重症急性胰腺炎死亡相关因素分析及对策

目的分析影响重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)预后因素,探讨提高SAP救治成功率的方法。方法回顾性分析我院2003年1月～2007年12月收治的155例SAP患者的临床资料,根据预后分为存活组117例和死亡组38例进行比较,并采用Logis-tic回归分析死亡相关因素。结果两组间红细胞压积、血淀粉酶持续时间、血肌酐、血钙、血糖、血pH值、氧合指数、A-PACHEⅡ评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组发生胃肠功能障碍、呼吸功能障碍、肾功能障碍、心血管功能障碍、凝血功能障碍、胰腺脑病的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),死亡组患者均明显高于存活组。Logistic回归统计分析发现,呼吸功能障碍、肾功能障碍、心血管功能障碍与死亡有关,为死亡的危险因素。结论对SAP患者,应早期进行APACHEⅡ评分,并对SAP的严重程度及预后进行及时评估。呼吸功能障碍、肾功能障碍、心血管功能障碍为SAP的死亡危险因素。     

脓毒症患者发生凝血功能紊乱的临床特征及预后影响因素分析

摘要 目的：探究脓毒症患者发生凝血功能紊乱的临床特征及预后影响因素。方法：选择2019年9月~2023年1月本院收治的80例脓毒症患者为本次研究对象,对所有患者开展凝血功能检验,并依据检验结果,将患者分为凝血功能异常组（n=60）及正常组（n=20）,分析凝血功能障碍异常及正常患者临床特征、凝血功能障碍异常及正常患者病情严重程度,并依据脓毒症患者预后,将其分为存活组（n=64）及死亡组（n=16）脓毒症患者预后的单因素与多因素Logistic回归分析。结果：凝血功能正常组及异常组平均动脉压、体温、白细胞计数（WBC）、纤维蛋白原（FIB）、凝血酶时间（TT）指标水平无较大差异（P＞0.05）,与凝血功能正常组比较,凝血功能异常组患者呼吸、脉率、降钙素原（PCT）、C反应蛋白（CRP）指标水平相对较高,部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、凝血酶原时间（PT）指标水平相对较长,PLT指标水平相对较高（P＜0.05）;与凝血功能正常的脓毒症患者相比较,凝血功能异常患者急性肾损伤（AKI）及急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）发生率、急性生理与慢性健康评分（APACHE Ⅱ）及急性生理功能评分（SOFA）评分更高,住ICU时间均相对较长（P＜0.05）,机械通气及住院时间比较（P＞0.05）;脓毒症患者预后影响因素分析中,结果显示,年龄、体质量指数（BMI）、性别、糖尿病史、高血压病史均未对脓毒症患者预后产生较大影响（P＞0.05）,PT、PCT、APTT、CRP、SOFA评分及APACHE Ⅱ评分对脓毒症预后产生严重影响,死亡组患者各指标水平均高于存活组（P＜0.05）;将影响脓毒症患者预后的单因素予以赋值,纳入Logistic回归分析,以PCT、PT、APTT、CRP、SOFA、APACHE Ⅱ 评分为自变量,结果显示,PCT、PT、CRP、SOFA、APACHE Ⅱ 评分是影响脓毒症患者预后的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论：脓毒症患者发生凝血功能紊乱会对临床相关指标产生影响,从而增加疾病严重程度,依据脓毒症患者预后,研究结果显示,PT、PCT、CRP、SOFA及APACHE Ⅱ评分均会对脓毒症患者预后产生不良影响,检验上述指标水平,可为临床评估脓毒症预后提供一定参考价值。     

血液透析对急性百草枯中毒的临床疗效分析

目的:探讨血液透析(hemodilalysis,HD)治疗急性百草枯中毒的临床疗效,为临床应用HD治疗急性百草枯中毒提供依据。方法:选择我院2003年3月~2012年7月收治的百草枯中毒患者40例,根据患者使用是否行透析治疗分为透析组(A组17例)和非透析组(B组23例),比较分析两组患者治疗后的肝功能、肾功能、肺功能及心肌酶学指标的变化,治疗效果及存活情况。结果:两组患者入院后前3天ALT、AST、BUN、CR、CK、CK-MB水平均呈上升趋势,且非透析组患者以上指标的水平高于透析组患者,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05),入院后第7天,两组以上指标的比较亦无统计学差异(P0.05);两组患者之间入院时和入院后72小时内最低的SPO2%、血气分析中PaO2和PaCO2水平比较无统计学意义(P0.05);透析组和非透析组患者的病死率分别为70.6%和69.6%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:百草枯溶液中毒的患者预后差、病死率高,血液透析治疗并不能显著提高急性百草枯中毒患者的生存率。     

