COVID-19疫苗研究现状*

2019年底于中国武汉暴发的新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情来势凶猛,迅速蔓延全球,并被世界卫生组织列为“国际关注的突发公共卫生事件”,给全人类的健康及经济发展造成难以估量的损害。新型冠状病毒对人群普遍易感且传染性强,在无特效药物及治疗手段的情况下,疫苗接种是防控COVID-19疫情最有效且最经济的途径。目前全球疫苗研发正在加速进行,各国之间通力合作,共同应对此次疫情。主要对目前正在研发的针对SARS-CoV-2的灭活疫苗、病毒载体疫苗、基因工程重组亚单位疫苗、核酸疫苗的研究进展进行综述。     

新型冠状病毒亚单位疫苗研究进展及现状*

自新型冠状病毒肺炎在2019年年末暴发以来,如何高效防控疫情一直是紧急的全球公共安全事件。疫苗是有效阻止病毒感染人体、保护高危人群免于疾病快速进展以及遏制疫情进一步扩大的手段之一,其中亚单位疫苗的主要成分为特定的病毒抗原蛋白或多肽,通过加入疫苗佐剂提高抗原的免疫原性。由于机体仅针对重组蛋白表面的特定抗原表位进行识别并产生抗体,因此亚单位疫苗具有较高的保护能力和安全性。通过对目前已上市及处于临床阶段的各类新型冠状病毒亚单位疫苗进行梳理,介绍了各类亚单位疫苗的抗原设计策略和佐剂选择、整体保护能力及研究进展,并对亚单位疫苗的应用及技术优势进行分析,期望能为亚单位疫苗研发及全球疫情防控提供参考。     

广谱抗冠状病毒疫苗及抗冠状病毒多肽的研究进展

由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)感染引起的2019冠状病毒病(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)暴发,给人类公共卫生安全和全球经济发展造成了严重威胁。疫苗和药物是防治疫情的重要手段,但目前研发的针对冠状病毒的疫苗和药物大多以SARS-CoV-2为靶点,该病毒若发生重大突变或出现新的高致病性冠状病毒,目前研发的有效疫苗或药物可能会无效,而且疫苗和新药的研发往往比较滞后,难以在疫情发生早期投入使用。因此,亟须研发高效、安全、广谱的冠状病毒疫苗和药物,以应对未来可能出现的冠状病毒疫情。本文对广谱冠状病毒疫苗和抗冠状病毒多肽的研究进展进行综述,期望为研发此类疫苗和药物提供参考。     

新型冠状病毒疫苗研发的现状与展望

2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)作为人类当前面临的最紧迫的公共卫生事件,引起全球各国的广泛重视。严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)疫苗研发被寄予了厚望,期望成为人类抗击COVID-19的有效武器。本文从SARS-CoV-2的致病机制、各种研发平台疫苗的优势和不足、疫苗研发现状和挑战等方面进行简要阐述,提供一个较为全面的视角来看待新冠疫苗在此次新型冠状病毒疫情防控中可能发挥的作用。     

mRNA疫苗非病毒载体递送系统研究进展*

新型冠状病毒肺炎(Corona Virus Disease 2019,COVID-19)疫情的暴发导致全球迫切需要大量有效的疫苗来应对。mRNA疫苗具有良好的安全性,且研发周期短,成为目前最有潜力的疫苗之一,在传染病和肿瘤研究领域也引发了更多关注。随着技术创新,mRNA不稳定性、翻译效率低等缺点得到较大改善。如何安全高效地将mRNA递送至靶细胞仍是阻碍mRNA研究的一大挑战。综述目前应用于mRNA疫苗体内递送的非病毒载体递送系统,以及mRNA在传染病疫苗和肿瘤疫苗中的应用现状,旨在为mRNA疫苗研发提供参考。     

2019新型冠状病毒疫苗研究进展及展望

新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)正在全球大流行,疫苗研发工作也在积极推进.截至2021年3月2日,全球正在研制的新型冠状病毒疫苗共有258种,疫苗种类囊括灭活疫苗、减毒活疫苗、亚单位疫苗、病毒载体疫苗、DNA疫苗、RNA疫苗和病毒样颗粒,有76种疫苗已进入临床试验阶...     

