1978年前、后中国≥10 ℃年积温对比

利用620个气象站点的逐日平均气温分别计算了1951—1978和1979—2005年≥10 ℃年积温及其初日、终日,并对比分析了1978年前、后≥10 ℃年积温及其初日、终日和持续天数.结果表明：与1951—1978年相比,1979—2005年全国大部分地区≥10 ℃年积温有所增加,其增幅以东北、华北、华南地区较大;长江以北大部分地区的≥10 ℃年积温初日提前0～5 d,长江以南大部分地区则推迟0～5 d;除华南沿海和西南小部分地区的≥10 ℃年积温终日推迟5 d以上外,其余地区则推迟0～5 d;全国≥10 ℃年积温日数总体呈增加趋势,以0～5 d和5～10 d的增幅为主,各地区的差异大且连片性差.对积温变化趋势的准确掌握可为农业结构布局调整以及农业生产潜力评估提供重要依据.     

气候变化背景下我国农业热量资源的变化趋势及适应对策

根据区域气候模式PRECIS输出的未来A2气候情景（2011-2050年）以及基准气候时段（1961-1990年）的逐日资料,对2011-2050年我国农业热量资源的变化趋势进行了预测.结果表明: 与1961-1990年相比,未来A2气候情景下,2011-2050年我国大部分地区的平均无霜期日数延长趋势明显,主要表现为终霜冻日的提前和初霜冻日的推迟;各地日均气温稳定通过0 ℃的持续日数也明显延长,大部分地区延长了1～14 d,其中2041-2050年,青藏地区大部、长江中下游地区大部、甘新地区西部和西南地区北部均可延长49 d;我国大部分地区≥0 ℃积温均呈增加趋势.为适应未来农业热量资源的变化,应进一步调整农业种植制度、优化农业生产布局和发展生物技术等,以实现我国农业的可持续发展.     

基于立体气候观测的粤北山区热量资源特征

利用粤北山区南岭南北坡面11个自动气象站2009-2011年逐日气温观测资料,统计包括平均气温≥10 ℃初日、平均气温≥15 ℃终日、10~15 ℃持续日数、平均气温≥10 ℃活动积温、最低气温≤5 ℃日数、逐月平均气温等热量因子,并建立了各热量因子与海拔的线性回归模型.结果表明: 研究期间,南岭山区热量因子与海拔呈极显著相关,相同海拔南北坡面的热量资源有着明显差异;随海拔升高,界限温度初日推迟终日提前、界限温度持续日数缩短、活动积温降低、积温日数减少、年平均气温下降;南坡的各热量因子垂直变率均大于北坡.本研究结果可用于拟合无测站地区垂直方向上的热量资源分布,并为农业气候精细区划提供依据.     

珠江流域极端降水事件及其与大气环流之间的关系

基于1960—2012年珠江流域42个气象站点逐日降水量资料,利用线性趋势法、主成分分析法、重标极差(rescaled range analysis method,R/S)分析法及相关分析法,对选取的11种极端降水指标时间变化趋势和空间分布规律进行探讨,并在此基础上分析了该区域极端降水与大气环流之间的关系。结果表明:近53 a以来,珠江流域湿天降水总量以-7.2 mm·10 a-1的趋势呈下降趋势,最大1 d降水量、连续5天最大降水量、非常湿天降水量和极端湿天降水量分别以1.1、0.8、5.3和3.9 mm·10 a-1的趋势增加,降水强度以0.2 mm·d-1·10 a-1趋势呈增加趋势;中雨日数和持续湿润日数以-0.4和-0.2 d·10a-1的不显著减少趋势,大雨日数、强降水日数和持续干燥日数以0.05、0.1和1.1 d·10a-1的趋势增加;空间分布上,极端降水指数表现出明显的区域差异,除持续干燥日数外,其他指数均在云贵高原区呈下降趋势,在广东丘陵和广西丘陵区呈轻微的上升趋势;R/S分析结果显示,极端降水事件未来变化趋势与过去一致;相关性分析结果表明,除持续干燥日数外,各极端降水指数之间均呈现较高的相关性;美国环境预报中心(NCEP)和国家大气研究中心(NCAR)联合推出的(NCEP/NCAR)再分析资料大气环流表明,欧亚大陆冬季反气旋势力增强和东亚夏季风减弱可能是引起珠江流域极端降水事件增加的原因之一。     

