观赏植物上二斑叶螨的发生和为害

查明北京园林花卉上发生的叶螨主要为二斑叶螨,其次为朱砂叶螨和山楂叶螨等。已发现有16科约32种花卉受二斑叶螨为害。温室中花卉被害尤为严重。露地花卉因种类不同其为害严重时期也有差异。二斑叶螨在温室中表现为部分滞育现象,因花卉种类不同其滞育率有4.4～57.0％的差别。     

截形叶螨分子鉴定技术的建立及其应用

叶螨体型微小,田间种群变异较大,传统的形态鉴定方法耗时长,技术难以掌握。为了寻找截形叶螨Tetranychus truncatus Ehara的快速分子鉴定技术,本研究筛选RAPD扩增条带中截形叶螨的特异性引物,并由此转化为稳定的SCAR标记。结果表明,由引物OPB-04扩增截形叶螨出现了一条717 bp的特异性条带(GenBank登录号为JF816665),基于此片段设计了一对特异性的SCAR引物(Tt-303F和Tt-303R),优化PCR扩增条件和程序,从截形叶螨的不同发育阶段中均可成功扩增出一条特异性的303 bp的DNA条带,而在其它近似叶螨种类中未扩增到该条带,且该SCAR引物对在北京地区茄子和菜豆寄主上采集的截形叶螨田间种群上也成功得到了验证。     

朱砂叶螨越冬的研究

朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)原多混同于二斑叶螨(T.urticae),为世界性害螨,在我国严重危害棉花、瓜、豆、茄果类蔬菜及许多观赏植物。叶螨科叶螨属的很多种类以滞育态雌成螨     

不同葫芦科作物对二斑叶螨的抗性评价

【目的】二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch是世界性重大农业害螨,葫芦科作物是其重要寄主植物。为明确不同葫芦科作物对二斑叶螨生长发育的抗性/适合性,开展了二斑叶螨在葫芦科作物上的产卵和取食选择性研究。【方法】选择苦瓜、葫芦、南瓜、丝瓜、西瓜、甜瓜和黄瓜作为供试寄主植物,室内采用离体叶片和室外采用活体植株比较了二斑叶螨对7种作物的取食选择性及其种群生存与繁殖动态。【结果】供试7种葫芦科作物中,二斑叶螨对黄瓜的选择率最高,为35.49%,其次为甜瓜和西瓜;二斑叶螨在南瓜和黄瓜叶碟上的生存率和繁殖率高,12 h单雌产卵数分别为9.72粒和7.83粒;在葫芦和苦瓜叶碟上,二斑叶螨48 h螨口减退率达47.5%和32.5%,表现为较低的取食和生存适合度,同时葫芦和苦瓜活体植株上二斑叶螨繁殖率显著低于其他5种葫芦科作物。【结论】二斑叶螨在黄瓜、西瓜和甜瓜上的种群发育适合度高,在葫芦和苦瓜上适合度低。这一结果可为田间防控二斑叶螨生态措施的制定及开展葫芦科作物抗螨性机理和抗螨育种提供科学依据。     

华东地区园林叶螨的初步研究（蜱螨目：叶螨总科）

笔经过数年的调查研究,查知华东园林植物上叶螨种类90种,分属3科22属。章报道了这些种类及其新的寄主植物和分布,研究发现,酢酱草如叶螨,柑桔全爪螨、构始叶螨、截形如螨,神泽叶螨,柏小爪螨,合肥埃须螨,俄勒冈小扁螨,刘氏短须螨和卵形短须螨等为园林植物上的主要种类,二点叶螨和朱砂叶螨是世界性分布的重要害螨。通常被认为是主要种类,但在华东园林植物上分布尚有限,加强检疫防止它们的传播扩散是十分必要的,章讨论了其它有关问题,所有标本均存放于上海农学院园环系农螨研究室。     

二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch

<正>二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch广泛分布于世界各地,是果树、蔬菜、花卉等农作物上的重要害螨,主要在寄主叶片背面取食和繁殖,被害叶片初期沿叶脉附近出现许多细小失绿斑驳,随着害螨数量增加,叶背面逐渐变褐色,叶面呈苍灰绿色,变硬变脆,被害严重时造成大量落叶。二斑叶螨在我国北京、河北、山东、辽宁、河南、陕西、山西、江苏、安徽、福建、甘肃等地均有报道。二斑叶螨因寄主范围广、繁殖速度     

