‘黄花’梨及其芽变‘绿黄花’梨HHT基因克隆与表达分析

该试验以砂梨品种‘黄花’梨（果皮褐色）及其芽变‘绿黄花’梨（果皮绿色）盛花后第8周的果皮为试材,利用常规PCR和巢式PCR技术克隆了ω 羟基棕榈酸O 阿魏酰转移酶（ω hydroxypalmitate O feruloyl transferase, HHT）基因cDNA的全长,命名为 PpyHHT（登录号为KX131155）。序列分析结果表明,该基因开放阅读框（ORF）为1 335 bp,编码444个氨基酸。生物信息学分析显示,推定的PpyHHT蛋白质相对分子质量为49.91 kD,等电点是4.75,与白梨相似性高达98%,亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR（qRT PCR）表达分析显示,2种梨果皮中 PpyHHT基因在盛花后6~9周的4个转色关键期表达量不断变化,在‘黄花’梨果皮中的表达量明显高于‘绿黄花’梨。推测 PpyHHT基因可能参与砂梨果实褐色/绿色性状的形成。     

Linkage maps of the apple ( Malus × domestica Borkh.) cvs ‘Ralls Janet’ and ‘Delicious’ include newly developed EST markers

Two apple genetic linkage maps were constructed using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), simple sequence repeats (SSRs), random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), and expressed sequence tag (EST)-derived markers in combination with a pseudo-testcross mapping strategy in which the cultivars ‘Ralls Janet’ and ‘Delicious’ were used as the respective seed parents. Mitsubakaido (Malus sieboldii) was used as the pollen parent for each of the segregating F₁ populations. Expressed sequence tag data were obtained from the random sequencing of cDNA libraries constructed from in vitro cultured shoots and maturing fruits of cv ‘Fuji’, which is the offspring of a cross between ‘Ralls Janet’ and ‘Delicious’. In addition, a number of published gene sequences were used to develop markers for mapping. The ‘Ralls Janet’ map consisted of 346 markers (178 AFLPs, 95 RAPDs, 54 SSRs, 18 ESTs, and the S locus) in 17 linkage groups, with a total length of 1082 cM, while that of ‘Delicious’ comprised 300 markers (120 AFLPs, 81 RAPDs, 64 SSRs, 32 ESTs, and the S, Rf, and MdACS-1 loci) on 17 linkage groups spanning 1031 cM. These maps are amenable to comparisons with previously published maps of ‘Fiesta’ and ‘Discovery’ (Liebhard et al., Mol Breed 10:217–241, 2002; Liebhard et al., Theor Appl Genet 106:1497–1508, 2003a) because several of the SSRs (one to three markers per linkage group) were used in all of the maps. Distorted marker segregation was observed in three and two regions of the ‘Ralls Janet’ and ‘Delicious’ maps, respectively. These regions were localized in different parts of the genome from those in previously reported apple linkage maps. This marker distortion may be dependent on the combinations of cultivars used for map construction.     

‘云香’水仙NtNAC2基因的克隆及功能分析

该研究选用多花水仙新品种‘云香’为材料,采用RT PCR技术克隆得到NtNAC2,其开放阅读框为936 bp,编码311个氨基酸。生物信息学分析显示,NtNAC2在N端含有NAM保守结构域,与单子叶植物芦笋、番红花和石斛等具有较近的进化关系。实时荧光定量检测显示,花瓣和副冠中NtNAC2基因的表达量随花器官发育逐渐上升,衰败期达到峰值;在ABA、MeJA、SA、H₂O₂、50 ℃、NaCl和PEG胁迫处理下,水仙根和叶中NtNAC2基因的表达量上调,且表现出时空表达特异性。为进一步鉴定其功能,构建植物表达载体转化烟草,获得10株转基因烟草,经半定量RT PCR检测NtNAC2在转基因植株中过表达。高盐和干旱胁迫处理后转基因植株根长为野生型的2~3倍,叶片失水率低于30%,存活率高于60%。研究表明,‘云香’水仙NtNAC2的过量表达提高了转基因烟草的抗旱性和耐盐性,可作为水仙抗逆分子育种的重要候选基因。     