山西省农业热量资源变化特征及其对农业的影响

基于山西省境内分布较为均匀的70个地面气象观测站1970—2012年逐日平均气温和地面最低温度资料,统计了≥0℃和≥10℃期间的活动积温、7月平均气温以及无霜冻期等农业热量指标.采用线性倾向估计法和累积距平法分析了农业热量资源的变化及其突变特征,以及农业热量资源变化对作物种植带和棉花、马铃薯可种植区的影响.结果表明:≥0℃和≥10℃期间的活动积温分别以64.8和57.9℃·d·(10 a)-1的速率增加(P<0.001),7月平均气温以0.3℃·(10 a)-1的速率显著升高,无霜冻期以5.9 d·(10 a)-1的速率显著延长.≥0℃和≥10℃期间活动积温的增加幅度西部大于东部,7月平均气温的升高幅度北、中部大于南部,无霜冻期的延长幅度中部大于南、北部.≥0℃和≥10℃期间的活动积温在1996年发生了增加突变,7月平均气温在1993年发生了升高突变,无霜冻期在1997年发生了延长突变.与突变前相比,≥0℃和≥10℃期间的活动积温分别增加了219.4和196.7℃·d,7月平均气温升高了0.8℃,无霜冻期延长了15 d;与此同时,温热作物带和温暖作物带的面积向北扩大,扩大面积最大的是温暖作物带,扩大175.7%,而温和作物带、温凉作物带、温寒作物带和高寒植物区的面积缩小,缩小面积最大的是温寒作物带,缩小87.9%.随着农业热量资源的丰富,喜温作物可种植面积扩大,其中棉花可种植面积扩大1.7×106hm2,扩大53.5%;喜凉作物可种植面积缩小,其中马铃薯可种植面积缩小8.9×106hm2,缩小30.5%.     

华东地区耕作制度对积温变化的响应

根据华东地区1971-2004年农业资料和1961-2004年26个气象站日平均气温资料,应用统计分析方法,研究了作物耕作制度和积温变化的关系.结果表明:1961-2004年华东地区日平均气温稳定通过10℃初日提前、终日推迟,期间的有效积温呈稳步增加;浙江、上海和江苏等省市复种指数随日平均气温稳定通过10℃期间有效积温增加而减小,相关系数分别为-0.605、-0.582、-0.615(n=34),安徽、山东等省复种指数随日平均气温稳定通过10℃期间有效积温增加而增加,相关系数分别为0.655、0.441(n=34);华东地区全年粮食单位面积产量随日平均气温稳定通过10℃期间的有效积温增加而增加,福建、江西、浙江、上海、安徽、江苏、山东等省市日平均气温稳定通过10℃有效积温与全年粮食单位面积产量间的相关系数分别为0.602、0.370、0.454、0.761、0.518、0.621、0.489(n=34);随着热量增加粮食种植面积减少,而蔬菜、西瓜、甜瓜、经济林、油料等作物种植面积增加;农药和化肥施用量随热量增加而增加.     

青海省门源县1980—2015年青稞物候期变化趋势及其驱动因素

利用1980—2015年青海省门源县农业气象站的青稞物候期及平行气温和降水资料,分析了气候变化背景下青海省门源县青稞物候期变化趋势及其驱动因素,结果表明:播种、出苗和拔节期呈推迟趋势,其余物候期均呈提前趋势。其中播种期以2.65d/10a的趋势显著推迟,分蘖期、抽穗期分别以4.78d/10a和2.30d/10a的趋势显著提前。显著影响青稞物候期的气候因子为气温、降水和积温。播种前0℃活动积温升高1℃·d,期间降水量增加1mm,播种期推迟0.252d;稳定通过0℃积温增加1℃·d,分蘖期提前0.026d;4月最低气温升高1℃,抽穗期提前1.890d。自20世纪90年代出现播种推迟、分蘖期和抽穗期提前、驱动因子升高突变现象。物候期与驱动因素开始突变基本同步,表明青海高原气候变暖是青稞物候期变化的主导因素。     

