水淹和不同贮藏方法对中华蚊母树种子萌发及其生理特征和幼苗生长活力的影响

以中华蚊母树(Distylium chinense)种子为材料,分别设置4个贮藏时间(0、30、60和90d),以及2m水淹(FSW)、低温沙藏(CSS)、低温干藏(CDS)、室温沙藏(RSS)、室温干藏(RDS)和低温层积(CSF)6个贮藏方式对种子进行贮藏实验,并测定分析各处理种子的萌发特性及其幼苗生长状况,明确不同储藏方式和时间对中华蚊母树种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:(1)CSF处理30d后,中华蚊母树的种子有65.37%发生霉烂,最后萌发种子数为贮藏种子的30.93%;FSW处理90d的种子的萌发率为35.67%。(2)室内贮藏90d后,CSS、CDS、RSS和RDS处理的种子萌发率较新鲜种子萌发率(26.37%)显著增大,并以4℃下CDS处理90d的种子萌发率最大(70.65%),萌发速率系数为1 956.97。(3)CDS处理90d的种子淀粉和蛋白质含量较新鲜种子分别降低了38.75%和20.16%,而可溶性糖含量增加了31.47%;FSW处理后的种子淀粉、蛋白质及可溶性糖含量均较新鲜种子显著降低,降幅分别为48.75%、62.62%和6.29%。(4)不同贮藏方式贮藏90d后,各处理间中华蚊母树幼苗的生长活力表现出显著差异,并以CDS处理的幼苗活力最高,而FSW处理的种子萌发后幼苗的活力显著低于其他贮藏方式。研究表明,低温条件下中华蚊母树种子萌发率及幼苗活力显著高于室温贮藏,可能是在低温贮藏条件下种子的贮藏物质由淀粉水解为可溶性糖,更利于种子吸收并为种子萌发提供了能量,从而加快了破除种子生理休眠的进程,而且中华蚊母树种子对水淹有一定的耐受性,故中华蚊母树可以作为三峡水库消落带高海拔区域植被恢复与重建优先考虑的物种。     

矮沙冬青种子特性和萌发影响因素的研究

 对矮沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus nanus)种子的特性和萌发影响因素进行了初步研究,结果表明：种子不易传播;虫蛀率高,室温贮藏60 d的种子虫害率为38%;易形成硬实,含水量为7.68%的种子在30 ℃温水中浸泡90 h,只有33.33%能吸水膨胀。种子萌发时不需光,在15～30 ℃和室温（18～32 ℃）条件下,经9 d的萌发,发芽率均可达80%以上,30℃时萌发最快;在1～2 cm深的沙壤中,种子出苗率可达75%以上,超过3 cm显著降低,超过6 cm则低于20%;种子在沙壤中萌发时,沙壤的适宜湿度为19.35%～28.75%,高于32.43%或低于3.85%,很少有种子萌发;含水量分别为19.36%、10.64% 和7.68%的种子发芽率无显著差异,在-10 ℃和5 ℃下贮藏7个月,发芽率也无显著降低,但在室温和35 ℃下贮藏7个月则显著下降,发芽率下降的速度与种子本身的含水量和贮藏温度正相关;在湿度分别为7.41%、13.79%和28.57%的沙壤中播种育苗,幼苗死亡率高达77.49%、81.25%和89.49%,即使用三唑酮拌种,死亡率亦高达50.27%、69.53%和76.03%,幼苗死亡率与沙壤湿度正相关。     

外来物种互花米草种子萌发的生态适应性

在3种条件即不同萌发温度和光照、不同贮藏温度和时间、不同盐浓度下,研究了互花米草种子萌发及胚生长特性.结果表明:在相同温度下,种子的萌发不受光照或黑暗条件影响,最适萌发温度为16/26℃(夜/昼)和25℃,萌发率高于90%;在-5℃、0℃、5℃、10℃的贮藏温度下,贮藏120 d的种子萌发率高于74%,表明种子能够安全越冬;当盐浓度为75～225 mmol·L~(-1)时,萌发率高于90%,150 mmol·L~(-1)的盐浓度较适宜胚的生长,胚芽鞘和胚轴的生长先于胚芽和胚根,盐溶液对胚轴、胚芽鞘的生长所产生的抑制作用小于胚根、胚芽,有利于已萌发的幼苗快速出土,适应多变的潮间带环境.     

