橄榄星室木虱的种群动态及药剂防治

橄榄星室木虱在福建省莆田地区 1年发生 8代 ,世代重叠 ,以成虫越冬 ,1年中有 6个发生高峰期 ,以橄榄秋梢期为全年雌成虫产卵、若虫发生最高峰 ,夏梢期是成虫羽化全年最高峰。田间药效试验结果表明 ,1 5种杀虫剂对橄榄星室木虱都有较好的防效 ,持效期可长达 7d以上 ,药后 7d的防效都在90 %以上 ,但速效性差异较大。其中 ,以 1 %威宝乳油 2 0 0 0倍、2 5 %功夫菊酯乳油 2 0 0 0倍、2 5 %功夫菊酯 +1 0 %吡虫啉 ( 1 2 5∶1 ) 2 0 0 0倍和 2 5 %功夫菊酯 +1 0 %吡虫啉 ( 1∶2 ) 2 0 0 0倍对橄榄星室木虱效果最好 ,速效性好 ,药后 1d的防效均达 91 5 8%以上。     

橄榄星室木虱药剂防治研究

橄榄星室术虱Pseudophacopteron canarium Yang et Li隶同翅目木虱科,是橄榄新梢的重要害虫。近年来,橄榄星室术虱在橄榄上严重发生为害,造成新梢难于抽发,树势衰弱,致使橄榄减产和品质下降,给橄榄生产威胁极大。对橄榄星室木虱以化学药剂防治为主,     

七星瓢虫成虫对枸杞木虱的捕食作用

为了测定七星瓢虫成虫对枸杞木虱4种虫态的捕食作用,分别在室内测定七星瓢虫的捕食功能反应、种内干扰、自身密度干扰、捕食偏好性以及在田间七星瓢虫对枸杞木虱的捕食效果.结果表明: 七星瓢虫对枸杞木虱的捕食功能反应符合Holling Ⅱ型方程,其中对卵的最大捕食量为112.6粒,对1～2龄若虫、3～5龄若虫、成虫的最大捕食量分别为536、415和113.9头;田间罩笼试验结果证明,七星瓢虫成虫在其生长周期30 d内能使枸杞木虱总虫口密度下降80.1%;七星瓢虫对1～2龄枸杞木虱若虫的搜寻效率参数a=0.9451,处理时间参数T_h=0.001865,整体优于卵、3～5龄若虫与成虫,且在每皿100头的猎物密度下七星瓢虫的最大捕食率能达80.2%,益害比参考值为1∶100.七星瓢虫对枸杞木虱的捕食作用受自身密度的影响显著大于种内干扰.在混合猎物密度为每皿100头下,七星瓢虫更偏好木虱成虫,在密度为每皿300头下,七星瓢虫更偏向于木虱若虫.表明七星瓢虫是很有控制潜力的捕食性天敌,人工释放七星瓢虫成虫可有效取食枸杞木虱初孵若虫,降低木虱为害.     

红基盘瓢虫对橄榄星室木虱捕食作用及其模拟模型的研究

在实验室条件下研究了红基盘瓢虫对橄榄星室木虱的捕食作用。红基盘瓢虫对橄榄星室木虱的功能反应符合ＨｏｌｌｉｎｇⅡ型,而两种瓢虫（红基盘瓢虫和红星盘瓢虫）共同作用于橄榄星室木虱的功能反应符合ＨｏｌｌｉｎｇⅢ型（Ｓ型）。红基盘瓢虫对自身密度的功能反应可用Ｂｅｄｄｉｎｇｔｏｎ模型拟合;其搜索效率与个体间相互干扰的关系呈幂函数下降,可用Ｈａｓｓｅｌｌ＆Ｖａｒｌｅｙ模型模拟;搜索效率与猎物密度、自身密度间的关系为     