‘凤丹’牡丹PoKAS基因的克隆及表达分析

为探究‘凤丹’牡丹(Paeonia ostii‘Feng Dan’)PoKAS基因在脂肪酸合成中的功能,从转录组数据中获得3个PoKAS基因,克隆基因全长并进行生物信息学分析,通过qRT-PCR检测它们在牡丹落花后第23、45、75、100和125天时的表达。结果显示：(1)克隆得到的3个基因序列全长分别为1 401、1 692和1 215 bp,分别编码466、563和404 aa;保守结构域分析发现,它们都含有KAS保守结构域,属于cond-enzymes超蛋白家族。(2)系统进化树将三者分为三大类,表明其在进化上相对独立,分别命名为PoKASⅠ、PoKASⅡ和PoKASⅢ(GenBank登录号分别为OP056413、OP056412和OP056414)。(3)qRT-PCR分析发现,在牡丹落花后种子发育的5个时期中,PoKASⅠ和PoKASⅡ基因在落花后75 d和45 d时的表达量分别显著高于其他发育时期;PoKASⅢ基因在落花后45～125 d时的表达量均显著高于落花后23 d,说明PoKASⅢ基因在牡丹种子脂肪酸合成的整个过程中发挥着重要作用,而PoKASⅡ基因主要在种子油脂...     

Micropropagation of Populus trichocarpa ‘Nisqually-1’: the genotype deriving the Populus reference genome

Populus serves as a model tree for biotechnology and molecular biology research due to the availability of the reference genome sequence of Populus trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray) genotype ‘Nisqually-1’. However, ‘Nisqually-1’ has been shown to be very recalcitrant to micropropagation, regeneration and transformation. In this study, a highly efficient micropropagation protocol from greenhouse-grown shoot tips of ‘Nisqually-1’ was established. The optimal micropropagation protocol involves growing in vitro shoots in plant growth regulator-free Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 3% sucrose, 0.3% Gelrite^? and 5–10 g L⁻¹ of activated charcoal. Plants grown on this medium were significantly longer, and contained significantly higher concentrations of chlorophyll. This highly effective protocol provides a consistent supply of quality leaf and stem materials throughout the year for transformation experiments and other in vitro manipulations, therefore eliminating inconsistency due to seasonal and greenhouse environmental variations and the need for repetitive tissue sterilization.     

东方百合‘演员’DXS基因的克隆与表达分析

以东方百合‘演员’花瓣为试验材料,采用RACE技术,克隆得到百合1-脱氧木酮糖-5-磷酸合成酶基因DXS的cDNA全长,命名为LeDXS(GenBank登录号为MF576067)。序列分析表明,LeDXS基因cDNA序列全长2 471bp,其中开放阅读框包含2 142bp,编码713个氨基酸,相对分子量大小约为76.3kD,等电点为6.65,化学式为C_(3370)H_(5374)N_(942)O_(1016)S_(32)。系统进化分析结果显示,LeDXS与猕猴桃和万寿菊DXS聚为一类,属于Ⅰ型DXS,是功能较保守的一类。实时荧光定量PCR结果分析表明,LeDXS基因在不同品种百合花瓣中均有表达,且浓香型百合DXS基因表达量比淡香型和无香型百合高。该研究结果为百合DXS生物学功能研究奠定了基础,同时也为百合花香育种提供了理论依据。     

‘全红’杨PdHY5转录因子基因的克隆及功能分析

HY5(ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5)转录因子在花青素的生物合成方面具有重要的作用。该研究以‘全红’杨叶片为材料,克隆了PdHY5基因,对其进行生物信息学分析;并通过农杆菌介导的叶盘法转化烟草,对其进行功能分析。结果显示：(1)PdHY5基因开放阅读框(ORF)长度为510 bp,共编码169个氨基酸。多序列比对和系统进化分析表明,‘全红’杨PdHY5蛋白具有bZIP家族蛋白的保守结构域,与毛果杨PtHY5蛋白亲缘关系最近。(2)成功构建过表达载体pNP1302 35S PdHY5,经潮霉素筛选获得了4个转基因烟草株系(S1~S4)。(3)qRT PCR结果表明,PdHY5基因在4个过表达株系中的表达量显著高于野生型(WT),且S4株系的表达量最高, S1最低;同时过表达株系的花青素生物合成途径关键基因CHS、F3H及FLS的表达水平较WT均显著上调。(4)叶片花色素苷的相对含量在转基因烟草株系S2、S3、S4中较WT显著上调,分别增加了128.23%、97.36%和134.20%。研究表明,过表达PdHY5基因调控了烟草本身花青素生物合成途径中结构基因的表达,从而促进了花青素的积累。     

