(NH4)2SO4对瓜尔豆幼苗在不同光照下耐冷性的影响

通过温室穴盘育苗试验,研究叶面喷施(NH₄)₂SO₄对低温胁迫12 h后不同光通量密度（PFD）条件下,瓜尔豆幼苗在常温培养过程中幼苗生存及叶片SOD活性、POD活性和MDA含量的影响。结果表明：低温处理一夜后,在温室自然光照（强光）下进行常温恢复时,瓜尔豆叶片中SOD和POD活性始终显著低于对照,MDA含量显著高于对照,幼苗死亡率显著高于对照;在90 μmol·m^-2·s^-1弱光下恢复2～4 d后,叶片中保护酶活性显著高于对照,MDA含量保持较低水平,幼苗均正常生长。叶面喷施(NH₄)₂SO₄能显著提高低温处理后的植株叶片抗氧化酶类活性,减少叶片中MDA的产生,降低幼苗死亡率,0.2% (NH₄)₂SO₄处理效果最好,其次为0.4%(NH₄)₂SO₄。短期低温后,使植物处在弱光环境下能减少活性氧的发生,为植物抗氧化系统达到新的平衡提供有利条件,从而减轻甚至消除低温伤害。     

5-氨基乙酰丙酸对辣椒植株低温胁迫伤害的缓解效应

以‘超越五号'辣椒品种为试材,研究了低温胁迫期间及随后的常温恢复过程中5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA 25 mg·L-1)处理对始花期辣椒植株生长量,叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性和电解质渗透率及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响,以探讨ALA提高辣椒抗寒性的生理机制.结果表明,低温胁迫下叶面喷施25 mg·L-1的ALA可显著提高辣椒植株生长量,增加叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量,增强其POD、CAT及APX活性,并显著降低辣椒叶片中SOD活性、电解质渗透率和MDA含量.叶面喷施ALA也显著降低了恢复过程中辣椒叶片中的渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性,使膜伤害基本恢复到对照水平.可见,外源ALA处理可通过提高低温胁迫下辣椒叶片的渗透调节能力和抗氧化能力,促进植株生长,缓解低温胁迫对植株的伤害.     

5-氨基乙酰丙酸对秋冬季大棚西瓜叶片光合作用及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以秋冬季塑料大棚中盆栽西瓜幼苗为材料,研究了50~200 mg/L 5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)处理对低温弱光条件下西瓜植株光合特性、碳水化合物积累、抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,外源ALA处理显著提高了西瓜幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)。ALA处理还显著提高了叶片SOD和POD等抗氧化酶活性,但对CAT及APX活性影响不大,暗示ALA处理可能主要通过提高植株SOD和POD活性来促进西瓜幼苗活性氧代谢,从而保护细胞光合性能。处理后30 d分析表明,ALA处理植株干物质重量比对照高出42%~54%,淀粉含量增加62.2%~207.0%,可溶性糖含量也增加32.0%~87.1%。以上结果说明,ALA处理可以增强低温弱光条件下西瓜幼苗抗氧化系统活性,促进光合作用与光合产物积累,并促进植株生长。     

外源亚精胺对Ca(NO3)2胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和活性氧代谢的影响

以温室专用黄瓜品种'津优3号'幼苗为材料,采用营养液栽培方法,研究了叶面喷施1 mmol·L-1亚精胺(Spd)对60 mmol·L-1硝酸钙胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和植株体内活性氧代谢的影响.结果显示,Ca(NO3)2胁迫下,黄瓜幼苗叶片和根系O-·2产生速率显著增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)等抗氧化酶活性升高,同时MDA含量和相对电导率明显提高,显著降低了黄瓜幼苗的株高、鲜重和干重;外源喷施Spd提高了硝酸钙胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片和根系SOD、POD和CAT活性,降低了O-·2产生速率,MDA含量及相对电导率显著下降.由此可见,外源Spd可通过提高黄瓜幼苗SOD、POD和CAT等保护酶活性来增强其对体内活性氧的有效清除能力,降低膜质过氧化伤害程度,从而缓解硝酸钙胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长的抑制.     

