局部灼伤对小麦幼苗外源茉莉酸吸收与运转的影响

采用示踪技术探索了3H－JA的运输和分配规律及其受伤害胁迫的影响,外源3H－JA能够在小麦幼苗体内向上和向下运输,局部灼伤其运输与分配都发生了改变,从小麦根系饲喂的3H－JA,在植株内的分布量依序为根＞茎＞叶,时间较长（4h)时分配于心叶的3H0JA大大增加,当叶片受到局部灼伤时3H－JA向地上部的输出量减少,但局部灼伤可加快由心叶饲喂的3H－JA的向下运输,改变3H－JA在小麦幼苗各部位的分配比率。心叶饲喂短时间（5min)时,3H－JA主要积累在受到伤胁迫的展开叶（第2叶）中,向展开叶（第2叶）饲喂 的3H－JA向下运输的速率高于向上运输的速率。推测JA运输及分配的变化可能在植株的防御反应中起重要作用。     

局部灼伤对茉莉酸在蚕豆幼苗中运输和分配的影响

用示踪技术研究了3H-JA (jasmonic acid)在双子叶植物蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)中的运输和分配规律以及局部灼伤对其运输与分配的影响.外源3H-JA 能够以高于4～5 cm*min-1的速率在蚕豆幼苗体内向上和向下运输.幼叶局部灼伤能提高3H-JA的向上运输能力,促进3H-JA向受伤部位的调运;增加3H-JA向成熟叶片下表皮的运输分配比率;阻止3H-JA从受伤部位的向外输出.据此推测,伤胁迫下JA的运输与分配的改变可能与植物体防御伤反应密切相关,并有可能参与了对气孔运动的调控.     

局部灼伤对茉莉酸在蚕豆幼苗中运输和分配的影响

用示踪技术研究了3 H_JA (jasmonicacid)在双子叶植物蚕豆 (ViciafabaL .)中的运输和分配规律以及局部灼伤对其运输与分配的影响。外源3 H_JA能够以高于 4～ 5cm·min-1的速率在蚕豆幼苗体内向上和向下运输。幼叶局部灼伤能提高3 H_JA的向上运输能力 ,促进3 H_JA向受伤部位的调运 ;增加3 H_JA向成熟叶片下表皮的运输分配比率 ;阻止3 H_JA从受伤部位的向外输出。据此推测 ,伤胁迫下JA的运输与分配的改变可能与植物体防御伤反应密切相关 ,并有可能参与了对气孔运动的调控     

高温胁迫对~(14)C-水杨酸在葡萄苗中运转分配的影响

用 38℃高温和 2 7℃正常温度分别处理14 C SA标记的葡萄幼苗叶片 1,3,6 ,12h ,发现常温下14 C SA向外运转的很少 ,而高温下向外运转的更少。高温处理和常温对照的14 C SA都既向上运输又向下运输 ,以向下运输为主 ,但无论向上运输还是向下运输 ,高温下要比常温下运输的少一些。在常温下 1,3,6h ,14 C SA以根系分配的最多 ,12h以茎中分配最多 ,而在高温处理下 1,3h以根中分配最多 ,6 ,12h则以茎中分配最多。高温处理和常温对照下都是离引入叶越近的茎段和叶片 (除引入叶 ) ,14 C SA含量越高     

高温胁迫对14C-水杨酸在葡萄苗中运转分配的影响

用38℃高温和27℃正常温度分别处理14C-SA标记的葡萄幼苗叶片1,3,6,12h,发现常温下14C-SA向外运转的很少,而高温下向外运转的更少。高温处 理和常温对照的14C-SA都既向上运输又向下运输,以向下运输为主,但无论向上运输还是向下运输,高温下要比常温下运输的少一些。在常温下1,3,6h,14C-SA 以根系分配的最多,12h以茎中分配最多,而在高温处理下1,3h以根中分配最多,6,12h则以茎中分配最多。高温处理和常温对照下都是离引入叶越近的茎 段和叶片(除引入叶),14C-SA含量越高。     