异色瓢虫对枸杞木虱捕食功能及田间捕食效果

异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)是枸杞木虱的优势天敌种类之一,为了明确不同龄期异色瓢虫对枸杞木虱4种虫态的捕食作用及田间控害效果,本文利用HollingⅡ型功能反应模型进行拟合以明确其捕食潜能,同时根据其捕食潜能的测算结果,在田间通过罩笼试验探究异色瓢虫4龄幼虫与成虫对枸杞木虱的捕食效果。结果表明:各龄期异色瓢虫幼虫对枸杞木虱4种虫态的捕食量存在显著差异,在枸杞木虱密度相同的条件下,异色瓢虫4龄幼虫的日捕食量最大,为92.9头;不同龄期异色瓢虫对枸杞木虱的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型方程,当枸杞木虱密度趋于无限大时,异色瓢虫4龄幼虫对枸杞木虱最大捕食量最大为411.5头;成虫对枸杞木虱的瞬间攻击率最大,为0.7931;4龄幼虫对枸杞木虱的处理时间最短为0.0051 d。田间释放异色瓢虫4龄幼虫与成虫的试验证明,处理植株上枸杞木虱虫口减退率,4龄幼虫为43.32%,成虫为14.78%;而对照组即周围8株植株上枸杞木虱虫口减退率,4龄幼虫为14.78%,成虫为16.22%;在异色瓢虫4龄幼虫释放区,处理植株上枸杞木虱虫口减退率为43.32%显著高于其周围8株植株的14.78%;而在成虫释放区,处理植株上枸杞木虱下降率为14.78%,对照组植株的虫口减退率为16.22%,没有显著差异。研究表明,异色瓢虫田间释放需根据枸杞木虱防治范围与力度的需求,选择适宜的异色瓢虫虫态进行枸杞木虱的生物防治。     

橄榄星室木虱的生活史和种群消长动态的研究

本研究了莆田市延寿村的橄榄星室木虱的生活史和种群消长动态。结果表明,橄榄星室木虱在莆田地区一年发生8代,世代重叠。卵、若虫(1—5龄)、成虫在1年中有6个发生高峰期,以秋梢期为全年雌成虫产卵、若虫发生最高峰,夏梢期是成虫羽化全年最高峰。其田间种群数量消长与橄榄抽梢期有着极为密切的关系,每一次抽梢期都带来一个产卵高峰期和低龄若虫发生高峰期,每一次抽梢都使虫口数量急尉上升,并出现高峰,其间也带来一个很高的种群增长率,待到新梢定型老化(枝梢生长后期)又使种群数量明显下降,而低龄若虫的发生和高峰期的出现,一般比产卵滞后5—10d。     

多异瓢虫成虫对枸杞木虱的捕食作用

【目的】为了测定多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata(Goeze)成虫对枸杞木虱Paratrioza sinica Yang&Li的捕食作用。【方法】在室内测定了多异瓢虫的捕食功能反应、种内干扰、自身密度干扰、捕食偏好性,并通过罩笼试验研究多异瓢虫在田间对枸杞木虱的捕食效果。【结果】结果表明,多异瓢虫对枸杞木虱的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型方程,对卵、1~2龄若虫、3~5龄若虫以及成虫的最大捕食量分别为80.4粒、410.0头、350.8头和102.5头。田间罩笼试验结果证明,在多异瓢虫成虫生长周期30 d内能使枸杞木虱总虫口密度下降85.4%;多异瓢虫对枸杞木虱成虫的搜寻效率a=0.8252为4种木虱虫态最佳,而对枸杞木虱卵处理时间Th=0.002283为4种木虱虫态中最佳;在100头/皿的猎物密度下多异瓢虫均能展现其最大捕食率,益害比参考值为1∶100。多异瓢虫对枸杞木虱的捕食作用受自身密度的影响显著大于种内干扰;在100头/皿混合猎物密度下,多异瓢虫更偏好木虱成虫,在300头/皿下,多异瓢虫更偏向于木虱若虫。【结论】研究表明,多异瓢虫是具有控制潜力的捕食性天敌,人工释放多异瓢虫成虫可有效防治枸杞木虱。     

异色瓢虫对枸杞木虱田间控害作用

【目的】为了测定异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)对枸杞木虱Paratrioza sinica YangLi田间控害作用。【方法】在自然生长区分别测定枸杞木虱4种虫态田间种群动态,并在天敌释放区利用罩笼移笼法研究异色瓢虫对枸杞木虱控害关键期。【结果】自然生长区枸杞木虱卵、1~2龄若虫、3~5龄若虫、成虫在4月23日到10月24日期间均发生3代,枸杞木虱平均量为(71.0±11.8)头/叶。天敌释放区不罩笼与始终罩笼处理下枸杞木虱平均量为(41.1±6.8)头/叶与(115.1±18.7)头/叶,分别为自然生长区0.58倍与1.62倍。异色瓢虫对枸杞木虱卵、1~2龄若虫、3~5龄若虫、成虫控害关键期分别为:6月20日、7月11日、5月23日与8月8日、6月13日与9月19日,控害效果分别为:67%、75%、57%与76%、48%与79%;异色瓢虫释放密度分别为:(3.0±1.0)、(4.0±1.2)、(4.3±0.7)头/株与(3.0±1.0)、(3.7±0.9)、(3.0±1.0)头/株。【结论】研究表明,异色瓢虫田间释放应根据对枸杞木虱不同虫态的防治需要,选择适宜的时间点与释放密度进行田间控害枸杞木虱。     