嫁接对低温弱光下辣椒幼苗膜脂过氧化及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以‘卫士’为砧木,以‘赤峰特选’为接穂进行嫁接,在光照培养箱内对辣椒自根苗(对照)和嫁接苗进行低温 (8 ℃/5 ℃) 弱光(100 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)处理,处理7 d后在正常条件(25 ℃/18 ℃,550～600 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)下恢复3 d,研究低温弱光下辣椒嫁接苗和自根苗电解质渗漏率(EL)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性及根系活力的变化.结果表明：低温弱光胁迫初期,辣椒幼苗叶片与根系的EL、MDA含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性均显著升高,而根系活力大幅降低;1～3 d后EL和MDA含量趋于平稳,SOD、POD、APX、GR活性逐渐降低,根系活力呈上升趋势.恢复3 d后,嫁接苗EL、MDA含量、抗氧化酶活性及根系活力多达到或超过胁迫前水平(根系的MDA含量较胁迫前略高);而自根苗的EL和MDA含量仍显著高于胁迫前.与自根苗相比,嫁接苗在各处理阶段的EL和MDA含量显著降低,而SOD、POD、APX、GR活性及根系活力明显升高,说明嫁接可有效降低辣椒植株的膜脂过氧化,减轻低温弱光对其细胞膜的伤害.     

杜鹃对SO2胁迫的抗氧化防护效应

以SO2耐受性植物杜鹃(Rhododendron sp.)为材料,在2个高浓度SO2熏气后,检测了叶组织中丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量以及抗氧化酶活性.结果表明:40和80mg?m-3SO2熏气4h(1d)后,杜鹃叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和MDA含量均分别比对照显著增加了11.26%、11.86%和73.32%、76.43%;随熏气时间的延长,SOD、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性持续增高,且SOD和CAT活性显著高于对照,MDA含量逐渐降至对照水平;SO2熏气导致叶片可溶性蛋白含量显著降低,但叶绿素含量却无显著改变.熏气后恢复期间,抗氧化酶活性相对降低,可溶性蛋白含量恢复至对照水平.研究发现,杜鹃对SO2的耐受性与细胞中抗氧化酶活性的诱导性增强有关,抗氧化能力增强是植物适应SO2胁迫的重要原因.     

油菜素内酯对霍山石斛抗冷性能的调控效应

以2年生霍山石斛(Dendrobium huoshanense)的当年生茎叶为试验材料,在叶面喷施0、0.01、0.05、0.10和0.50mg·L-1油菜素内酯(BR)后,进行48h昼/夜温度为(4±1)℃/(2±1)℃的低温胁迫处理,测定其幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛含量和电导率及脯氨酸含量和可溶性糖含量的变化,研究BR对霍山石斛抗冷性的影响。结果显示:(1)低温胁迫条件下,霍山石斛叶片叶绿素含量随胁迫时间推移而不断降低;SOD、POD与CAT活性变化趋势均呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在低温胁迫后10d;MDA含量和电导率均持续提高。(2)叶面喷施BR预处理显著缓解了低温胁迫对霍山石斛的伤害,显著提高其叶片叶绿素含量,显著增强了SOD、POD与CAT的活性,显著降低其MDA含量和电导率;并显著提高了叶片中脯氨酸含量与茎中可溶性糖含量。(3)BR浓度为0.10mg·L-1的处理效果显著优于其它浓度处理。研究表明,在低温胁迫条件下,油菜素内酯能够通过增强霍山石斛叶片内抗氧化酶活性,提高其渗透调节能力,有效减轻低温造成的过氧化伤害,提高叶片叶绿素含量,增强其植株的抗冷性,并以0.10mg·L-1油菜素内酯效果最佳。     