A framework map from grapevine V3125 (Vitis vinifera ‘Schiava grossa’?×?‘Riesling’)?×?rootstock cultivar ‘B?rner’ (Vitis riparia?×?Vitis cinerea) to localize genetic determinants of phylloxera root resistance

Grapevine rootstock cultivar ‘B?rner’ is a hybrid of Vitis riparia and Vitis cinerea Arnold that shows high resistance to phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch). To localize the determinants of phylloxera root resistance, the susceptible grapevine V3125 (Vitis vinifera ‘Schiava grossa’ × ‘Riesling’) was crossed to ‘B?rner’. Genetic framework maps were built from the progeny. 235 microsatellite markers were placed on the integrated parental map. They cover 1,155.98 cM on 19 linkage groups with an average marker distance of 4.8 cM. Phylloxera resistance was scored by counting nodosities after inoculation of the root system. Progeny plants were triplicated and experimentally infected in 2 years. A scan of the genetic maps indicated a quantitative trait locus on linkage group 13. This region was targeted by six microsatellite-type markers newly developed from the V. vinifera model genome sequence. Two of these appear closely linked to the trait, and can be useful for marker-assisted breeding.     

Overexpression of Arabidopsis thaliana Na+/H+ antiporter gene enhanced salt resistance in transgenic poplar (Populus?×?euramericana ‘Neva’)

Salinity is a major abiotic stress factor limiting plant growth and productivity. One possible method to enhance plant salt-resistance is to compartmentalize sodium ions away from the cytosol. In the present work, a vacuolar Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter gene AtNHX1 from Arabidopsis thaliana, was transferred into Populus × euramericana ‘Neva’ by Agrobacterium tumefaciens in order to enhance poplar salt-resistance. The results showed that the transgenic poplar were more resistant to NaCl than the wild-type (WT) in greenhouse condition. Compared with the WT, plant growth and photosynthetic capacity of the transgenic plants were enhanced, and the transgenic plants accumulated more Na⁺ and K⁺ in roots and leaves under the same NaCl condition, whereas malondialdehyde and relative electrical conductivity were lower. All of these properties of the transgenic poplar were likely to be a consequence of the overexpression of AtNHX1 caused Na⁺ sequestration in the vacuoles and improved K⁺ absorption, thus reducing their toxic effects. These results indicated overexpression of the AtNHX1 enhanced salt-resistance of poplar, and AtNHX1 played an important role in the compartmentation of Na⁺ into the vacuoles. Therefore, this study provides an effective way for improving salt resistance in trees.     

‘砀山酥梨’及其褐色果皮芽变PbXET基因克隆与表达分析

为研究‘砀山酥梨’及其褐皮芽变木葡聚糖转葡糖苷酶基因(PbXET)表达水平差异,该实验利用RACE技术,克隆了梨PbXET基因;采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,分析了梨树叶片、果皮和果肉等不同组织及花后不同时期果皮中PbXET基因表达差异。结果表明:(1)梨PbXET3(KJ690921)和PbXET4(KJ690922)开放阅读框分别为903bp和891bp,分别编码300和296个氨基酸;氨基酸序列聚类分析显示,PbXET3与苹果MdXET-3以及PbXET4与苹果MdXET-5的亲缘关系最近。(2)半定量PCR分析显示,花后150d,PbXET3和PbXET4基因在‘砀山酥梨’和‘锈酥’不同组织中均有表达,且PbXET3在叶片中表达量很低,在果皮、果肉中表达相对较强,其中叶片中PbXET3表达量低于PbXET4,而果肉和果皮中PbXET3的表达均明显高于PbXET4。(3)荧光定量PCR分析发现,在‘砀山酥梨’和‘锈酥’果皮中,PbXET3和PbXET4基因不同时期的表达量变化趋势不同;与‘砀山酥梨’相比,果皮颜色发生变化(花后100d)之后,‘锈酥’果皮中PbXET3表达量骤减;而果皮颜色发生变化(花后100d)之前,PbXET4表达量均显著降低。由此推测,PbXET3和PbXET4基因参与了‘锈酥’果皮褐色形成的调节,其表达水平差异可能是改变‘锈酥’表皮细胞结构的重要原因之一。     

Contesting the ‘model minority’: racialization,youth culture and ‘British Chinese’/‘Oriental’ nights