广州市鸭脚树星室木虱调查及其防治药剂筛选

以广州市糖胶树上的鸭脚树星室木虱为对象,调查其发生和为害特点,并选用0.5%印楝素、阿维·啶虫脒、3%啶虫脒和20%吡虫啉共4种低毒高效农药进行室内毒力试验和防治试验。结果表明,广州市鸭脚树星室木虱发现普遍、危害严重。0.5%印楝素、阿维·啶虫脒和3%啶虫脒对鸭脚树星室木虱若虫的室内杀虫效果较好,20%吡虫啉则较差。林间施药0.5%印楝素、阿维·啶虫脒和3%啶虫脒20d后,鸭脚树星室木虱若虫的死亡率均达63%以上。结合害虫综合治理和环境生态保护的实际情况,建议使用0.5%印楝素对鸭脚树星室木虱若虫进行防治。     

吡虫啉与高效氯氰菊酯复配对橄榄星室木虱的曾效作用

测定了吡虫与高效氯氰菊酯对橄榄星室木虱的毒力及其最佳复配比例.结果表明,高效氯氰菊酯与吡虫啉按23的比例复配,增效作用最为明显,共毒系数达到267.按比例配成5%的制剂,对田间橄榄星室木虱有较好的防治效果,1500倍、2000倍、2500倍药液1天后的防效达37.88-65.14%,3天达70.19-89.37%,21天达92.36-100%.     

旱柳广头叶蝉的生物学特性及防治

报道了危害白榆的新害虫——旱柳广头叶蝉Macropsis matsudanisCaietWei。首次记述其幼期形态特征、生物学特性、天敌种类,进行了防治试验。该虫在山东商河1年发生1代,以卵在白榆枝条内越冬;天敌主要有螯蜂、瓢虫等;用阿维菌素和吡虫啉5000倍液喷雾防治若虫具有很好的防治效果。     

Temporal variability of aphid biological control in contrasting landscape contexts

Landscape complexity may provide ecosystem services to agriculture through the provision of natural enemies of agricultural pests. Strong positive effect of adjacent semi-natural habitats on natural enemies in croplands has been evidenced, but the resulting impact on biological control remains unclear. Taking into account the temporal dynamics of pest and natural enemies in agricultural landscapes provides better resolution to the studies and better understanding of the biological control service.In this study, the population dynamics of aphids and two groups of predators (coccinellid and carabid beetles) were examined. Insects were sampled in 20 wheat fields, surrounded by structurally simple and complex landscapes in Chilean central valley. Considering the whole sampling period, the diversity of aphids and natural enemies were similar in wheat crops surrounded by both types of landscapes, and the abundance of ladybirds was higher in crops in the complex landscapes. The dynamics of predators was more advanced in complex landscapes than in the simple ones, whereas the dynamics of aphids were similar in both types of landscape. Negative correlation between abundance of predators and aphid population growth rate in both landscape contexts were observed suggesting a control of the pest population by the predators. Different temporal patterns were observed in these correlations in the two landscape contexts, which suggests differences in the biological control related to the landscape composition.The present study shows that colonization of crops by natural enemies occurs sooner in structurally complex landscapes and suggests that this early colonization may facilitate an early and efficient control of aphid populations, nevertheless the biological control efficiency seems to be higher in structurally simple landscapes later in the season.     

Current status and future perspectives on natural enemies for pest control in Taiwan

ABSTRACT

In Taiwan, the agricultural policy, ‘Reduce the consumption of pesticide to half in the next 10 years’, was launched in 2017. Pesticide application, which results in contamination of food by chemical residues, pest resistance, and other adverse ecological effects, is a growing public and environmental concern. Pest control by natural predators is, thus, the best alternative. Biological control methods implemented based on insights obtained from studies on pest behaviour, rearing, and various crop management modes, increase the possibility of controlling pests in modern organic agricultural systems. More than a decade has passed since the first introduction of a predatory insect in Taiwan for pest control (in the 1990s). Predatory and parasitic natural enemies, including lacewing, predatory stink bugs, Orius, and parasitic wasps, were initially used for controlling thrips, aphids, spider mites, whiteflies, and lepidopteran pests. At present, there exists a wide range of integrated pest management (IPM) methods incorporating other non-chemical, biological, and agricultural methods. However, recently, there has been an increase in research and development on the utilisation of natural enemies of insects and the associated food safety issues. Mass production and release, storage, and handling techniques of insect predators and parasitoids have been successful in recent years. The final goal of present day research is to develop natural enemy products and provide an IPM-based model to farmers for using natural enemies in agricultural production systems, thereby reducing pesticide application and ensuring food security.     