AMF对弱光及盐胁迫下甜瓜生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以甜瓜(Cucumis melo L.)品种"中蜜3号"为试材,摩西球囊霉菌(Glmous mosseae,GM)为供试菌种,采用温室盆栽试验研究接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对弱光及盐胁迫下甜瓜生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响,以明确AMF对甜瓜复合逆境下的增抗作用并探讨其生理机制。结果显示:(1)在弱光及盐胁迫条件下,甜瓜幼苗生长受到明显抑制,其株高、干重和鲜重均明显降低,同时体内可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和MDA含量以及SOD、POD、CAT活性均比对照显著升高。(2)弱光及盐胁迫下,接种AMF可显著促进甜瓜幼苗的生长,菌根侵染率随胁迫时间延长与盐浓度呈负相关关系。(3)弱光及盐胁迫下,接种AMF进一步提高了甜瓜幼苗体内可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、淀粉和脯氨酸含量及SOD、POD、CAT活性,显著降低了MDA含量,且叶片SOD、POD活性变化大于根系,CAT则相反。研究表明,AMF可通过促进弱光及盐胁迫下甜瓜生长和抗氧化酶活性的提高,有效降低体内膜脂过氧化水平,从而增强植株对弱光及盐胁迫的耐性。     

腐植酸对高温胁迫下掌叶半夏生长生理特性及块茎次生代谢的影响

采用不同浓度(0、20、40、60、80、100mg/L)腐植酸(HA)叶面喷施处理,通过盆栽实验分析了HA对高温胁迫下掌叶半夏幼苗生长生理指标及次生代谢的调控效应。结果显示:(1)各浓度HA处理均可不同程度地促进高温胁迫下掌叶半夏的生长发育,且以80mg/L HA处理下其块茎鲜重(6.990 5g/株)、叶柄鲜重(1.755 4g/株)及总叶绿素含量(19.961 3mg/g)最高,较对照分别显著提高21.25%、118.5%和37.19%。(2)当HA处理浓度为60mg/L时,掌叶半夏幼苗叶片中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量均最高,分别比对照显著提高66.67%、40.91%;叶片抗氧化酶(SOD、POD)活性达到最大值,MDA含量降至最低,SOD、POD活性分别比对照显著提高818.98%和48.2%,MDA含量较对照显著降低62.08%;且块茎中鸟苷含量较高,比对照显著提高52.94%。(3)当叶面喷施80mg/L HA时,掌叶半夏幼苗叶片中游离脯氨酸含量和块茎中总生物碱、总有机酸、腺苷的含量均最高,分别比对照显著提高169.63%、27.19%、42.32%、96.23%。研究表明,适宜浓度HA处理可显著提高高温胁迫下掌叶半夏幼苗叶片内抗氧化酶(SOD、POD)的活性及渗透调节物质(可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸)含量,以及块茎中次生代谢产物(总生物碱、总有机酸、鸟苷和腺苷)的含量,有效减轻夏季高温对掌叶半夏幼苗叶片的伤害、延缓衰老、提高其幼苗抗热性,促进生长、延长生长期。     

硫酸铈对硝酸钙胁迫下番茄叶片抗氧化酶活性及光合性能的影响

以番茄品种‘合作908’幼苗为材料,研究了80 mmol/L硝酸钙胁迫下叶面喷施10 mg/L硫酸铈对番茄幼苗生长、叶片抗氧化酶活性及光合性能的缓解效应。结果显示：硝酸钙胁迫导致番茄幼苗的株高、茎粗、鲜重、地上和地下部干重显著降低,叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性减弱,净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率以及胞间CO₂浓度均显著下降,而MDA含量和质膜透性显著升高;与硝酸钙胁迫处理相比,叶面喷施硫酸铈处理对硝酸钙胁迫下的番茄幼苗株高、茎粗、鲜重和干重等营养生长具有不同程度的促进作用,同时显著提高叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性,有效降低叶片MDA含量和细胞膜透性,并且显著提高了叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率。研究表明,叶面喷施硫酸铈可诱导增强硝酸钙胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片的抗氧化酶活性,有效降低膜脂过氧化程度,维持较高水平的光合性能,从而一定程度上缓解硝酸钙胁迫对番茄幼苗生长造成的伤害,增强其耐受盐胁迫的能力。     

Catabolism of 4-Hydroxyacids and 4-Hydroxynonenal via 4-Hydroxy-4-phosphoacyl-CoAs

