温度对黄褐新圆蛛(Neoscona doenitzi)历期和繁殖力的影响

在20—35℃温度范围内,随着温度升高黄褐新圆蛛发育历期逐渐缩短。其发育速率随温度增加的拐点约为25℃。雌蛛历期长于雄蛛历期,相差1—3天。发育历期随温度升高而缩短的极限值:雌蛛为24天,雄蛛为22天。幼蛛的死亡率随龄期的增长而逐渐减少。全代的发育起点温度为10.35℃,有效积温为738.19日度。 25—30℃为繁殖的最适温度。在该温度条件下,产卵袋致多、产卵总量多、孵化率也高。产的卵袋效与卵粒致总量成正比关系。     

温度对前齿肖蛸发育历期和繁殖力的影响

前齿肖蛸(Tetragnatha praedonia)在20—35℃的温度范围内发育历期随温度的升高而逐渐缩短;幼蛛在15℃以下、38℃以上成活率极低;雄蛛寿命短于雌蛛寿命;全代发育起点温度为6.07℃,有效积温为1019.47日度。 在29℃恒温条件下产卵袋数最多,产卵总量最大;卵孵化率随温度变化的拐点约在27℃。     

温度对白斑隐蛛个体发育和生殖行为的影响

白斑隐蛛在湖北省以成蛛和幼蛛混合群体越冬,全年可完成3代。3代平均发育历期:雌蛛分别为69.13d、71.80d和76.40d,雄蛛为67.30d、61.39d和69.45d。成蛛寿命一般70～90d,其寿命长短与温度呈负相关。发育起点温度、胚胎期为15.88℃;雌蛛全幼蛛期为13.71℃,雄蛛为14.51℃;全世代为13.69℃。有效积温、胚胎期为128.60日度;雌蛛的全幼蛛期为654.21日度,雄蛛全幼蛛期为655.87日度;全世代为818.67日度。抗高温能力较强,胚胎的最适温度是37℃;幼蛛期是35℃。25～30℃为产卵率最高温区。产卵袋最适温区是20℃～35℃之间,其中以30℃产卵袋数最多。产卵间隔在20℃～35℃温区内,与温度呈负相关。在15℃～35℃温区内,温度对卵袋含卵量影响不大,但超过35℃就显著减少。20℃～30℃为单雌产卵量最高温区,高温(35℃以上)可出现无效卵袋。在正常情况下,卵的孵化率达90％以上。     

核桃扁叶甲的发育起点温度和有效积温

室内观察测定5个恒温条件下,核桃扁叶甲Gastrolina depressa Baly各虫态的发育历期及起点温度和有效积温。结果表明:在16～32℃温度范围内,核桃扁叶甲均能完成发育,其发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、产卵前期的发育起点温度分别为9.4,12.2,14.3和11.1℃,有效积温分别为43.2,77.2,36.0和104.7日.度;整个世代的发育起点温度为12.0℃,有效积温为260.5日.度。持续过高温度不适合核桃扁叶甲的生长发育。     

棉露尾甲发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

在 1 5 ,2 0 ,2 5 ,3 0和 3 5℃下 ,测定了棉露尾甲Haptoncusluteolus(Erichson)各虫态的发育历期。结果表明 ,卵到蛹各虫态历期随温度升高而呈抛物线变化 ,3 0℃时发育历期最短 ;成虫寿命及世代历期随温度升高呈负线性变化。对试验结果采用了 2种方法计算发育起点温度和有效积温 ,并用变异系数进行检验。结果表明 ,除预蛹期外 ,其它各虫态用最优化法计算结果优于直线回归法 ,卵、幼虫、预蛹、蛹、雌雄成虫产卵前期的发育起点温度分别为 :9 9,7 9,8 6,9 5 ,1 3 0 ,1 3 3和 5 7℃ ,有效积温分别为 :2 6 4,5 3 9,5 4 91 5 1 6,1 3 4 1 ,5 2 4和 3 2 2 0日·度 ;预蛹期的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为 4 8℃和 94 1日·度。     