Adaptive Release of Natural Enemies in a Pest-Natural Enemy System with Pesticide Resistance

Integrated pest management options such as combining chemical and biological control are optimal for combating pesticide resistance, but pose questions if a pest is to be controlled to extinction. These questions include (i) what is the relationship between the evolution of pesticide resistance and the number of natural enemies released? (ii) How does the cumulative number of natural enemies dying affect the number of natural enemies to be released? To address these questions, we developed two novel pest-natural enemy interaction models incorporating the evolution of pesticide resistance. We investigated the number of natural enemies to be released when threshold conditions for the extinction of the pest population in two different control tactics are reached. Our results show that the number of natural enemies to be released to ensure pest eradication in the presence of increasing pesticide resistance can be determined analytically and depends on the cumulative number of dead natural enemies before the next scheduled release time.     

竹篦舟蛾发生规律及综合防治研究

通过毛竹林间系统观察和调查,明确了竹篦舟蛾种群数量消长与气候因子和天敌数量关系密切。第1代幼虫的大发生主要与2月下旬至3月中旬的温度、降雨有关,第2-3代幼虫的大发生主要与天敌数量多省关系密切。该虫在1年内有3个为害高峰,以6月上旬最为严重。提出了以林业防治为主要手段,应用生物、化学药剂协调防治,维持竹林的生态平衡的综合防治技术措施。     

生态恢复状态下天敌对小菜蛾的自然控制作用

通过组建不同防治措施下的小菜蛾自然种群生命表,结果表明,化学防治区小菜蛾自然种群趋势指数为52.52;在生态恢复区,天敌因子对目标害虫的自然控制作用得到恢复和增强,连续4个世代的小菜蛾种群趋势指数分别为16.9、7.16、3.71和4.02,其种群数量的发展得到有效地抑制.影响小菜蛾春季第一、第二、第三及第四代种群数量的重要因子分别为绒茧蜂寄生、4龄幼虫的捕食及其它、赤眼蜂寄生和绒茧蜂寄生,其相应的排除作用控制指数分别为1.39、1.56、1.74和1.54.从天敌与小菜蛾种群相互作用的过程来看,前者对后者的控制作用表现出明显的时滞效应,其种群数量的发展需要一个累积过程.能否采取积极的田间保护、增强措施,将是充分发挥天敌控害潜能的关键因素之一.     

Field spray abdominal gland secretions of rove beetles: Effects on the pest abundance and arthropod community

Alternative environmentally friendly methods for pest control are in high demand because of the environmental impacts of pesticides. Notably, predator-released kairomone is a natural compound released by natural enemies, which mediates non-consumptive effects between natural enemies and prey. However, this novel pest control agent is underutilized relative to pesticides and natural enemies. Additionally, the effects of spraying predator kairomone on the number and diversity of arthropods in fields and whether this method is environmental-friendly are poorly understood. In the present study, a predator kairomone, rove beetle (Paederus fuscipes Curtis) abdominal gland secretion (AGS), was sprayed in rice fields to investigate whether AGS can suppress pest populations or will affect the fields’ arthropod communities. After AGS spraying, the abundance of arthropods decreased throughout the first 12-d period, including arthropod pests such as hemipterans (small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén), brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), and leafhoppers), and lepidopterans (rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée). The abundance of arthropod predators was not affected, except for predatory spiders, which decreased, and rove beetles (P. fuscipes), which increased. In the terms of arthropod diversity, neither pests nor their natural enemies were changed by AGS application. This work highlights that predator kairomone can temporarily suppress pest populations in fields but has no adverse effects on arthropod diversity; thus, this approach is environmentally friendly and can be used in real-world applications. Broadly, present studies suggest that the application of predator kairomone may have synergistic or cumulative effects on pest suppression.     