4-Hydroxyacids are products of ubiquitously occurring lipid peroxidation (C₉, C₆) or drugs of abuse (C₄, C₅). We investigated the catabolism of these compounds using a combination of metabolomics and mass isotopomer analysis. Livers were perfused with various concentrations of unlabeled and labeled saturated 4-hydroxyacids (C₄ to C₁₁) or 4-hydroxynonenal. All the compounds tested form a new class of acyl-CoA esters, 4-hydroxy-4-phosphoacyl-CoAs, characterized by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, accurate mass spectrometry, and ³¹P-NMR. All 4-hydroxyacids with five or more carbons are metabolized by two new pathways. The first and major pathway, which involves 4-hydroxy-4-phosphoacyl-CoAs, leads in six steps to the isomerization of 4-hydroxyacyl-CoA to 3-hydroxyacyl-CoAs. The latter are intermediates of physiological β-oxidation. The second and minor pathway involves a sequence of β-oxidation, α-oxidation, and β-oxidation steps. In mice deficient in succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, high plasma concentrations of 4-hydroxybutyrate result in high concentrations of 4-hydroxy-4-phospho-butyryl-CoA in brain and liver. The high concentration of 4-hydroxy-4-phospho-butyryl-CoA may be related to the cerebral dysfunction of subjects ingesting 4-hydroxybutyrate and to the mental retardation of patients with 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria. Our data illustrate the potential of the combination of metabolomics and mass isotopomer analysis for pathway discovery.     

Leukotriene B4, C4, D4 and E4 inactivation by hydroxyl radicals

Leukotriene B4 chemotactic activity and leukotriene C4, D4 and E4 slow reacting substance activity were rapidly decreased by hydroxyl radicals generated by two different iron-supplemented acetaldehyde-xanthine oxidase systems. At low Fe2+, leukotriene inactivation was inhibited by catalase, superoxide dismutase, mannitol and ethanol, suggesting involvement of hydroxyl radicals generated by the iron-catalyzed interaction of superoxide and H2O2 (Haber-Weiss reaction). Leukotriene inactivation increased at high Fe2+ concentrations, but was no longer inhibitable by superoxide dismutase, suggesting that inactivation resulted from a direct interaction between H2O2 and Fe2+ to form hydroxyl radicals (Fenton reaction). The inactivation of leukotrienes by hydroxyl radicals suggests that oxygen metabolites generated by phagocytes may play a role in modulating leukotriene activity.     

Glutathione transferase A4-4 resists adduction by 4-hydroxynonenal

4-Hydroxy-2-trans-nonenal (HNE) is a lipid peroxidation product that contributes to the pathophysiology of several diseases with components of oxidative stress. The electrophilic nature of HNE results in covalent adduct formation with proteins, fatty acids and DNA. However, it remains unclear whether enzymes that metabolize HNE avoid inactivation by it. Glutathione transferase A4-4 (GST A4-4) plays a significant role in the elimination of HNE by conjugating it with glutathione (GSH), with catalytic activity toward HNE that is dramatically higher than the homologous GST A1-1 or distantly related GSTs. To determine whether enzymes that metabolize HNE resist its covalent adduction, the rates of adduction of these GST isoforms were compared and the functional effects of adduction on catalytic properties were determined. Although GST A4-4 and GST A1-1 have striking structural similarity, GST A4-4 was insensitive to adduction by HNE under conditions that yield modest adduction of GST A1-1 and extensive adduction of GST P1-1. Furthermore, adduction of GST P1-1 by HNE eliminated its activity toward the substrates 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and toward HNE itself. HNE effects on GST A4-4 and A1-1 were less significant. The results indicate that enzymes that metabolize HNE may have evolved structurally to resist covalent adduction by it.     

A short path to synthesis of 4-deoxy-4-fluoroglucosaminides: methylumbelliferyl N-acetyl-4-deoxy-4-fluoro-beta-D-glucosaminide

A convenient method of synthesis of 1,6-anhydro-4-deoxy-2-O-tosyl-4-fluoro-beta-D-glucopyranose by fusion of 1,6;3,4-dianhydro-2-O-tosyl-beta-D-galactopyranose with 2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium fluoride was found. By successive action of ammonia, methyl trifluoroacetate, and acetic anhydride, the resulting compound was transformed into 1,6-anhydro-3-O-acetyl-2,4-dideoxy-2-trifluoroacetamido-4-fluoro-beta-D-glucopyranose, which was converted into 3,6-di-O-acetyl-2,4-dideoxy-2-trifluoroacetamido-4-fluoro-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl fluoride by the reaction with HF/Py. The resulting fluoride was further used as a glycosyl donor in the synthesis of methylumbelliferyl N-acetyl-4-deoxy-4-fluoro-beta-D-glucosaminide.     