小麦非结构性碳水化合物分配对水分胁迫的生理响应

以‘西旱2号’小麦为试材,采用水分胁迫和复水处理方法,研究了小麦发育过程中不同水分胁迫下非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)在小麦旗叶、茎、叶鞘等器官中的动态变化,以及籽粒中碳代谢相关酶(可溶性淀粉合成酶SSS和淀粉粒结合态合成酶GBSS)活性的变化.结果表明:不同程度水分胁迫对小麦旗叶、茎、叶鞘等器官中蔗糖含量无显著影响.随水分胁迫的深入,花后12～ 18 d旗叶中淀粉含量显著增加;水分胁迫缩短了花后茎和叶鞘中淀粉的积累时间,抑制了茎中淀粉的转化和分配;而叶鞘中淀粉的积累逐渐增大,在中度水分胁迫下积累提前终止.在水分胁迫初期,各营养器官中的NSC含量为旗叶＞茎＞叶鞘;随着水分胁迫的深入,各营养器官中的NSC含量为茎＞旗叶＞叶鞘.小麦主要营养器官中NSC的分配速率及主要代谢酶的变化可能是小麦对水分胁迫的一种生理调节反应.     

高温胁迫对14C—水杨酸在葡萄苗中运转分配的影响

用38度高温和27度正常温度分别处理14C－SA标记的葡萄幼苗叶片1,3,6,12h,发现常温下14C－SA向外运转的很少,而高温下向外运转的更少。高温处理和常温对照的14C－SA都既向上运输又向下运输,以向下运输为主,但无向上运输还是向下运输,高温下要比常温下运输的少一些,在常温下1,3,6h,14C-SA以根系分配的最多,12h以茎中分配最多,而在高温处理下1,3h以根中分配最多,6,12h则以茎中分配最多。高温处理和常温对照下都对离引入叶越近的茎段和叶片（除引入叶）,14C－SA含量越高。     

巨桉凋落叶分解初期对菊苣生长和光合特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,于2010年3-5月在四川农业大学教学科研园区内研究了巨桉凋落叶分解初期对受体植物菊苣幼苗生长和光合特性的影响.试验设置CK (0 g·pot-1)、A1(30 g·pot-1)、A2(60 g·pot-1)和A3 (90 g·pot-1)4个凋落叶施用水平,将各处理的凋落叶分别与12 kg土壤混合后装盆,播种菊苣,分别在播种30、45、60和75 d测定菊苣生长指标,待凋落叶量的最高处理组A3植株第3片真叶完全展开后,测定菊苣叶片的光合生理指标.结果表明:在各测定时间下,不同巨桉凋落叶施用水平的菊苣生物量积累和叶面积增长受到显著抑制;在凋落叶分解初期,菊苣幼苗叶片光合色素合成受到明显抑制,且随着凋落叶施用量增加抑制作用加大,各处理幼苗的光合速率日变化均呈午休双峰型曲线,气孔导度和水分利用效率的变化趋势与净光合速率相同,日光合总量表现为CK＞A1 ＞A2 ＞A3.经GC-MS定期检测,凋落叶中有33种小分子化合物随着凋落叶的分解而逐步释放,以具有化感作用的萜类物质为主.     

HgCl2胁迫对小麦幼苗水分利用效率和叶绿素含量的影响

水通道蛋白(aquaporin,AQP)是植物体内水分吸收和运输的通道.以小麦品种石4185的幼苗为材料,在正常供水供养条件下,采用不同浓度的AQP抑制剂HgCl2对其根部进行胁迫处理,研究植株水分利用效率等性状的变化,以明确水通道蛋白与水分利用效率(WUE)的关系.结果表明:(1)小麦水通道蛋白在受到HgCl2抑制后,其幼苗的单株生物量和单株WUE(生物学产量干重/耗水量)显著低于对照处理,并且随着HgCl2浓度的增加呈逐渐下降趋势.(2)处理后植株24 h5、d和14 d的单株耗水量均显著低于对照组.(3)HgCl2胁迫处理后5 min内小麦叶片叶绿素含量持续下降,处理24 h的含量均远低于初始值,并且随胁迫时间延长处理叶片逐渐变黄.研究发现,HgCl2在抑制小麦幼苗水通道蛋白的同时,也对其光合作用相关酶和蛋白质体在短时间内产生一定影响,从而阻碍幼苗正常生长.     

