitat loss and increasing human land use intensities there should be larger increases in the costs of dispersal for dispersive than sedentary species, because dispersive species interact with non‐habitat more frequently. In contrast, the benefits of dispersal should increase more for sedentary than dispersive species, because sedentary species are at greater risk from inbreeding depression, predation and competition associated with habitat loss. Therefore we predict that sedentary species become more dispersive in a human‐altered landscape, and dispersive species more sedentary. We tested this prediction using wing pointedness to estimate the initial dispersal ability and change in dispersal ability for 21 North American passerines over the 20th century. More pointed wings are associated with stronger dispersal ability. Thus our prediction would be supported by a negative cross‐species relationship between these two measurements. We found a strong, negative relationship, as predicted. This resulted in declines in the variability in wing pointedness among species over time. Although other things can cause wing shape to change, including changes in habitat availability, none of these explained the observed relationship. Our result provides the first evidence that human landscape alteration is homogenizing bird communities, driving selection for intermediate dispersal ability across species. It also implies that more dispersive species are more at‐risk from human landscape use because, when rates of landscape alteration are faster than a species’ ability to adapt to that change, the costs of dispersal increase more for dispersive than sedentary species.     

Is assemblage variability related to environmental variability? An answer for riverine fish

We examine the variability of riverine fish assemblages in terms of assemblage stability (i.e. variability of numbers of individuals within species over time and variability of assemblage total density), assemblage persistence, and assemblage species richness using data from a 9-yr survey of 27 sites within 18 coastal streams of North-western France. To do so, we test a hypothesized directional model for the expected relationships between environmental variability, assemblage variability, assemblage persistence, and assemblage species richness: 1) environmental variability within a given system is likely to generate variable local population size within this system, thus increasing local assemblages variability; 2) environmental variability should increase extinction rates (or, under constant colonization rates, decrease persistence), because the more population sizes vary within an assemblage, the more likely they are to become zero in some period of time; 3) assemblage variability should reduce assemblage species richness by increasing extinction rates within populations composing these assemblages. Results are compatible with our starting hypotheses and show that assemblage variability increased with environmental variability (i.e. discharge variability), that assemblage persistence decreased with environmental variability, and that species richness decreased with assemblage variability after environmental factors were controlled for. Thus, disturbance regimes, in our case, can alter the stability properties of assemblages and extrinsic determinants of assemblage variability may be an important determinant of assemblage species richness. These results have important conservation and management implications, due to the strong impact of river regulation on flow regimes.     

English names for a world list of mammals, exemplified by species of Indochina

1. The lack of a globally accepted list of English‐language names for mammal species leads to various problems stemming from the reduced ability to communicate unambiguously. This impacts directly on their conservation. We use the larger mammals of Indochina to exemplify the use of an explicit set of principles designed to provide each species with a unique and non‐misleading (or at least minimally so) English name. 2. For most species, a suitable name is already in use, sometimes generally so. For species for which multiple names are in use, standardization would consist of adopting the most suitable name. Only for a very few species are all extant names so unsuitable that a neologism should be coined. One species, Panthera pardus, presents potentially insoluble problems. 3. Name standardization among the world's birds has generated some controversy, but this has not led to abandonment of the process. Much can be learned by those developing a similar process for mammals, through studying the bird‐naming process. Progress can be advanced by detractors indicating whether they oppose standardization per se, the principles used or the names resulting from application of the principles. Also, proponents of standardization should always emphasize that the purpose of the process is to produce a list available for those who want to use it, not to produce a binding selection that must be used in all circumstances.     

A systems-level approach for metabolic engineering of yeast cell factories

The generation of novel yeast cell factories for production of high-value industrial biotechnological products relies on three metabolic engineering principles: design, construction, and analysis. In the last two decades, strong efforts have been put on developing faster and more efficient strategies and/or technologies for each one of these principles. For design and construction, three major strategies are described in this review: (1) rational metabolic engineering; (2) inverse metabolic engineering; and (3) evolutionary strategies. Independent of the selected strategy, the process of designing yeast strains involves five decision points: (1) choice of product, (2) choice of chassis, (3) identification of target genes, (4) regulating the expression level of target genes, and (5) network balancing of the target genes. At the construction level, several molecular biology tools have been developed through the concept of synthetic biology and applied for the generation of novel, engineered yeast strains. For comprehensive and quantitative analysis of constructed strains, systems biology tools are commonly used and using a multi-omics approach. Key information about the biological system can be revealed, for example, identification of genetic regulatory mechanisms and competitive pathways, thereby assisting the in silico design of metabolic engineering strategies for improving strain performance. Examples on how systems and synthetic biology brought yeast metabolic engineering closer to industrial biotechnology are described in this review, and these examples should demonstrate the potential of a systems-level approach for fast and efficient generation of yeast cell factories.