Hydration pattern of A4T4 and T4A4 DNA: a molecular dynamics study

Hydration pattern and energetics of 'A-tract' containing duplexes have been studied using molecular dynamics on 12-mer self-complementary sequences 5'-d(GCA4T4GC)-3' and 5'-d(CGT4A4CG)-3'. The structural features for the simulated duplexes showed correlation with the corresponding experimental structures. Analysis of the hydration pattern confirmed that water network around the simulated duplexes is more conformation specific rather than sequence specific. The calculated heat capacity change upon duplex formation showed that the process is entropically driven for both the sequences. Furthermore, the theoretical free energy estimates calculated using MMPBSA approach showed a higher net electrostatic contribution for A4T4 duplex formation than for T4A4, however, energetically both the duplexes are observed to be equally stable.     

Human C4 haplotypes with duplicated C4A or C4B

In the course of study of families for the sixth chromosome markers HLA-A, C, B, D/DR, BF, and C2, the two loci for C4, C4A, and C4B, and glyoxalase I, we encountered five examples of probable duplication of one or the other of the two loci for C4. In one of these, both parents and one sib expressed two different structural genes for C4B, one sib expressed one, and one sib expressed none, suggesting that two C4B alleles were carried on a single haplotype: HLA-A2, B7, DR3, BFS1, C2C, C4A2, C4B1, C4B2, GLO1. In a second case, two siblings inherited C4B*1 and C4B*2 from one parent and C4B*Q0 from the other. This duplication appeared on the chromosome as HLA-AW33, B14, DR1, BFS, C2C, C4A2, C4B1, C4B2, GLO2. In a third, very large family with 3 generations, a duplication of the C4B locus occurred which was followed in 2 generations. In one individual, there were three C4B alleles and two C4A alleles. One of the C4B alleles had a hemolytically active product with electrophoretic mobility near C4B2 and was designated C4B*22. It segregated with C4B1 in the family studied. The complete haplotype was HLA-A11, CW1, BW56, DR5, BFS, C2C, C4A3, C4B22, C4B1, GLO2. In another family with 12 siblings, one parent and eight children expressed two C4A alleles on the haplotype HLA-AW30, BW38, DR1, BFF, C2C, C4A3, C4A2, C4BQ0, GLO1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Non-cross-reactivity of antibodies to murine LDH-C4 with LDH-A4 and LDH-B4

The induction of infertility by immunization with the sperm-specific lactate dehydrogenase, LDH-C4, suggests its use in a contraceptive vaccine. Development of an immunological contraceptive for human use, however, requires that there be no cross-reactions with somatic tissues. We have demonstrated, using enzyme-linked immunoabsorbence, solid-phase radioimmunoassay, and competitive inhibition radioimmunoassay, that antisera to LDH-C4 is specific and does not cross-react with the somatic isozymes, LDH-A4 and LDH-B4.     

Genetics of complement C4. Two homoduplication haplotypes C4S C4S and C4F C4F in a family

Summary A family in which two homoduplicated C4 haplotypes (or supergenes) segregate is described. One haplotype C4F ^* 3 C4F ^*2.2 is composed of two C4F alleles and the other C4S ^* 5.1 C4S ^*1 of two C4S alleles. The C4F duplication haplotype is a partial inhibitor of the Rodgers antigen, and judged from our family and population material, it seems to be rather frequent and associated with HLAB ^*35, Bf ^* F, and HLAD/DR ^*1. The C4S duplication haplotype is Rg(a-) and is not identified in individuals without another S, Ch(a+) variant.This work was supported by grant No 12-1727 from the Danish Medical Research Council