外源NO提高小麦幼苗抗旱性的生理机制

以小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种'豫麦49'为材料,采用50μmol·L-1SNP(NO供体)处理自然干旱和PEG模拟干旱下的小麦幼苗,分析外源NO对水分胁迫下小麦幼苗相对含水量、光合速率、细胞膜透性以及茎叶中关键性离子含量的影响.结果显示:自然干旱10 d后,对照组幼苗几乎全部枯死,而50μmol·L-1SNP处理幼苗并未发生枯死,其幼苗在旱后复水2 d后能完全恢复正常生长;在25%PEG-6000模拟干旱条件下,50μmol·L-1SNP处理也能明显改善受胁迫小麦幼苗长势.50μmol·L-1SNP处理使模拟干旱胁迫下小麦叶片的相对含水量显著提高15.98%,净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)分别显著提高47.11%和42.86%,而胞间CO2浓度(GI)显著降低了8.19%;也使小麦组织浸出液电导率显著降低30%,茎叶的K 含量显著增加24.55%(P<0.01).研究发现,外源NO既可通过降低小麦幼苗叶片蒸腾来维持较高的叶片相对含水量,缓解因干旱缺水对植株的伤害;又可增加K 在茎叶中积累,减轻干旱胁迫对小麦幼苗细胞膜伤害,维持干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗较高的光合速率,以确保植株正常生长和有机物质积累.     

Transport of [2-14C]jasmonic acid from leaves to roots mimics wound-induced changes in endogenous jasmonic acid pools in Nicotiana sylvestris

Jasmonic acid (JA) is part of a long-distance signal-transduction pathway that effects increases in de-novo nicotine synthesis in the roots of Nicotiana sylvestris Speg et Comes (Solanaceae) after leaf wounding. Elevated nicotine synthesis increases whole-plant nicotine pools and makes plants more resistant to herbivores. Leaf wounding rapidly increases JA pools in damaged leaves, and after a 90-min delay, root JA pools also increase. The systemic response in the roots could result from either: (i) the direct transport of JA from wounded leaves, or (ii) JA synthesis or its release from conjugates in roots in response to a second, systemic signal. We synthesized [2-¹⁴C]JA, and applied it to a single leaf in a quantity (189 μg) known to elicit both a whole-plant nicotine and root JA response equivalent to that found in plants subjected to leaf wounding. We quantified radioactive material in JA, and in metabolites both more and less polar than JA, from treated and untreated leaves and roots of plants in eight harvests after JA application. [2-¹⁴C]Jasmonic acid was transported from treated leaves to roots at rates and in quantities equivalent to the wound-induced changes in endogenous JA pools. The [2-¹⁴C]JA that had been transported to the roots declined at the same rate as endogenous JA pools in the roots of plants after leaf wounding. Most of the labeled material applied to leaves was metabolized or otherwise immobilized at the application site, and the levels of [2-¹⁴C]JA in untreated leaves did not increase over time. We measured the free JA pools before and after four different hydrolytic extractions of root and shoot tissues to estimate the size of the potential JA conjugate pools, and found them to be 10% or less of the free JA pool. We conclude that the direct transport of wound-induced JA from leaves to roots can account for the systemic increase in root JA pools after leaf wounding, and that metabolism into less polar structures determines the duration of this systemic increase. However, the conclusive falsification of this hypothesis will require the suppression of all other signalling pathways which could have shoot-to-root transport kinetics similar to that of endogenous JA. Received: 14 April 1997 / Accepted: 9 June 1997     

Distal transport of exogenously applied jasmonoyl-isoleucine with wounding stress

Determining the mobile signal used by plants to defend against biotic and abiotic stresses has proved elusive, but jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives appear to be involved. Using deuterium-labeled analogs, we investigated the distal transport of JA and jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) in response to leaf wounding in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. We recovered [(2)H(2)-2]JA ([(2)H(2)]JA) and [(2)H(3)-12]JA-Ile ([(2)H(3)]JA-Ile) in distal leaves of N. tabacum and S. lycopersicum after treating wounded leaves with [(2)H(2)]JA or [(2)H(3)]JA-Ile. We found that JA-Ile had a greater mobility than JA, despite its lower polarity, and that application of exogenous JA-Ile to wounded leaves of N. tabacum led to a higher accumulation of JA and JA-Ile in distal leaves compared with wounded control plants. We also found that exudates from the stem of S. lycopersicum plants with damaged leaflets contained JA and JA-Ile at higher levels than in an undamaged plant, and a significant difference in the levels of JA-Ile was observed 30 min after wounding. Based on these results, it was found that JA-Ile is a transportable compound, which suggests that JA-Ile is a signaling cue involved in the resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants.     