新型冠状病毒致病机理及其疫苗的研发进展

新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, SARS-CoV-2)是一种可引起人新型冠状病毒肺炎(novel coronavirus pneumonia, NCP;亦称为COVID-19)的新发呼吸道病原体,与中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, MERS-CoV)和严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV)同属β-冠状病毒,其受体与SARS-CoV的受体相同,均利用血管紧张素转化酶2(angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, ACE2)受体入侵人体细胞。SARS-CoV-2主要通过呼吸系统和消化系统感染,具有较高的传染性和致死率。目前,新冠病毒引起的肺炎已在全球范围内大规模蔓延,接种疫苗是根除病毒性传染病最有效的方法,国内外各大科研机构已快速展开COVID-19疫苗的研制工作,这是有效控制疫情的重点和难点。现就新冠病毒的致病机理、感染途径及疫苗研发作一综述,旨在为相关研究人员提供参考。     

COVID-19核酸疫苗及其纳米递送系统

2019年末,新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19)席卷全球,对全球经济以及人民健康产生了重大影响.根据世界卫生组织的数据,截至2021年3月1日,全球确诊人数已超1亿,死亡人数更超2百多万.幸运的是,目前已有多种针对COVID-19的疫苗获得紧急使用授权,其中包括两种mRNA疫苗、多款灭活疫苗及病毒载体疫苗.核酸疫苗包括m RNA疫苗和DNA疫苗,相比于传统的疫苗,它们的开发速度、生产方式、制造成本及应对突变型毒株的灵活性等在本次新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情中显示出了明显优势.本文将对两种核酸疫苗和重组病毒载体疫苗的作用方式及其纳米递送系统进行综述,并对现阶段核酸疫苗领域所面临的挑战和未来的研究方向进行展望.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎:实验室检测、治疗及疫苗

新型冠状病毒肺炎（2019 novel coronavirus disease, COVID-19）,一种由动物来源的新型冠状病毒（severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SRAS-CoV-2）感染所致的疾病在全球范围内急速传播,严重的危害人类的健康。快速、准确的诊断,安全有效的治疗方案及疫苗的研发对控制新冠病毒的传播具有重要的意义。为控制新冠病毒的传播,全世界的科学家和研究者投入了极大的精力去开发、研制快速准确的诊断试剂,治疗方案和疫苗,并取得了较大的进展。目前,基于各种检测平台的诊断试剂已在临床实验室应用,多种治疗方案已应用于临床治疗并取得不错的治疗效果。快速准确的样本采集和实验室检测是COVID-19临床治疗及有效控制病毒传染的两大重要支撑。虽然在多种类型的样本中均检测出了新冠病毒,但上呼吸道和下呼吸道样本尤其是鼻咽拭子依旧是目前检测最多的样本类型。随着疫情的发展,大量的基于核酸扩增的分子检测试剂和基于抗原或抗体的快速检测试剂已被研发并商业化获批。目前,实时荧光定量PCR检测依旧是新冠病毒检测最常用的和被认为是“金标准”的方法。虽然较多标签外用药药物和同情治疗方案取得了一定的临床疗效或改善,但目前针对新型冠状病毒肺炎尚无有效的治疗方案。目前在研究中针对新冠病毒的疫苗主要有：灭活或减毒病毒疫苗、基于蛋白质的疫苗、载体疫苗及DNA和RNA疫苗等。在全球,已有47个疫苗进入临床评估阶段,其中,10个疫苗处于临床Ⅲ期试验。本文简要介绍了目前新冠病毒肺炎的实验室诊断、治疗方案及疫苗研制所取得的进展。     

核酸检测技术进展及其在SARS-CoV-2核酸检测中的应用

2020年初至今，新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情仍在全球多个国家流行，给全球公共卫生安全造成了严重威胁.中国在应对COVID-19的实践中，最先完成病毒核酸测序并共享序列信息，最早有效控制疫情蔓延、恢复生产，并在病毒作用人体机制研究、疫苗研发、中和性抗体发现等环节均处于世界前沿. 其中，针对病毒核酸的检测工作——试剂盒研发、检测配套设备研制、10合1混检策略及相关政策制订，有效提高了疫情防控效率、保障了百姓健康. 本文就严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）核酸检测多种方法的原理、优劣势及其配套设备等进行综述.     

Molecular deconvolution of the neutralizing antibodies induced by an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine

Dear Editor, The rapid emergence and persistence of the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) has had enormous impacts on global health and the economy.Effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are urgently needed to control the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) pandemic,and multiple vaccines have been found to be efficacious in preventing symptomatic COVID-19(Polack et al.,2020;Wu et al.,2020;Jones and Roy,2021).We have developed a traditional beta-propiolactone-inacti-vated aluminum hydroxide-adjuvanted whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (BBIBP-CorV),which elicited protective immune responses in clinical trials (Wang et al.,2020;Xia et al.,2021).The vaccine has been granted conditional approvals or emergency use authorizations (EUAs) in China and other countries.     

