中国始叶螨属四新种记述(蜱螨亚纲:叶螨科)

始叶螨属(Eotetranychus Oudemans,1931)是叶螨科中较大的一个属。自1931年建属以来,种数不断迅速增加,目前已知种数达150余种,仅次于叶小爪属(OligotetrangchusBerlese)。国内自60年代开始研究,迄今已发现30种。作者在研究华东园林叶螨时,发现了该属叶螨四新种,兹记述如下。模式标本保存于上海农学院植保系。文中测量单位     

中国叶螨科一新纪录

墨西哥叶螨Tetranychus mexicanus (McGregor)中国新纪录。墨西哥叶螨隶属于叶螨属、叶螨亚属、突叶螨种团(The Tumidus Group)。该种团中各个种的爪间突背面均具有一大型背距。墨西哥叶螨与该种团中其他种类的鉴别特征是：阳具端锤与柄部平行，前侧突短而尖，远侧突也尖，但明显地长于前侧突。     

京冀地区蔬菜叶螨优势种类鉴定

叶螨是蔬菜作物上的一类重要农业害螨,但其在蔬菜上发生为害的优势种类尚不明确。本研究中,2009-2013年连续5年于北京和河北部分地区定点和非定点采集田间蔬菜作物上的叶螨,采用形态学方法和分子生物学方法进行种类鉴定。结果表明,所采集地的茄果类蔬菜和豆类蔬菜上叶螨种类包括截形叶螨和二斑叶螨,未发现有朱砂叶螨或者其它叶螨种类,表明截形叶螨和二斑叶螨是目前北京和河北部分地区蔬菜作物上的主要叶螨种类,改变了以往文献中朱砂叶螨是常见蔬菜作物主要叶螨种类的传统认识。研究结果将有助于田间蔬菜叶螨的针对性高效防治。     

尼氏钝绥螨对柑桔始叶螨捕食作用研究

尼氏钝梁螨AmblyseiusnicholsiEharaetLee是贵州省桔园叶螨天敌优势种,对抑制叶螨种群有一定作用。关于保护利用该螨综合防治柑桔全爪螨已有报道[1,2],但对柑桔上男一重要叶螨──柑桔始叶螨的捕食作用、控制能力等方面报道较少。本文研究了尼氏纯绥螨对柑桔给叶螨捕食作用,为柑桔始叶螨综合治理提供理论依据。王材料和方法1．1虫源：尼氏钝绥做雄成螨和柑桔始叶绒成螨采自桔园。卵、幼螨、若螨均在室内饲养而得。1．2反应皿设置：在直径为12cm的培养皿内置一层浸水的泡沫,上面平铺1张滤纸,其上放1张平展的柑桔叶片,叶片四周用浸过…     

横断山地区叶螨三新种（蜱螨亚纲：叶螨科）

本文记述了发现于横断山地区的叶螨三新种:横断山苔螨Bryobia heng duanensis,矛拟细须螨Tenuipalpoides hastata和长裂爪螨Schizotetranychus elongatus,其中拟细须螨属在中国为首次报道。     

五种叶螨个体发育观察

<正> 叶螨的个体发育,历经卵、幼螨、第一若螨、第二若螨发育为成螨。在第一、二若螨和成螨的形态变化之前,各有一个不食不动的静止期。静止结束,经蜕皮变为下一虫态。但雌雄两性的个体发育过程是否相同,目前意见不一。日本的江原等、我国的匡海源、忻介六等认为,雄螨无第二若螨期。但王慧芙则认为,雄螨并不缺少一个若螨期。鉴于此,笔者对柑桔全爪螨Panonychus citri(Mcaregor)、苹果全爪螨P.ulmi(Koch)、山楂叶螨Tetranychus     

朱砂叶螨越冬的研究

朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)原多混同于二斑叶螨(T.urticae),为世界性害螨,在我国严重危害棉花、瓜、豆、茄果类蔬菜及许多观赏植物。叶螨科叶螨属的很多种类以滞育态雌成螨     