贵州石笔木种子内源有机化合物及对种子萌发的影响

该研究采用浸提法和GC-MS检测了贵州石笔木种子内源有机化合物种类、相对含量,以及种皮和胚乳在不同溶剂、温度和浓度条件下的浸提物活性。结果表明:(1)种皮和胚乳中皆含有有机酸、烯、酯、醇、醛、酚6类相对含量较高的有机化合物,其中种皮含有机酸7种、烯类1种、酯类5种、醇类3种、醛类3种、酚类1种,胚乳含有机酸6种、烯类1种、酯类1种、醇类1种、醛类1种、酚类1种。(2)种皮浸提物活性显著高于胚乳浸提物活性(P0.05),且其烯、醛、醇和酯类含量分别高出胚乳含量的8.78%、2.66%、2.15%和1.70%,可能是对种子萌发起主要作用的内源抑制物质。(3)不同条件下处理的浸提液均能显著抑制白菜种子发芽及幼苗生长,浸提液抑制物活性表现为醇溶剂大于水溶剂,并随着浸提液浓度的升高而增大、随着浸提温度的升高而增强,在初始温度为100℃时,浸提液抑制活性达到最大值。贵州石笔木种子的内源有机化合物在种子萌发过程中发挥着不同程度的抑制作用,探索其与种子萌发的作用机制,解决种子萌发育苗的关键技术及在农林业生产中应用,这在植物种子的生物学特性及萌发生理研究方面具有重要意义。     

沙鞭(禾本科)种子在沙丘上的萌发策略及幼苗的耐干燥特性

沙鞭是鄂尔多斯高原流动沙丘上分布的多年生禾草。对位于沙层不同深度的种子萌发和幼苗出土进行了测定。结果表明 ,种子的萌发和幼苗的出土随着沙埋深度的增加而减少 ,最高的幼苗出土率来自 0 .5～ 2 .0 cm浅层沙埋的种子 ,并且沙埋的深度影响种子萌发的时间。沙埋越深 ,越多的种子不能萌发并且处于强迫休眠的状态。但是 ,当被埋较深种子上层的沙层被移走使种子位于较浅的沙层时 ,种子能够克服强迫休眠。种子的强迫休眠还能够通过改善沙层中的空气含量来克服。在自然生境中 ,沙丘的流动性能够使萌发后的幼苗整个暴露在空气中遭受干旱胁迫 ,或者萌发后的幼苗在因无后续的降雨而变干。但是 ,沙鞭在幼苗的早期具有忍受干燥 ,在下次水合后能够恢复生长的能力。幼根的长度和干燥时间影响幼苗的生长恢复率     

旱、盐胁迫对不同海拔、生长年限与贮藏条件的药用大黄种子萌发特性的影响

为探讨旱、盐胁迫对不同海拔、生长年限和贮藏时间的药用大黄种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以采自陕西汉中镇巴县的药用大黄种子为研究对象,纯净水(CK)为对照组,置于用以模拟干旱和盐胁迫的不同渗透势水平(-0.3和-0.5 MPa)的PEG和NaCl处理下,每日记录种子萌发个数并观察幼苗生长情况。结果表明：相比低和高海拔的种子,中海拔1650 m处采集的种子萌发率更高,且海拔1650和1300 m处的种子对干旱和盐胁迫的耐受力强;随着胁迫浓度的增加,干旱胁迫对药用大黄幼苗生长的抑制作用极其显著,在-0.5 MPa PEG处理下所有幼苗均死亡;不同海拔、不同生长年限及不同贮藏期的种子内源赤霉素含量无明显差异,而赤霉素浸种后种子活力和内源赤霉素浓度显著升高;室温贮藏1年的大黄种子发芽率、活力、耐盐性显著低于新采集的种子,而3年生植株种子发芽率、活力、耐盐性均高于2年生且耐旱性更强。综上可知,药用大黄种子不适宜长期室温贮藏,中海拔以及轻度盐胁迫有助于药用大黄种子萌发及幼苗生长,且3年生药用大黄种子质量高于2年生。     

海滨猫尾木种子萌发和实生苗抗逆性研究

本文研究不同播种时间对海滨猫尾木种子萌发的影响,以及淹水、盐度、低温条件对其实生苗生长的影响。结果表明,海滨猫尾木种子千粒重为52g,种子密度0.021g·cm^-3,种子首次出芽时间在9~16d不等,发芽率和发芽势随着播种时间推移逐渐降低。水淹至根颈对幼苗生长影响不显著,完全水淹22d后幼苗开始死亡。幼苗耐受盐分浓度为10g·kg^-1,盐分浓度超过10g·kg^-1不利于幼苗正常生长,盐分浓度超过18g·kg^-1幼苗叶片开始卷曲、脱落。3℃低温胁迫对幼苗正常生长有不利影响,0℃会导致幼苗呈现半致死状态。海滨猫尾木种子适宜随采随播,幼苗具有较强的耐水淹特性,适生盐度范围广,不耐低温。     