While racialized youth are often central in debates on citizenship, multiculturalism and belonging, those ascribed as ‘British Chinese’ are constructed as model minorities, lacking a hybridized culture but insulated from racism, and thus invisible in these discussions. This article argues, however, that the model minority discourse is itself a specific form of contemporary racialization that revives ‘yellow peril’ discourses on the capacities of particular ‘Oriental’ bodies. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, it examines how young people challenge these constructions, by drawing on popular culture to organize and participate in what they call ‘British Chinese’ and, more provocatively, ‘Oriental’ nightlife spaces. It analyses how through these spaces participants forge a sense of identity that allows them to reimagine themselves as racialized subjects. It demonstrates how these spaces constitute transient sites of experimental belonging, facilitating new cultural politics and social identifications that at once contest reified conceptions of British Chineseness yet also create new exclusions.     

基于转录组挖掘‘云香’水仙萜类合成基因及NaIDI的克隆

为深入挖掘中国水仙转录组中萜类合成相关基因,了解中国水仙萜类代谢途径和分子调控机制,该研究以‘云香’水仙为材料,在其盛花期花瓣与副冠转录组测序的基础上,筛选已注释的萜类合成途径基因并利用NCBI blastn进行再注释,通过对部分候选基因的表达量与生物信息分析进一步筛选出代表基因,采用RT PCR技术克隆了水仙异戊烯基焦磷酸异构酶基因NaIDI,并对其蛋白序列与特异性表达进行分析。结果表明：(1)Blast比对筛选得到52 个与萜类合成上游途径相关的Unigenes,二次筛选获得11个显著差异表达的代表基因。(2)NaIDI基因开放阅读框(ORF)长度为858 bp,编码285个氨基酸,其氨基酸序列与‘金盏银台’水仙相似度97.19%;亚细胞定位预测显示该基因定位在叶绿体;系统进化分析表明其与芦笋亲缘关系比较近。(3)实时荧光定量分析结果表明,NaIDI基因在水仙开花的不同时期和不同组织器官中差异表达显著,且在盛花期时副冠中的表达量最高,与中国水仙挥发性萜类化合物在开花不同时期和不同组织器官中的表达规律一致,表明NaIDI在萜类代谢中发挥着一定作用。     

Takeoff flight performance and plumage wettability in Cassin’s Auklet Ptychoramphus aleuticus, Xantus’s Murrelet Synthliboramphus hypoleucus and Leach’s Storm-petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa

Due to their marine habitats and distinctive foraging modes, seabirds face unique challenges with respect to flying that are negotiated differently by various species. One such challenge is taking off from the water with wet plumage. This study evaluated plumage wettability and takeoff performance in three seabird species: two wing-propelled divers with high wing loading, Cassin’s Auklet Ptychoramphus aleuticus and Xantus’s Murrelet Synthliboramphus hypoleucus; and Leach’s Storm-petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa, a surface feeder with low wing loading. The plumages of the diving birds held less water than that of O. leucorhoa (~6.7% of body mass vs 9.5%). This difference is explained by O. leucorhoa’s surface to volume ratio being larger than that of the alcids. Furthermore, the alcids have afterfeathers larger than those of O. leucorhoa, which promotes a better insulation during diving. Examination of takeoff performance both before and after experimentally submerging the birds indicated that wingbeat frequency, speed and mass-specific power (peak and mean), and energy per wingbeat decreased in all species when plumage was experimentally wetted, whereas mean acceleration increased. O. leucorhoa was more strongly affected by wet plumage than the alcids, with a 32% of reduction in mass-specific energy per wingbeat compared to ≤25% in the alcids. Takeoff angle was reduced in alcids, but not significantly so in O. leucorhoa. Our results offer insights into the takeoff mechanics problems of wet seabirds given their differences in life history and morphology.     