作物重要叶螨综合防控技术研究与示范推广

叶螨是一类重要的农业有害生物,近年来,在我国各地危害呈上升趋势,严重制约了粮棉果蔬等产业的可持续健康发展。在公益性行业(农业)科研专项叶螨项目资助下,课题组明确了东北果园、华北果园和北方蔬菜田叶螨种群消长规律,开展了朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval)、二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch和柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri(McGregor)的种群遗传结构研究,在共生菌对叶螨生殖影响方面取得了重要进展,在生物防治和药剂防治方面已取得可喜的成绩,组建了3个叶螨的综合防治技术体系,示范面积共达3万多亩。     

二斑叶螨与山楂叶螨种间竞争的研究

作于1994-1995年对苹果树上的二斑叶螨(Teiranychus urticae (Koch))和山楂叶螨(T．veinnensis Zacher)的种间竞争进行了研究。结果表明,在食物资源上,二斑叶螨对山楂叶螨的生态位重叠度指数是1．05,而山楂叶螨对二斑叶螨则为0.95;在生存空间资源上,二斑叶螨相应为1．11,山楂叶螨相应为0．89。在1994和1995年,两种害螨的内禀增长力(rm)在单种种群中,二斑叶螨分别是0．13036和0．0759,山楂叶螨分别是0．1028和0．0585;在混合种群中,二斑叶螨分别是0．118和0．0822,山楂叶螨分别是0．06056和0．052,二斑叶螨均明显高于山楂叶螨。在达到种群年中高峰时,二斑叶螨在混台种群中所占比率,1994年为97．2％ 1995年为86．2％。达到高峰后,两种叶螨种群数量均急剧下降,但二斑叶螨下降的速度更快。20天后,二斑叶螨在混合种群中的比率分别降至20%和19％。因此,二斑叶螨较山楂叶螨具有更强的竞争能力。但由于二的生态位并不完全重叠,因而山楂叶螨不会绝灭。     

柑桔始叶螨与柑桔全爪螨染色体制备方法与核型探讨

采用一种新的染色体制备方法,成功地制备和观察了柑桔始叶螨和柑桔全爪螨的中期染色体。柑桔始叶螨的核型n=4、2n=8,柑桔全爪螨的核型n=3、2n=6或n=4、2n=8。C显带与扫描电镜结果显示,柑桔始叶螨与柑桔全爪螨为全着丝粒染色体,并存在混倍性现象。     

河南昆虫、蜘蛛、蜱螨地理分布的多元相似性聚类分析

河南省的昆虫、蜘蛛、蜱螨种类共8637种,隶属32目551科3967属。使用多元相似性聚类分析法(MSCA)对全省11个生态区域间的关系进行分析,总相似性系数0.184,表明分布很不均匀,在0.3的相似性水平上,全省分为4个地理分布区:平原盆地区、西北山地丘陵区、伏牛山区和桐柏大别山区。分析了分类阶元、区系成分、不同类群、种类规模、分布地规模对相似性聚类关系的影响,结果显示,属级水平和种级一样,能够揭示省级地理区域内的相似性聚类关系,科级水平将适合更大的地理区域;生物类群是对相似性聚类结构影响最大的参量,保证多类群的参与,是揭示整体规律的关键;在多类群参与的前提下,种类和分布地不是敏感的因素,合适的种类抽样同样能得到满意的结果,分布地的少量增减,也只会引起相似性系数的轻微变动。     

酢浆草如叶螨研究概述

酢浆草如叶螨Tetranychina harti(Ewing)是一种世界性分布的叶螨,在国内18个省市区也有分布。它取食酢浆草属植物,尤以危害红花酢浆草和酢浆草为甚,严重影响园林景观,是重要的园林和草坪害虫。文章根据国内外全面的资料,详细地介绍该螨的分类、形态特征、分布、遗传学、生物学、生态学和综合治理等方面的最新研究进展,旨在帮助国内昆虫工作者清楚地了解和有效地防治该螨。     

The microbiota in spider mite feces potentially reflects intestinal bacterial communities in the host

Microorganisms provide many physiological functions to herbivorous hosts. Spider mites (genus Tetranychus) are important agricultural pests throughout the world; however, the composition of the spider mite microbial community, especially gut microbiome, remains unclear. Here, we investigated the bacterial community in five spider mite species and their associated feces by deep sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The composition of the bacterial community was significantly different among the five prevalent spider mite species, and some bacterial symbionts showed host‐species specificity. Moreover, the abundance of the bacterial community in spider mite feces was significantly higher than that in the corresponding spider mite samples. However, Flavobacterium was detected in all samples, and represent a “core microbiome”. Remarkably, the maternally inherited endosymbiont Wolbachia was detected in both spider mite and feces. Overall, these results offer insight into the complex community of symbionts in spider mites, and give a new direction for future studies.     