美洲斑潜蝇发育起点温度及有效积温研究

设置6个温度12个湿度对美洲斑潜蝇卵、幼虫、蛹的发育速率进行了测定,结果表明：温度是影响孩虫发育的最重要因素;分别运用直线回归法和优选法计算发育起点温度和有效积温,结果是优选法的精确度较高;用优选法所得卵、幼虫、蛹和全世代的发育起点温度分别为9．2、6．4、10．8、11．0℃,有效积温分别为4O．2、78．0、129．0、218．9日度。     

刺槐叶瘿蚊发育起点温度和有效积温

在实验室条件下对刺槐叶瘿蚊Obolodiplosis robiniae(Haldemann)发育历期、发育起点温度和有效积温进行研究。结果表明,随着温度的升高,发育历期缩短;刺槐叶瘿蚊的卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫和全世代的发育起点温度分别为4.51,6.15,4.79和14.17℃,有效积温分别为62.20,281.42,124.45和55.48日.度;整个世代的发育起点温度为8.01℃,有效积温为506.93日.度;刺槐叶瘿蚊在秦皇岛年发生代数的预测值为5.12~5.76代。     

南亚果实蝇各虫态发育历期及有效积温研究

【背景】南亚果实蝇是世界性的检疫性害虫,在我国多个省市发生为害,对瓜果作物造成了严重的经济损失。【方法】采用人工恒温饲养方法,分别设置10、14、18、22、26、30、34℃7个恒温条件,测定不同温度条件下南亚果实蝇卵、幼虫和蛹的生长发育历期,并推算出相应的发育起点温度和有效积温。【结果】南亚果实蝇卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为7．36、2．43、7．64℃,卵期、幼虫期和蛹期的有效积温分别为20．21、187．69和156．65日度。完成整个世代的发育起点温度是7．64℃,有效积温为364．55日度。当温度达到34℃时,卵的发育历期相对延长,而蛹则不能正常发育,无法羽化为成虫。【结论与意义】在10～30℃,南亚果实蝇的卵、幼虫和蛹的发育历期随温度升高而缩短,各虫态的发育速率和温度呈显著正相关;在26和30℃下,卵、幼虫和蛹的发育历期均显著短于其他各处理温度的发育历期。该试验结果为了解南亚果实蝇的发育温度极限和进一步开展该害虫的适生性分析提供了基础信息,进而为制定该虫的检疫措施提供依据。     

桃小食心虫的发育起点温度和有效积温

在17～29℃、RH80%±7%和光周期L:D=15:9的条件下,测定了桃小食心虫Carposina sasakii Matsumura各虫态的发育历期,计算了桃小食心虫卵、幼虫、蛹和全世代的发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明,各虫态的发育历期随着温度的升高而缩短,各虫态的发育速率与温度之间具有良好的线性关系。桃小食心虫卵、幼虫、结茧前期、蛹及生殖前期的发育起点温度分别为10.02、9.44、10.58、10.09和9.51℃,有效积温分别为87.3、238.6、10.7、156.9和31.6日·度,全世代的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为9.22℃和543.2日·度。     

温度与光周期对麝凤蝶生长发育的影响

观察了麝凤蝶的卵、幼虫和蛹在不同温度和光周期条件下的发育历期。结果表明 :卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为 1 3 7,7 9和 8 0℃ ,有效积温分别为 43 8,3 98 0和 2 79 4日·度 ;越冬蛹的发育可以分为 5个阶段 ;大部分越冬蛹在上午 (88 2 % )羽化 ;长光照处理平均比短光照出处理提前羽化 2d。     

扬子鳄体温与环境温度关系的初步分析

在人工饲养下,对非繁殖的扬子鳄(Alligator sinensis)体温及其所处的环境温度进行了测定,并对其体温与环境温度的关系进行了分析.经过一年的测量,得出体长为(116.83±32.26)cm(n=183)的扬子鳄年均体温为(18.81±8.08)℃(n=183),雄性体温为(20.81±9.69)℃(n=42),雌性体温为(17.81±8.56)℃(n=69);在活动期(4～11月),扬子鳄的体温为(25.54±5.24)℃(n=89),水温为(25.42±5.20)(n=89),两者间无显著性差异(P>0.05);在冬眠期(12月至翌年3月),扬子鳄的体温为(10.78±1.90)℃(n=94),冬眠期的地表温为(10.64±1.74)℃(n=94),两者间无显著性差异(P>0.05).结果表明,扬子鳄的体温受其周围环境温度的显著影响,而不受其体长及性别的影响.即扬子鳄的体温由其长期接触的环境介质的温度决定,其中水环境是控制活动期鳄体温波动的最重要介质.初步推测扬子鳄的偏爱体温范围是28～33℃.     