限制性液体复苏与常规液体复苏对失血性休克患者临床疗效分析

目的:探讨限制性液体复苏与常规液体复苏对失血性休克患者死亡率、凝血功能及并发症的影响。方法:选取失血性休克患者100例,随机分为限制组(n=55)和常规组(n=45),其中限制组采用限制性液体复苏抗休克,而常规组采用常规液体复苏。比较两组患者输液量及死亡率、血压与检验指标、并发症发生率。结果:与常规组相比,限制组患者输液量较少,死亡率较低,痊愈率较高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与常规组相比,限制组患者平均动脉压、碱剩余明显较低,血红蛋白、血小板、红细胞比容明显较高,凝血酶原时间明显较短,差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。与常规组相比,限制组患者急性呼吸窘迫综合征、多器官功能障碍综合征发生率较低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:限制性液体复苏为失血性休克患者赢得更多后续急诊手术止血时间,能降低患者死亡率和并发症如急性呼吸窘迫综合征、多器官功能障碍综合征的发生率。     

脓毒症患者炎性因子、凝血功能与APACHEⅡ评分和预后的关系

目的:研究脓毒症患者炎性因子、凝血功能与急性生理学和慢性健康状况Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分和预后的关系。方法:选取2017年1月至2018年1月我院收治的脓毒症患者150例为脓毒症组,所有患者根据预后结果分为死亡组(n=49)和存活组(n=101),选择同期在我院住院的非脓毒症患者98例为非脓毒症组,比较脓毒症组与非脓毒症组患者炎性因子、凝血功能指标水平及APACHEⅡ评分,同时比较死亡组和存活组患者炎性因子、凝血功能指标水平及APACHEⅡ评分,并分析脓毒症患者APACHEⅡ评分与炎性因子、凝血功能指标的相关性。结果:脓毒症组患者降钙素原(PCT)、活化部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)、凝血酶原时间(PT)水平及APACHEⅡ评分均高于非脓毒症组,血小板计数(PLT)低于非脓毒症组(P0.05),两组C-反应蛋白(CRP)比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。死亡组患者PCT、APTT、PT水平及APACHEⅡ评分均高于存活组,PLT水平低于存活组(P0.05),两组CRP比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。经Spearman相关性分析结果显示,脓毒症患者APACHEⅡ评分与PCT、APTT、PT均呈正相关关系,与PLT呈负相关关系(P0.05),与CRP无相关性(P0.05)。结论:脓毒症患者PCT、APTT、PT水平明显上升,PLT水平明显下降,且均与患者的APACHEⅡ评分密切相关,临床可通过调节炎症因子水平及凝血功能指标从而改善患者的病情和预后。     

限制性液体复苏对多发性骨折合并创伤失血性休克患者凝血功能、心肌损害指标及预后的影响

目的:探讨限制性液体复苏对多发性骨折合并创伤失血性休克患者凝血功能、心肌损害指标及预后的影响。方法:选取我院收治的多发性骨折合并创伤失血性休克患者77例,分为研究组(n=39)、对照组(n=38),对照组给予常规液体复苏,研究组给予限制性液体复苏,比较两组患者凝血功能、心肌损害指标、输液量、失血量、输血量、并发症发生率及病死率。结果:研究组的输液量、失血量、输血量均少于对照组(P0.05)。与复苏前相比,两组患者复苏1 h后凝血酶原时间(PT)、凝血活酶时间(APTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)均延长,且研究组长于对照组(P0.05);两组患者复苏1 h后肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶-同工酶(CK-MB)、肌钙蛋白T(CTnT)水平均下降,且研究组低于对照组(P0.05)。研究组复苏期间并发症发生率、病死率均低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:限制性液体复苏治疗多发性骨折合并创伤失血性休克患者,可改善患者凝血功能和预后,降低并发症发生率,同时还可减轻心肌损害。     

百草枯中毒致多器官功能障碍综合征4例诊治分析

百草枯(PQ)是一种广泛使用的广谱农业除草剂。近年来,百草枯中毒发生率日益增高,其中毒主要损害肺脏和肾脏,表现为急性肺泡炎、肺间质纤维化、急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)、肾小管坏死、多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS),病死率极高[1]。本文将我科EICU病房近2年来收治的4例PQ中毒并MODS报告如下。1临床资料1·1一般资料本文收集我科EICU病房2003年6月~2004年8月百草枯急性中毒患者4例,均为女性病人,年龄21~30岁,均为口服中毒,PQ口服量为20~60 ml(20%浓缩液)。3例病人来自农村,1例来自城镇。1·2临床表现全部病人口服PQ后到我院就诊时…     