不同寄主植物对山楂叶螨生长发育和繁殖的影响

室内采用叶碟饲养的方法研究了苹果、桃、李、樱桃和杏等不同果树对山楂叶螨Tetrancychusvienensis生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,在李树上山楂叶螨的发育历期短、生殖力强、存活率高,rm值大,而在樱桃和杏树上该螨的发育历期长、生殖力弱、存活率低、rm值小。寄主转换试验结果表明,当山楂叶螨由苹果转移至樱桃和杏树时,其生长发育的历期显著延长,rm值大幅度降低;而由苹果转移至桃树和李树时,其生长发育的历期虽也有所延长,但差异不显著,rm值则明显降低。表明山楂叶螨对新寄主的适应因不同寄主而异,在桃和李上经历1代后即可适应,而在杏和樱桃上经历2代后才能适应新的寄主。     

针叶小爪螨研究进展

针叶小爪螨是我国南方用材树种杉木和北方经济林树种板栗上的主要害螨。本文综述了20世纪70年代以来国内外有关针叶小爪螨的生物学、生态学、防治等方面的研究,以期为植保工作者较为全面地了解该螨、更有效地防控该螨提供参考.     

Pest species diversity enhances control of spider mites and whiteflies by a generalist phytoseiid predator

To test the hypothesis that pest species diversity enhances biological pest control with generalist predators, we studied the dynamics of three major pest species on greenhouse cucumber: Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), and two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch in combination with the predator species Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot. When spider mites infested plants prior to predator release, predatory mites were not capable of controlling spider mite populations in the absence of other pest species. A laboratory experiment showed that predators were hindered by the webbing of spider mites. In a greenhouse experiment, spider mite leaf damage was lower in the presence of thrips and predators than in the presence of whiteflies and predators, but damage was lowest in the presence of thrips, whiteflies and predators. Whitefly control was also improved in the presence of thrips. The lower levels of spider mite leaf damage probably resulted from (1) a strong numerical response of the predator (up to 50 times higher densities) when a second and third pest species were present in addition to spider mites, and (2) from A. swirskii attacking mobile spider mite stages outside or near the edges of the spider mite webbing. Interactions of spider mites with thrips and whiteflies might also result in suppression of spider mites. However, when predators were released prior to spider mite infestations in the absence of other pest species, but with pollen as food for the predators, we found increased suppression of spider mites with increased numbers of predators released, confirming the role of predators in spider mite control. Thus, our study provides evidence that diversity of pest species can enhance biological control through increased predator densities.     

Evaluation of predatory mite (Acari: Phytoseiidae) releases to suppress spruce spider mites, Oligonychus ununguis (Acari: Tetranychidae), on juniper

A laboratory trial evaluated four phytoseiid species for their potential as biological control agents of spruce spider mite, Oligonychus ununguis (Jacobi) (Acari: Tetranychidae). An augmentative biological control approach, using the predatory mites Neoseiulus fallacis Garman and Galendromus occidentalis Nesbitt (Acari: Phytoseiidae), was evaluated for reducing pest mite densities and injury, and economic costs on Juniperus chinensis 'Sargentii' A. Henry (Cupressaceae) in an outdoor nursery. Sequential releases of predator species, individually and in combination, were tested and compared with two commonly used miticides, a low-toxicity miticide, horticultural oil, and a conventional miticide, hexythiazox. Timing of treatments was based on grower-determined need, and predator release rates were based on guidelines in literature received from producers of beneficial organisms. Predator releases were more expensive and provided less effective suppression of spruce spider mites, resulting in greater spider mite injury to plants, compared with conventional pesticides. However, spider mite damage to plants did not differ in an economically meaningful way between treatments. Unsatisfactory levels of control seem related to under estimations of actual spider mite abundance based on grower perceptions and the beat sampling technique used to estimate predator release rates. These data suggest that when initial populations of spruce spider mite are high, it is unlikely that sequential releases of predator species, individually or in combination, will suppress spider mite populations. In this trial, augmentative biological control control was 2.5-7 times more expensive than chemical controls.     