Effects of ground cover (straw and compost) on the abundance of natural enemies and soil macro invertebrates in vineyards

1 Herbicides are commonly applied under grapevines in Australia to remove weeds and thereby to avoid water loss through transpiration. 2 Interest in sustainability promotes a reduction in chemical inputs, including herbicides, leading to trials with surface mulches to suppress weeds. 3 Surface mulches may also influence the abundance of a range of invertebrates. Potentially, an increase in natural enemies will contribute to pest control and encourage a reduction in pesticide application. 4 We used three trapping methods and direct soil sampling to assess invertebrates at ground level, in the canopy and in the soil to determine the influence of mulch on natural enemies, potential pests and soil macroinvertebrates, including earthworms. 5 Collections sorted to family demonstrated that the addition of straw or compost mulches increased natural enemies collected with pitfall traps and soil organisms. However, there was no clear indication of the overall superiority of either mulch. 6 Abundance of ground beetles, parasitoid Hymenoptera and spiders collected with pitfall traps were increased by the addition of mulches. In the canopy, predatory and parasitic Diptera and predatory Hemiptera increased after mulching. 7 Earthworms collected by hand sorting soil increased with straw mulching. 8 No influence on pests was detected. Although Lepidoptera and Sigmurethra, collected in pitfall traps, increased with straw mulching, neither included pest species. 9 The results are discussed with reference to the potential economic impact of mulches.     

世界麦双尾蚜研究进展：防治方法和策略*

The Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), was a worldwide cereal pest. The control measures to this pest were reviewed, emphasizing on natural enemies and plant resistance. First, spring wheat with earlier planting dates had higher yield and could resist RWA infestation to a more extent, while winter wheat with later planting dates could escape infestation of Russian wheat aphid with very few exceptions. So, manipulation of wheat planting dates was suggested in worldwide scale for the aphid control. Second, the natural enemies were considered as the most important factor to reduced the pest status. Introduced and native natural enemies were evaluated for their potential as biological agents in South Africa, United States, and Australia. In South Africa, an introduced parasitoid and a predator were selected for releasing. In the United States, the project on exploring and releasing the natural enemies was unprecedented in biological control history. The endeavor in USA has been proved primarily successful today and will be afterward. The RWA control in Chile was considered most successful, partly because of their introduction of natural enemies before the aphid arrival. The native enemies together with other factors in central Asia and Europe apparently suppressed the aphids to a low level. The screen for resistant wheat was another important research project in fighting with RWA. In South Africa and USA, resistant wheat and barley were bred, and some of them had been put in commercial use for RWA control. The overwhelming mechanisms in resistant wheat varieties were antibiosis, tolerance or their combination. Though chemical insecticide spraying was proved as an effective method for aphid control, more and more research has switched from this method to non chemical control measures as required by IPM. Future research should put more emphasis on augmentation of the natural enemies, revealing the relationship between RWA and agricultural ecosystem and integration of all effective measures.     

不同干扰条件下枸杞园节肢动物群落结构与动态

2008年通过对宁夏银川地区不同干扰条件下枸杞园节肢动物群落的系统调查,共采集节肢动物151628头,鉴定出4纲27目76科167种,其中天敌亚群落61种,化防园23种,有机园30种,自生园61种,天敌总量的比例分别为10.87%、18.78%、70.34%。通过群落结构分析,自生园丰富度、个体数均明显高于化防园和有机园,有机园均匀度、多样性较高,而化防园丰富度、个体数指数都较低,而优势集中度高。通过主分量分析表明潜叶类害虫与刺吸类害虫是不同人工干扰条件下的主要害虫,刺吸类害虫成为发展有机枸杞的重要障碍,食花果类害虫具有较大的危害潜力;寄生类天敌、病原类天敌为自生园优势天敌,捕食类天敌是有机园、化防园的优势天敌,但化防园天敌作用较为微弱。自生园天敌亚群落与害虫亚群落第一对典型变量为V1=0.048x1-0.2533x2+0.5951x3+0.5207x4,W1=0.9021y1+0.0354y2+0.0223y3+0.1847y4-0.0591y5,相关系数为0.8635,化防园、有机园天敌亚群落与害虫亚群落第一对典型变量的相关系数分别为0.6826、0.7332。通过害虫-天敌亚群落的种群消长动态表明,天敌亚群落作为整体对害虫发挥着调控作用,自生园7-9月份寄生性天敌对刺吸式害虫的跟随作用很强,有机园较弱,化防园则不明显。