中国林蛙蝌蚪和大蟾蜍蝌蚪的最适温度、逃避温度及致死温度

报道了中国林蛙蝌蚪 (Ranachensinensis)和大蟾蜍蝌蚪 (Bufogargarizans)在不同驯化温度下的最适温度、逃避温度和致死温度的研究结果。将中国林蛙蝌蚪和大蟾蜍蝌蚪分别在 5、1 5和 2 5℃ 3个不同温度下驯养 3周 ,利用温度梯度装置观察记录 2种蝌蚪的最适温度、逃避温度和最高致死温度。结果表明 ,经过在 5、1 5和 2 5℃ 3个温度下的驯化 ,中国林蛙蝌蚪的最适温度范围分别为 1 3 . 5～ 1 8℃、2 0. 5～2 5℃和 2 3～ 2 7. 5℃ ;大蟾蜍蝌蚪的最适温度范围分别为 1 2～ 1 6 .5℃、2 1～ 2 5. 5℃和 2 2～ 2 6. 5℃。中国林蛙蝌蚪和大蟾蜍蝌蚪的最高致死温均在 3 7～ 3 8℃之间 ,最低致死温均为 0℃。驯化温度对最适温度影响显著 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,对致死温度则没有显著影响。驯化温度对中国林蛙蝌蚪和大蟾蜍蝌蚪的逃避温度产生的影响比最适温度的大。     

Quantification of the Role of Acclimation Temperature in Temperature Tolerance of Fishes

The relative effect of acclimation temperature on temperature tolerance was estimated from a geometrical partitioning of the temperature tolerance polygon of a fish species into three distinct zones relative to four key tolerance temperatures. This approach yields a middle tolerance zone which is independent of acclimation temperature bounded by upper and lower acclimation dependent zones. Acclimation dependent and independent temperature tolerance zones can be quantified by either areal or linear methods. Both methods were applied to quantify the effect of acclimation temperature in 21 species of temperate fishes for which temperature tolerance polygons were available. Temperature tolerance polygon areas of these 21 species ranged from 468 to 1380°C² and are linearly related (r ²=0.93, p<0.001) to ultimate incipient upper lethal temperatures. Although areal and linear partitioning methods yielded similar acclimation independent and dependent tolerances, estimates from the areal method incorporates additional information concerning the shape of the temperature tolerance polygon, in particular lower and upper lethal temperature plateaus. Mean combined acclimation dependent and independent tolerance areas of these 21 species were not different, indicating that acclimation effectively doubles the temperature tolerance polygon. Mean lower acclimation dependent area was nearly three times greater than mean upper acclimation dependent area, suggesting that acclimation plays a larger role in tolerance of low rather than high temperatures. Among these 21 species, temperature tolerance of brook charr and sheepshead minnow were the least and most affected by acclimation temperature, respectively.     

微量量热法研究酸奶菌种的适宜生长温度及最佳生长温度

测定酸奶菌种保加利亚孔杆菌、嗜热链球菌及二者混合菌在乳中生长的热谱图曲线,确定了各菌种及混合菌的适宜生长温度范围,计算出了各菌种在不同温度下的生长速率常数。用计算机拟合k-T方程,求出各菌种的最佳生长温度。     

Temperature alters food web body-size structure

The increased temperature associated with climate change may have important effects on body size and predator–prey interactions. The consequences of these effects for food web structure are unclear because the relationships between temperature and aspects of food web structure such as predator–prey body-size relationships are unknown. Here, we use the largest reported dataset for marine predator–prey interactions to assess how temperature affects predator–prey body-size relationships among different habitats ranging from the tropics to the poles. We found that prey size selection depends on predator body size, temperature and the interaction between the two. Our results indicate that (i) predator–prey body-size ratios decrease with predator size at below-average temperatures and increase with predator size at above-average temperatures, and (ii) that the effect of temperature on predator–prey body-size structure will be stronger at small and large body sizes and relatively weak at intermediate sizes. This systematic interaction may help to simplify forecasting the potentially complex consequences of warming on interaction strengths and food web stability.     