紫玉兰‘红元宝'Ml3GT1基因的克隆及表达分析

UDP-类黄酮3-O-葡萄糖基转移酶(3GT)是花青素生物合成途径的重要催化酶之一。为研究其在紫玉兰花青素苷合成途径中的作用,该文以紫玉兰品种‘红元宝''(Magnolia liliflora ‘Hongyuanbao'')为材料,根据转录组测序获得的3GT序列设计引物,利用RT-PCR技术克隆花青素苷生物合成途径中的结构基因Ml3GT1,并对其进行生物信息学和表达模式分析。结果表明:(1)Ml3GT1基因的cDNA序列长度为1 863 bp,其中最长开放阅读框(ORF)为1 374 bp,编码一条457 aa的肽链,相对分子质量为49.37 kDa,理论等电点(pI)为6.04。(2)氨基酸序列比对显示其具备典型的植物次生产物糖基转移酶信号序列(PSPG box)。(3)系统发育分析结果表明,Ml3GT1蛋白与小苍兰、矮牵牛、番薯等物种的3GT蛋白聚在一支。(4)qRT-PCR结果显示Ml3GT1基因的表达具有时空特异性,在花中的表达量最高,在嫩叶和老叶中有少量表达,而在根和茎中几乎不表达; 随着花的发育,Ml3GT1基因的表达量呈现先降低后升高的趋势,并在盛花期达到最高。上述结果表明,Ml3GT1可能参与类黄酮3-O的糖基化修饰,本研究结果将为木兰属植物花色育种研究奠定基础。     

墨兰‘达摩’原叶绿素酸酯氧化还原酶基因CsPORB功能的初步研究

为了解墨兰‘达摩’(Cymbidium sinense ‘Dharma’)的POR基因功能,从其嫩叶中克隆得到CsPORB基因。CsPORB的开放阅读框长度为1 200 bp,编码399个氨基酸,CsPORB分子量为43.13 kDa,理论等电点9.30;Cs PORB与其他物种的POR蛋白序列高度同源,在进化关系上较为保守;qRT-PCR表达分析表明,CsPORB在墨兰不同发育阶段和不同组织中的表达有明显差异,其集中于生长旺盛的嫩叶中表达。经高表达转基因表型验证,35S:CsPORB转拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)植株中PORB及其下游叶绿素合成代谢酶活性显著提高,叶绿素含量增加,尤其在黑暗处理1周后,35S:CsPORB转基因植株仍表现持绿表型。因此,CsPORB基因可能在墨兰‘达摩’叶绿素合成代谢中发挥重要作用。     

‘新陆早33号’棉花转基因体系建立及AtPGIP1基因的导入

利用生物技术方法对棉花进行遗传改良主要限于有效的遗传转化系统。以新疆主栽优良陆地棉品种‘新陆早33号’为材料,利用下胚轴作为外植体对影响农杆菌介导的棉花遗传转化及体细胞胚胎发生的因素进行研究,成功建立了除草剂Basta筛选的棉花遗传转化技术体系。同时将植物抗病相关基因多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制蛋白基因AtPGIP1导入棉花,经过对再生转化植株的PCR鉴定,初步证明外源基因已经整合到棉花基因组。研究发现:Basta是棉花遗传转化中很有效的筛选剂,低浓度Basta(2.5mg/L)就能够获得很好的筛选效果;较低的共培养温度(20℃)及合适的农杆菌浓度(OD600=0.5)有助于提高转化效率。该研究结果表明,‘新陆早33号’具备作为棉花优良遗传转化受体的基本特征,研究中获得的15株AtPGIP1转基因植株经PCR分子检测均为阳性植株。该研究为新疆棉区棉花分子生物学研究及转基因育种研究奠定了重要基础。     

Special Issue on‘‘Computational Cardiology’’

<正>We are pleased to announce a special issue on‘‘Computational Cardiology’’of the journal Genomics,ProteomicsBioinformatics(GPB),aiming to provide a platform for high-quality papers focusing on the topic and we invite submissions for this special issue(to be published in the fall of 2015).Dr.Benjamin Meder(University of Heidelberg and German Center for Cardiovascular Research–DZHK     

‘砀山酥梨’褐皮芽变中两个ERF基因的克隆与表达分析

为了解梨(Pyrus bretschneideri)中ERF基因的功能, 采用3'' RACE 和PCR 技术从‘砀山酥梨’中克隆了两个ERF基因, 并对其表达进行了分析。克隆的两个ERF基因都具有典型的AP2/ERF 结构域, 属于ERF基因家族, 分别命名为PbERF2 和PbERF4, GenBank 登录号分别为KJ623716 和KJ623718。系统进化分析表明, PbERF2 与枇杷ERF1, PbERF4 与黄瓜ERF1的亲缘关系较近。表达分析表明, PbERF2 和PbERF4 在叶片中几乎不表达, 果皮中的表达量高于果肉;‘锈酥’果皮3 个发育时期的PbERF2 和 PbERF4 表达量均显著高于‘砀山酥梨’, 且均呈现先上升后下降的趋势。这为深入研究梨ERF基因家族的作用机理提供了理论依据。