Current advances in the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a global pandemic that has wreaked havoc globally, which has put a heavy toll on public health, lives, and the world economy. Vaccination is considered as one of the greatest successes in medical history. Based on prior experience with the development of SARS-CoV vaccines, all COVID-19 vaccines must be subjected to the tests for protective effects and harmful risks derived from antibody-dependent enhancement that may contribute to augmented infectivity and/or eosinophilic infiltration. The SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is now being developed urgently in several different ways. China is regarded as one of the world''s leading countries in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development, up to date the last inactivated vaccine international clinical (Phase III) trial was launched in the United Arab Emirates by Sinopharm China National Biotec Group (CNBG). In this review, we outline the current status of vaccine development against clinically relevant SARS-CoV-2 strains, anticipating that such attempts would help create efficacious and sage SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.     

From SARS-CoV to SARS-CoV-2: safety and broad-spectrum are important for coronavirus vaccine development

The global pandemic of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 (also known as 2019-nCoV and HCoV-19) has posed serious threats to public health and economic stability worldwide, thus calling for development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging and reemerging coronaviruses. Since SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV have high similarity of their genomic sequences and share the same cellular receptor (ACE2), it is essential to learn the lessons and experiences from the development of SARS-CoV vaccines for the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge on the advantages and disadvantages of the SARS-CoV vaccine candidates and prospected the strategies for the development of safe, effective and broad-spectrum coronavirus vaccines for prevention of infection by currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 and other emerging and reemerging coronaviruses that may cause future epidemics or pandemics.     

新型冠状病毒疫苗研究策略分析

新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)是一种可引起人新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)的新发呼吸道病原体,与重症急性呼吸道综合症冠状病毒(SARS-CoV)和中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(MERS-CoV)同属于β-冠状病毒,具有较高的传染性和一定的致死率。2019年12月在我国武汉被发现,随后蔓延到我国大部分省份,给我国人民健康和经济发展造成巨大损失。疫苗接种是预防和控制传染病的常规和有效手段,国内外多个机构已启动COVID-19疫苗研究工作。文中基于SARS和MERS疫苗研究的经验和教训,对COVID-19疫苗的研究策略和需要注意的关键问题进行了阐述,为相关研究人员提供参考。     

Humoral Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and the Impact on COVID-19 Pathogenesis

It has been more than a year since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) first emerged. Many studies have provided insights into the various aspects of the immune response in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Especially for antibody treatment and vaccine development, humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 has been studied extensively, though there is still much that is unknown and controversial. Here, we introduce key discoveries on the humoral immune responses in COVID-19, including the immune dynamics of antibody responses and correlations with disease severity, neutralizing antibodies and their cross-reactivity, how long the antibody and memory B-cell responses last, aberrant autoreactive antibodies generated in COVID-19 patients, and the efficacy of currently available therapeutic antibodies and vaccines against circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants, and highlight gaps in the current knowledge.     

新型冠状病毒的相关研究进展

2019年12月出现于湖北武汉的一种新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)感染所致肺炎疫情,给人类生命安全造成威胁。迄今为止,对2019年出现的SARS-CoV-2的研究仍处于起步阶段,本文就其相关研究进展进行综述,重点阐述了目前关于SARS-CoV-2的病原学与致病机制方面的研究成果,同时对其流行病学以及该病毒引发的肺炎临床特点加以总结,有助于读者及时了解SARS-CoV-2最新的研究动态,并为今后开展治疗药物及疫苗研发提供方向。     

mRNA Vaccines: Possible Tools to Combat SARS-CoV-2

正Coronaviruses are large, enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses. Several coronaviruses are pathogenic in humans,including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus(MERS-CoV) and this novel virus, SARS-CoV-2,     

IL-15 immunotherapy is a viable strategy for COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pulmonary inflammatory disease induced by a newly recognized coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infection was detected for the first time in the city of Wuhan in China and spread all over the world at the beginning of 2020. Several millions of people have been infected with SARS-CoV-2, and almost 382,867 human deaths worldwide have been reported so far. Notably, there has been no specific, clinically approved vaccine or anti-viral treatment strategy for COVID-19. Herein, we review COVID-19, the viral replication, and its effect on promoting pulmonary fibro-inflammation via immune cell-mediated cytokine storms in humans. Several clinical trials are currently ongoing for anti-viral drugs, vaccines, and neutralizing antibodies against COVID-19. Viral clearance is the result of effective innate and adaptive immune responses. The pivotal role of interleukin (IL)-15 in viral clearance involves maintaining the balance of induced inflammatory cytokines and the homeostatic responses of natural killer and CD8⁺ T cells. This review presents supporting evidence of the impact of IL-15 immunotherapy on COVID-19.