Effect of Ambient Temperature on the Body Temperature Rhythm of Male Gray Mouse Lemurs (Microcebus murinus)

In order to cope with the seasonal variations in ambient temperature and food availability in the natural habitat, gray mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus) exhibit adaptive energy-saving mechanisms similar to those in hibernating species with seasonal and daily heterothermia. To determine thermoregulatory responses, via telemetry we recorded body temperature and locomotor activity variations during the breeding season in three captive male mouse lemurs kept at ambient temperatures (T_a) ranging from 18° to 34°C. Rhythms in body temperature and locomotor activity were clearly exhibited regardless of ambient temperature. As _a increased, mean body temperature increased from 36.5 ± 0.1°C to 37.6 ± 0.3°C, with significant change in the amplitude of the body temperature rhythm when _a rose above 28°C. Effects of _a were mostly due to changes in the fall in body temperature occurring daily at the beginning of the light phase when the subjects entered diurnal sleep. The daily decrease in body temperature was not modified by exposure to ambient temperatures from 18°C to 28°C whereas it disappeared under warmer condition. Changes in locomotor activity levels only delayed the occurrence of thermoregulatory modulation. These results strongly suggest that, during the breeding season, the thermoneutral zone of mouse lemurs is close to 28°C and that the diurnal fall in body temperature could be considered as an important adaptive energy-saving mechanism adjusted to ecological constraints.     

生长温度对核苷磷酸化酶的影响

通过对不同生长温度下嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌核苷磷酸化酶活性的测量,初步探讨了高温作为有效诱导手段的可能性     

Temperature dependence of two parameters in a photosynthesis model

The temperature dependence of the photosynthetic parameters V_cmax, the maximum catalytic rate of the enzyme Rubisco, and J_max, the maximum electron transport rate, were examined using published datasets. An Arrehenius equation, modified to account for decreases in each parameter at high temperatures, satisfactorily described the temperature response for both parameters. There was remarkable conformity in V_cmax and J_max between all plants at T_leaf < 25 °C, when each parameter was normalized by their respective values at 25 °C (V_cmax0 and J_max0), but showed a high degree of variability between and within species at T_leaf > 30 °C. For both normalized V_cmax and J_max, the maximum fractional error introduced by assuming a common temperature response function is < ± 0·1 for most plants and < ± 0·22 for all plants when T_leaf < 25 °C. Fractional errors are typically < ± 0·45 in the temperature range 25–30 °C, but very large errors occur when a common function is used to estimate the photosynthetic parameters at temperatures > 30 °C. The ratio J_max/V_cmax varies with temperature, but analysis of the ratio at T_leaf = 25 °C using the fitted mean temperature response functions results in J_max0/V_cmax0 = 2·00 ± 0·60 (SD, n = 43).     

肿瘤热疗中自动控温、恒温

肿瘤热疗技术在临床上得到了较为广泛的应用,但是对于人体深层部位的肿瘤,由于热能难于传至并集中于肿瘤部位,肿瘤热疗效果不理想.在当前肿瘤热疗中存在的另一个问题,即是准确、快速地测出热疗病灶部位的温度,仍然存在很大的困难,因而热剂量难于掌握,直接影响到肿瘤热疗的疗效.由于锰锌铁氧体磁性微粉吸收剂具有强烈吸收电磁波和存在居里温度的特性,采用在肿瘤热疗过程中,将锰锌铁氧体磁性微粉吸收剂输入血管中,可以达到对肿瘤热疗自动控温、恒温和提高疗效的目的.