基于wsp基因的叶螨体内Wolbachia株系的多样性与重组分析

胞内共生菌Wolbachia能对多种叶螨产生生殖调控作用.为更好地筛选有潜在应用价值的Wolbachia株系,本研究应用PCR技术对自然种群的截形叶螨Tetranychus truncatus、二斑叶螨T.urticae、神泽叶螨T.kanzawai 和山楂叶螨Amphitetranychus viennensis体内的Wolbachia感染情况进行检测,并对Wolbachia的wsp基因进行序列分析和基因重组检测.结果表明,叶螨中的Wolbachia株系具有较高的遗传多样性,其中截形叶螨感染两种分化较大的株系.不同叶螨感染特有的Wolbachia株系说明Wolbachia与其宿主存在一定的协同进化关系.二斑叶螨和截形叶螨感染同一株系的Wolbachia,可能由于水平传播造成.同时,不同株系Wolbachia的wsp基因间普遍存在着基因重组现象.     

朱砂叶螨对不同蔬菜寄主的取食选择性

朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus寄主范围广泛,其对不同蔬菜寄主的取食选择性研究很少.本研究采用离体叶碟法和活体寄主法研究了朱砂叶螨在菜豆、茄子、番茄、黄瓜和甜椒等5种蔬菜寄主上的成螨数量、产卵数量、由卵发育至成若螨期的比例及活体寄主上叶螨数量的增长速度.结果表明,朱砂叶螨对供试的不同蔬菜寄主均可...     

关于区分朱砂叶螨和二斑叶螨两个近似种的研究

朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval)和二斑叶螨T. urticae Koch存在完全的生殖隔离,属于两个不同的种;二斑叶螨的北京地理种群和英国地理种群经过杂交能产生正常的F₁代,不表现生殖隔离,应属同一种.这两个种的幼、若螨体色均为黄绿色,体背两侧具有褐斑,但发育到成螨(非越冬型)时,朱砂叶螨变为锈红或红褐色,而二斑仍为黄绿色.朱砂叶螨的足Ⅰ胫节刚毛数有变异,分别为10、12或13根,它们的变异概率分别为70%、15%和15%;二斑叶螨为10根,个体间无变异.朱砂叶螨的阳茎端锤大,钩部较宽,端锤的近侧突起钝圆,远侧突起尖锐,端锤背组隆起点靠近远侧突起;二斑叶螨的阳茎端锤小,钩部较窄,端锤的近侧突起和远侧突起均尖锐,端锤背缘隆起点近中部.朱砂叶螨和二斑叶螨雌成螨第二、三对背中毛之间的肤纹突起密度存在显著差异,前者平均为7.00±0.39个/10微米,后者平均为5.80±0.24个/10微米.我们用聚丙烯酿酰胺凝胶电泳方法测定了非越冬型群体的几种同工酶,结果这两个种的苹果酸酶同工酶及MDH₂、MDH₃同工酶(苹果酸脱氢酶)的基因型不同.还测定了这两个种的非越冬型雌成螨的过冷却点,结果二斑叶螨远比朱砂叶螨低     

二斑叶螨田间种群对阿维菌素的抗性及抗性相关基因表达分析

【目的】二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch是为害多种农作物的世界性重大害螨。本研究旨在明确二斑叶螨不同田间种群对阿维菌素的抗药性、抗性相关基因的突变频率及其表达量变化。【方法】采用药管浸叶法测定了我国二斑叶螨8个地理种群对阿维菌素的抗药性并检测其抗性基因突变频率,结合荧光定量PCR技术分析了高抗种群中抗性相关基因表达量变化。【结果】测试的二斑叶螨8个田间种群均对阿维菌素具有抗药性。北京密云、山东潍坊、海南三亚和湖南长沙种群均对阿维菌素产生了极高水平的抗性,抗性倍数分别为1 526.75,481.00,315.25和160.75倍,而北京通县、北京海淀、山西运城和山东泰安种群对阿维菌素的抗性倍数达54.38~136.38倍,处于高抗性水平。二斑叶螨对阿维菌素抗性相关的谷氨酸氯离子通道基因Glu Cl的突变频率在各个田间种群中存在差异。北京密云种群中Glu Cl的突变频率最高(91.7%),其次是山东潍坊(66.7%)和海南三亚(63.3%)种群;山西运城种群最低(13.3%),且点突变频率与抗性倍数之间呈显著的正相关(P0.05)。与相对敏感种群相比,高抗性二斑叶螨种群中Glu Cl和γ-氨基丁酸受体基因GABAR表达量显著下降。【结论】二斑叶螨田间种群普遍对阿维菌素产生了高水平抗性,抗性相关基因Glu Cl的点突变及其表达量的降低可能与田间抗药性产生相关;田间防治二斑叶螨应避免使用阿维菌素。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.