Beat sampling accuracy in estimating spruce spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) populations and injury on juniper

The use of a standardized beat sampling method for estimating spruce spider mite, Oligonychus ununguis (Jacobi) (Acari: Tetranychidae), densities on a widely used evergreen ornamental plant species, Juniperus chinensis variety 'Sargentii' A. Henry (Cupressaceae), was examined. There was a significant positive relationship between total spruce spider mite densities and spider mite densities from beat sampling on juniper. The slope and intercept of the relationship may be used by pest managers to predict total spider mite densities on plants from beat sample counts. Beat sampling dramatically underestimates the total number of spider mites on a foliage sample. The relationships between spruce spider mite feeding injury and spider mite density estimates from beat sampling juniper foliage and total spider mite counts on foliage were also examined. There was a significant positive relationship between spruce spider mite density as estimated from beat sampling and injury to the plants. There was a similar positive relationship between the total number of spruce spider mites and injury to the plants, suggesting that a pest manager could use beat sampling counts to estimate plant injury and related thresholds. These findings have important implications to decision-making for spruce spider mite control, especially as it relates to threshold levels and determining rates of predator releases. Further assessment of the effectiveness of beat and other sampling methods across multiple spider mite- host plant associations needs to be examined to enable pest managers to select sampling plans that are feasible and reliable.     

Resistance status of the carmine spider mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus and the twospotted spider mite,Tetranychus urticae to selected acaricides on strawberries

The carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) and the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, are serious pests of strawberries and many other horticultural crops. Control of these pests has been heavily dependent upon chemical acaricides. Objectives of this study were to determine the resistance status of these two pest species to commonly used acaricides on strawberries in a year‐round intensive horticultural production region. LC₉₀ of abamectin for adult carmine spider mites was 4% whereas that for adult twospotted spider mites was 24% of the top label rate. LC_90s of spiromesifen, etoxazole, hexythiazox and bifenazate were 0.5%, 0.5%, 1.4% and 83% of their respective highest label rates for carmine spider mite eggs, 0.7%, 2.7%, 12.1% and 347% of their respective highest label rates for the nymphs. LC_90s of spiromesifen, etoxazole, hexythiazox and bifenazate were 4.6%, 11.1%, 310% and 62% of their respective highest label rates for twospotted spider mite eggs, 3%, 13%, 432,214% and 15% of their respective highest label rates for the nymphs. Our results suggest that T. cinnabarinus have developed resistance to bifenazate and that the T. urticae have developed resistance to hexythiazox. These results strongly emphasize the need to develop resistance management strategies in the region.     

Evaluation of predatory mites and Acramite for control of twospotted spider mites in strawberries in north central Florida

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted from 2003 to 2005 to determine the effectiveness of two predatory mite species, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot and Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor), and a reduced-risk miticide, Acramite 50 WP (bifenazate), for control of twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, in strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne). In greenhouse tests, three treatments consisting of releases of P. persimilis, N. californicus, and an untreated control were evaluated. Both species of predatory mites significantly reduced twospotted spider mite numbers below those found in the control during the first 3 wk of evaluation. However, during week 4, twospotted spider mite numbers on the plants treated with P. persimilis increased and did not differ significantly from the control. Field studies used releases of P. persimilis and N. californicus, applications of Acramite, and untreated control plots. Both N. californicus and P. persimilis significantly reduced populations of twospotted spider mite below numbers recorded in the control plots. During the 2003-2004 field season P. persimilis took longer than N. californicus to bring the twospotted spider mite population under control (< 10 mites per leaflet). Acramite was effective in reducing twospotted spider mite populations below 10 mites per leaflet during the 2003-2004 field season but not during the 2004-2005 field season, possibly because of a late application. These findings indicate that N. californicus releases and properly timed Acramite applications are promising options for twospotted spider mite control in strawberries for growers in north Florida and other areas of the southeast.