大连气候变暖及其对农业的影响

选取大连地区7个观测站1961—2007年历年月平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、≥0 ℃积温、≥10 ℃积温、<0 ℃负积温和无霜冻等指标,统计分析了近47年其变化特征,研究了大连地区热量资源对气候变暖的响应及其对农业生产的影响。结果表明: 月平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、≥0 ℃积温、≥10 ℃积温1988—2007年比1961—1987年的平均值明显增高(多),尤以最低气温增幅最大,冬季升温幅度大于夏季,大连地区气候变暖主要来自最低气温升高的贡献;<0 ℃负积温绝对值明显减少;初霜推后,终霜提前,无霜期日数增多;20世纪80年代后期大连气候明显变暖,尤其是21世纪初异常偏暖事件频发,热量资源增加,对冬季大棚蔬菜等设施农业的生产有利,病虫等越冬存活率上升,农业投入增加,气候变暖对大连地区农业影响是利弊并存。     

气候变暖背景下广东冬种生产季气候资源和气象灾害的时空变化

运用趋势分析法研究了气候变暖前(1961—1996年)后(1997—2015年)广东冬种生产季气候资源和气象灾害的一般变化特征;引入百分位法确定了冬种主产区发生极端寒害和干旱的阈值,重点分析了气候变暖以来的极端灾害特征.结果表明: 与1961—1996年相比,1997—2015年区域内冬种生产季热量显著增加,冬种主产区湛江、茂名、惠州、韶关、梅州和广州等处在平均气温≥15 ℃、积温≥2200 ℃·d的高值区;降水略增加,湛江、茂名、惠州、广州和梅州大部地区处在降水量250～350 mm的区域.区域内冬种生产季寒害呈减轻趋势,湛江、茂名、广州和惠州大部均处于积寒<2 ℃·d的区域,韶关和梅州大部处在积寒8～16 ℃·d的区域;干旱日数呈减少趋势,湛江、茂名、惠州、广州和梅州大部处在干旱日数≥50 d的区域,韶关处在干旱日数<50 d的区域.从灾害典型个例分析可知,冬种主产区极端寒害和干旱的风险不容忽视,湛江、茂名、惠州和梅州发生极端寒害的风险较高,韶关和广州次之;湛江、茂名发生极端干旱的风险较高,惠州和广州次之,韶关和梅州较小.1997—2015年间,冬种生产季热量显著增加,寒害、干旱呈减轻趋势,但冬种主产区极端灾害频发、风险较高,建议在实际生产中紧密结合冬种生产季气候资源和气象灾害的发生规律发展冬种.     

1952—2011年蚌埠气温变化趋势及其对农业生产的影响

根据气温资料,采用线性趋势函数、Morlet小波分析方法,研究了蚌埠市的年、季平均气温以及年平均最高、年平均最低气温的变化趋势,探讨了温度变化对农业生产的影响。结果表明:1952—2011年蚌埠市年平均气温呈上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.23℃·10a-1,其中春、秋、冬的增温趋势较为明显,夏季变化趋势不明显;年平均气温在1990年以前相对偏低,呈现波动变化,增温趋势不显著;1990年后相对偏暖,增温趋势明显。年平均最高气温和年平均最低气温均呈上升趋势,气候倾向率分别为0.01℃·10a-1、0.37℃·10a-1;年平均最低气温的增温幅度远大于年平均最高气温,表明夜间增温较多,白天增温较少,气温日较差逐渐减小。夜间温度升高,将增加植物的呼吸消耗,不利于物质的积累,可对农业生产带来负面影响。     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

Competitive inhibition and selectivity enhancement by Ca in the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, Hf) by carrot (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun)

We investigated the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, and Hf) and the effect of Ca on their uptake in carrots (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun) by the radioactive multitracer technique. The experimental results suggested that Na, Mg, K, and Rb competed for the functional groups outside the cells in roots with Ca but not for the transporter-binding sites on the plasma membrrane of the root cortex cells. In contrast, Y, Ce, Pm, and Gd competed with Ca for the transporters on the plasma membrane. The selectivity, which was defined as the value obtained by dividing the concentration ratio of an elemental pair, K/Na, Rb/Na, Be/Sr, and Mg/Sr, in the presence of 0.2 and 2 ppm Ca by that of the corresponding elemental pair in the absence of Ca in the solution was estimated. The selectivity of K and Rb in roots was increased in the presence of Ca. The selectivity of Be in roots was not affected, whereas the selectivity of Mg was increased by Ca. These observations suggest that the presence of Ca in the uptake solution enhances the selectivity in the uptake of metabolically important elements against unwanted elements.     