机械伤害和外施茉莉酸对巴西橡胶树次生乳管分化的局部效应及其与茉莉酸分布的关系

采用同位素示踪技术和实验形态学的方法揭示茉莉酸在木本植物巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis Mull．Arg．)中的分布和运输的特点,并分析其与机械伤害和外施茉莉酸对巴西橡胶树次生乳管分化的诱导效应之间的关系。外施的茉莉酸进入体内后,在较长时间内大部分集中在施用部位。机械伤害阻止外施的茉莉酸进入体内,同时,又使进入的茉莉酸阻滞在受伤部位的附近。与茉莉酸在草本植物中可以向上和向下运输的情况不同,茉莉酸在木本植物巴西橡胶树中主要是向下运输的。机械伤害和外施茉莉酸对巴西橡胶树次生乳管分化的诱导效应是局部的,只在受伤和施用茉莉酸部位的树皮中诱导次生乳管的形成。机械伤害削弱外源茉莉酸对次生乳管分化的诱导效应,这与机械伤害阻止外源茉莉酸进入有关。研究结果表明,体内高水平的茉莉酸是诱导巴西橡胶树次生乳管分化所必需的。     

机械伤害和外施茉莉酸对巴西橡胶树次生乳管分化的局部效应及其与茉莉酸分布的关系

采用同位素示踪技术和实验形态学的方法揭示茉莉酸在木本植物巴西橡胶树(Hevea brasiliensis Mull.Arg.)中的分布和运输的特点,并分析其与机械伤害和外施茉莉酸对巴西橡胶树次生乳管分化的诱导效应之间的关系.外施的茉莉酸进入体内后,在较长时间内大部分集中在施用部位.机械伤害阻止外施的茉莉酸进入体内,同时,又使进入的茉莉酸阻滞在受伤部位的附近.与茉莉酸在草本植物中可以向上和向下运输的情况不同,茉莉酸在木本植物巴西橡胶树中主要是向下运输的.机械伤害和外施茉莉酸对巴西橡胶树次生乳管分化的诱导效应是局部的,只在受伤和施用茉莉酸部位的树皮中诱导次生乳管的形成.机械伤害削弱外源茉莉酸对次生乳管分化的诱导效应,这与机械伤害阻止外源茉莉酸进入有关.研究结果表明,体内高水平的茉莉酸是诱导巴西橡胶树次生乳管分化所必需的.     

Systemic induction of H2O2 in pea seedlings pretreated by wounding and exogenous jasmonic acid

Mechanical stress was one of stresses with whichplants often met. With the development of fruit andvegetable finish machining in food industry, artificialinjury also appeared. As response to other stresses,plants have evolved with some adaptive mechanismsto cope with wounding[1]. Jasmonic acid (JA) andmethyl jasmonate (MeJA), as important signal mole-cules in plant response to wounding, have attracted agreat deal of attention. The studies on some crops, suchas potato[2], rice[3], and tomato[…     

Kinetics of the Accumulation of Jasmonic Acid and Its Derivatives in Systemic Leaves of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc) and Translocation of Deuterium-Labeled Jasmonic Acid from the Wounding Site to the Systemic Site

In plants, the mobile signal needed for wound-induced systemic acquired resistance (WSR) has been elusive. The signal compound involved in WSR is supposed to be JA or its derivatives. On the basis of kinetic study of the accumulation of JA or its derivatives, it was discovered that JA, JA-Ile, tuberonic acid (TA, 12-OH epi-JA), and tuberonic acid glucoside (TAG) accumulated in systemic tissues in response to mechanical wounding stress in the tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum). Attempts to recover deuterium-labeled JA in systemic leaves after feeding the wounded leaves with deuterium-labeled JA were successfully done. It was also found that the translocated deuterium-labeled JA was metabolized to TA in systemic leaves under feeding of deuterium-labeled JA to the wounding leaves.     