严重多发伤的EICU治疗与预后相关因素分析

目的总结严重多发伤在ICU救治中的临床治疗经验,并分析其预后相关因素。方法选取我院西院急诊科重症监护室(EICU)2010年1月~2014年12月收治的严重多发伤患者64例,随机等分分为限制性液体复苏组(A组)和充分液体复苏组(B组)各32例。A组采用限制性液体复苏,B组给予充分快速液体复苏,并分别计算两组患者入院后24h内损伤严重程度评分(ISS评分)、急性生理慢性健康评分(APACHEⅡ评分),观察并分析两组患者在复苏液体总量、复苏1h乳酸、复苏时间的差异。结果经积极治疗后,A组患者在复苏液体总量、复苏1h乳酸、复苏时间明显较B组减少,而且A组患者治愈率高于B组。两组患者共死亡9例,其中早期死亡3例,主要原因为失血性休克及急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS);后期死亡6例,主要原因为多器官功能损害(MODS)。死亡患者的APACHEⅡ评分明显高于存活患者。结论对严重多发伤患者,尤其合并休克的重症患者,早期使用限制性液体复苏能显著减少内脏并发症的发生,改善患者预后,提高治愈率,显著减少休克后期DIC的发生;此外,APACHEⅡ评分与患者的预后呈正相关,分值越高,预后越差;早期对多发伤患者进行APACHEⅡ评分可预测患者预后,值得临床上推广应用。     

糖代谢异常与急性胰腺炎严重程度的相关性研究

目的:探讨急性胰腺炎(Acute pancreatitis,AP)严重程度与糖代谢异常的相关性及其预后。方法:选择2006年7月至2013年6月我院消化科收治入院的急性胰腺炎患者158例,按疾病严重程度分为轻症急性胰腺炎(MAP)组68例和重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)组90例;检测两组患者糖代谢指标空腹静脉血糖(FPG)、负荷2 h静脉血糖(PPG)及评定两组患者急性生理及慢性健康评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ),对两组的糖代谢指标和APACHEⅡ评分进行相关性分析,并观察两组患者的预后。结果:SAP组患者FPG、PPG、胰岛素水平(FINS)、胰岛素抵抗指数(IRI)明显高于MAP组,胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)低于MAP(P0.01);急性胰腺炎(AP)患者的APACHEⅡ评分与FPG、PPG、FINS、IRI呈正相关(P0.05,P0.01),与ISI呈负相关(P0.05);SAP组的假性囊肿、感染、脓肿、坏死、急性肺损伤或急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)、死亡发生率明显高于MAP组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论:AP的严重程度与糖代谢异常存在密切的关系,两者相互影响,因此,在治疗AP时,应积极控制胰腺炎症,防止和减少胰腺坏死,将血糖降至正常范围,以降低并发症和死亡的发生率。     

血液透析对急性百草枯中毒的临床疗效分析

目的：探讨血液透析（hemodilalysis,HD）治疗急性百草枯中毒的临床疗效,为临床应用HD治疗急性百草枯中毒提供依据。方法：选择我院2003 年3 月~2012 年7 月收治的百草枯中毒患者40 例,根据患者使用是否行透析治疗分为透析组（A组17 例）和非透析组（B 组23 例）,比较分析两组患者治疗后的肝功能、肾功能、肺功能及心肌酶学指标的变化,治疗效果及存活情况。结果：两组患者入院后前3 天ALT、AST、BUN、CR、CK、CK-MB 水平均呈上升趋势,且非透析组患者以上指标的水平高于透析组患者,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,入院后第7 天,两组以上指标的比较亦无统计学差异（P〉0.05）;两组患者之间入院时和入院后72小时内最低的SPO2%、血气分析中PaO2和PaCO2水平比较无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;透析组和非透析组患者的病死率分别为70.6%和69.6%,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：百草枯溶液中毒的患者预后差、病死率高,血液透析治疗并不能显著提高急性百草枯中毒患者的生存率。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

---

Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

On the Dependence of the Quadratic Risk of the Classical Predictor and the Prediction-Horizon

When constructing predictors on the basis of the linear model of time series of various indicators often the question arises on the dependence of forecasting accuracy and the changing prediction horizon. The dependency of the quadratic risk of the classical predictor and the time horizon is considered.