Potential Compounds for Oral Cancer Treatment: Resveratrol,Nimbolide, Lovastatin,Bortezomib, Vorinostat,Berberine, Pterostilbene,Deguelin, Andrographolide,and Colchicine

Oral cancer is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths in South-Asian countries. There are very limited treatment options available for oral cancer. Research endeavors focused on discovery and development of novel therapies for oral cancer, is necessary to control the ever rising oral cancer related mortalities. We mined the large pool of compounds from the publicly available compound databases, to identify potential therapeutic compounds for oral cancer. Over 84 million compounds were screened for the possible anti-cancer activity by custom build SVM classifier. The molecular targets of the predicted anti-cancer compounds were mined from reliable sources like experimental bioassays studies associated with the compound, and from protein-compound interaction databases. Therapeutic compounds from DrugBank, and a list of natural anti-cancer compounds derived from literature mining of published studies, were used for building partial least squares regression model. The regression model thus built, was used for the estimation of oral cancer specific weights based on the molecular targets. These weights were used to compute scores for screening the predicted anti-cancer compounds for their potential to treat oral cancer. The list of potential compounds was annotated with corresponding physicochemical properties, cancer specific bioactivity evidences, and literature evidences. In all, 288 compounds with the potential to treat oral cancer were identified in the current study. The majority of the compounds in this list are natural products, which are well-tolerated and have minimal side-effects compared to the synthetic counterparts. Some of the potential therapeutic compounds identified in the current study are resveratrol, nimbolide, lovastatin, bortezomib, vorinostat, berberine, pterostilbene, deguelin, andrographolide, and colchicine.     

New Coleoptera records from New Brunswick, Canada: Stenotrachelidae, Oedemeridae, Meloidae, Myceteridae, Boridae, Pythidae, Pyrochroidae, Anthicidae, and Aderidae

We report 19 new species records for the faunal list of Coleoptera in New Brunswick, Canada, six of which are new records for the Maritime provinces, and one of which is new Canadian record. We also provide the first recent records for five additional species in New Brunswick. One new species of Stenotrachelidae, Cephaloon ungulare LeConte, is added to the New Brunswick faunal list. Additional records are provided for Cephaloon lepturides Newman, as well the first recent record of Nematoplus collaris LeConte. Two species of Oedemeridae, Asclera puncticollis (Say) and Asclera ruficollis (Say), are newly reported for New Brunswick, and additional locality and bionomic data are provided for Calopus angustus LeConte and Ditylus caeruleus (Randall). The records of Ditylus caerulus are the first recent records for the province. Three species of Meloidae, Epicauta pestifera Werner, Lytta sayi LeConte, and Meloe augustcollis Say are reported the first time for New Brunswick; Epicauta pestifera is newly recorded in Canada. Lacconotus punctatus LeConte and the family Mycteridaeis newly recorded for New Brunswick. The first recent records of Borus unicolor Say (Boridae) are reported from the province. One new species of Pythidae, Pytho siedlitzi Blair, and the first recent records of Pytho niger Kirby are added to the faunal list of New Brunswick. Three species of Pyrochroidae are newly reported for the province, including Pedilus canaliculatus (LeConte) and Pedilus elegans (Hentz), which are new for the Maritime provinces. Five species of Anthicidae and the first recent record of Anthicus cervinus LaFerté-Sénectére are newly reported for New Brunswick. Anthicus melancholicus LaFerté-Sénectère, Sapintus pubescens (LaFerté-Sénectère), Notoxus bifasciatus (LeConte), and Stereopalpus rufipes Casey are new to the Maritime provinces faunal list. Ambyderus granularis (LeConte) is removed from the faunal list of the province. Three species of Aderidae, Vanonus huronicus Casey, Zonantes fasciatus (Melsheimer), and Zonantes pallidusWerner, are newly recorded for New Brunswick; Zonantes fasciatus and Vanonus huronicus are new for the Maritime provinces' faunal list. Collection data, bionomic data, and distribution maps are presented for all these species.