GTR1 is a jasmonic acid and jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine transporter in Arabidopsis thaliana

Jasmonates are major plant hormones involved in wounding responses. Systemic wounding responses are induced by an electrical signal derived from damaged leaves. After the signaling, jasmonic acid (JA) and jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine (JA-Ile) are translocated from wounded to undamaged leaves, but the molecular mechanism of the transport remains unclear. Here, we found that a JA-Ile transporter, GTR1, contributed to these translocations in Arabidopsis thaliana. GTR1 was expressed in and surrounding the leaf veins both of wounded and undamaged leaves. Less accumulations and translocation of JA and JA-Ile were observed in undamaged leaves of gtr1 at 30 min after wounding. Expressions of some genes related to wound responses were induced systemically in undamaged leaves of gtr1. These results suggested that GTR1 would be involved in the translocation of JA and JA-Ile in plant and may be contributed to correct positioning of JA and JA-Ile to attenuate an excessive wound response in undamaged leaves.     

Herbivory and caterpillar regurgitants amplify the wound-induced increases in jasmonic acid but not nicotine in Nicotiana sylvestris

Both herbivory and mechanical damage result in increases in the concentration of the wound-signal molecule, jasmonic acid (JA), and the defense metabolite, nicotine, in native tobacco plants, Nicotiana sylvestris Speg. et Comes (Solanaceae). We found that higher concentrations of JA resulted from herbivory by Manduca sexta (L.) larvae than from the mechanical damage designed to mimic the herbivory. While both herbivory and mechanical damage increased JA concentrations in roots of wounded plants, herbivory did not induce either higher root JA or nicotine responses than mechanical damage. In a separate experiment in which mechanical damage was not designed to mimic herbivory, JA responses to herbivory were higher than those to mechanical damage, but the whole-plant (WP) nicotine responses were smaller. Furthermore, when regurgitants from M. sexta larvae were applied to standardized mechanical leaf wounds, leaf JA responses were dramatically amplified. However, neither the root JA response nor the WP nicotine response was comparably amplified by application of regurgitants. Our findings demonstrate that the response of N. sylvestris to herbivory is different from its response to mechanical damage; moreover, oral secretions from larvae may be partly responsible for the difference. During feeding, M. sexta larvae appear to modify the plant's normal defensive response to leaf wounding by reducing the systemic increase in root JA after leaf damage and the subsequent WP nicotine response. Received: 28 February 1997 / Accepted: 9 June 1997     

水分胁迫下ABA由蚕豆根向地上部的运输及其在叶片组织中的分布

蚕豆根装载的３Ｈ－ＡＢＡ可经５．６ｃｍ／ｍｉｎ以上的速率向冠部运输。短时间内（５ｍｉｎ）根运来的ＡＢＡ主要分布在有大量气孔密布的下表皮,但长时间内（３ｈ）则主要分布在对内组织中。抑制蒸腾可降低ＡＢＡ向叶片中的运输积累。光镜放射自显影术显示,根运来的ＡＢＡ可有效地在表皮细胞及保卫细胞的质外体积累。３Ｈ－ＡＢＡ由根向地上部快速运输及其在作用部位的有效积累,说明水分胁迫下蚕豆根部可以通过ＡＢＡ信号的传递控制气孔的行为。     

Jasmonic Acid is Induced in a Biphasic Manner in Response of Pea Seedlings to Wounding

The role of jasmonic acid (JA) in plant wounding response has been demonstrated. However, the source of JA in wound signaling remains unclear. In the present study, pea seedlings were used as material to investigate the systemic induction of JA and the activation of lipoxygenase (LOX)-dependent octadecanoid pathway upon wounding. The results showed that endogenous JA could induce two peaks in the wounded leaves and the stalks, while only one peak in the systemic leaves.LOX activity and its protein amount were also induced and the stimulation mainly occurred in the late phase, while one peak of induction was present after pretreatment with JA. Applied nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), an inhibitor of LOX activity, only inhibited the induction of JA in the late phase, and the resistance of pea was impaired. Furthermore, 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z), 11 (E)-octadecadienoic acid (13(S)-H(P)ODE) was confirmed to be the main product of LOX throughout the experimental time. In addition, immunocytochemical analysis also revealed the occurrence of JA biosynthesis and transport upon wounding. These results demonstrated that wound-induced JA in wounded leaves resulted from Its biosynthesis and conversion from its conjugates, while in systemic leaves resulted from its transport and biosynthesis; and proved that the LOX pathway was vital to the wound-induced defense response involved in JA biosynthesis.