低温和长时间储藏对烟草种子萌发及幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

以长时间贮藏和当年收获的烟草品种‘红花大金元’裸种为材料, 研究了16℃条件对烟草种子萌发、幼苗生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明, 当年收获种子在25℃下萌发率最高, 为95.9%, 长时间贮藏(15 年)种子在16℃下最低, 为67.8%; 长时间贮藏和低温均能显著降低种子的发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数。当年收获种子在25℃下根长度最长, 为2.71 cm, 长时间贮藏(15 年)种子在16℃下最低, 为0.91 cm, 长时间贮藏和低温均能抑制幼苗的根系生长。同一温度(16℃)下, 长时间贮藏和当年收获种子的SOD 和POD 活性差异不显著; 同一贮藏时间下, 低温和常温条件下种子幼苗SOD 和POD 活性均达差异显著水平。由此可见, 低温和长时间贮藏都能抑制种子的萌发和生长, 低温能显著降低幼苗抗氧化酶活性。     

外来杂草小花山桃草种子休眠萌发特性

种子萌发和出苗是植物一生中对环境胁迫最为敏感的阶段,外来植物在这一时期对环境条件的适应能力是决定其入侵能力大小的关键因素之一。通过室内外试验研究了小花山桃草种子休眠特性以及贮藏时间、果皮、温度、p H值、水势、盐分和埋土深度对其种子萌发、幼苗生长和出苗的影响。结果表明:小花山桃草蒴果中4粒种子的大小差异显著(P0.01),但它们的活力和萌发率差别不大,4粒种子活力均高达96%以上。休眠解除后,萌发率均高达98%以上;坚硬果皮的机械阻碍是引起种子休眠的主要原因;在室温储藏条件下,种子萌发率随贮藏时间的增加先增加后降低。贮藏1个月,萌发率提高到54%(贮藏前为0)。贮藏3—6个月时,萌发率达最大值(98.5%—99%)。贮藏1a后,萌发率和萌发速度显著下降,但萌发率仍高达90%以上;在室外,有10.5%的蒴果前两粒种子(果实柱头端)同时萌发出苗。室外埋藏1a后,蒴果中未萌发的3粒种子的发芽率分别为45.5%、90.5%和88.5%;小花山桃草种子萌发的温度范围为5—35℃,15—25℃最适于种子萌发,25℃最有利于幼苗生长;小花山桃草能忍受一定的盐胁迫和干旱胁迫,盐浓度和水势为0.15 mol/L和-0.5 MPa时,种子萌发率分别为33.5%和9%。种子萌发和幼苗生长最适宜的土壤含水量为50%;小花山桃草对p H值具有较广泛的适应性,在p H值为5—9范围内均可萌发;小花山桃草种子在土壤表面的出苗率为43%,埋土深度2 cm时,出苗率最高(89.5%),埋土深度大于10 cm时,不再出苗。小花山桃草种子休眠萌发特征以及出苗特点是其快速入侵的基础。研究结果为预测小花山桃草潜在分布范围以及提出科学合理的综合治理措施提供了理论依据。     

盐分和水分胁迫对两种盐生植物盐爪爪和盐穗木种子萌发的影响

采用不同浓度NaCl和等渗PEG(分子量为6000)处理2种盐生植物种子(盐爪爪Kalidiumfoliatum、盐穗木Halostachys caspica)。结果表明,(1)NaCl和等渗PEG对种子的萌发均产生抑制作用,且PEG的抑制程度大于等渗NaCl,说明渗透胁迫是影响盐生植物种子萌发的主要因素;(2)盐胁迫和水分胁迫对盐生植物种子的萌发具有明显的抑制作用,降低了种子的萌发率,推迟了种子的初始萌发时间、延长了种子的萌发时间;(3)根据2种盐生植物种子萌发耐盐性比较,两种盐生植物均具有较强的耐盐性,在0~300 mmol.L-1NaCl盐溶液范围内,盐穗木种子相对萌发率达到95%以上,盐爪爪达到80%以上,说明盐穗木比盐爪爪具有更强的耐盐性。盐穗木种子耐盐适宜值为332.5 mmol.L-1,临界值为540 mmo.lL-1,极限值为749 mmo.lL-1;盐爪爪种子耐盐适宜值为246.5 mmol.L-1,临界值为391.8 mmo.lL-1,极限值为537 mmol.L-1;(4)低浓度的NaCl溶液对种子萌发的幼苗生长起着促进作用。在100 mmo.lL-1NaCl处理时,两种盐生植物幼苗的胚...     

Genome analysis ofElymus angulatus andE. patagonicus (Poaceae) and their hybrids with N. and S. AmericanHordeum spp.

The results of genome analysis of five hybrids, viz.Elymus patagonicus ×Hordeum procerum, E. patagonicus ×H. tetraploidum, E. angulatus ×H. jubatum, E. angulatus ×H. lechleri, andE. angulatus ×H. parodii, are reported. The genomic constitution ofHordeum tetraploidum andH. jubatum is best given as H₁H₁H₂H₂, ofH. lechleri andH. parodii as H₁H₁H₂H₂H₄H₄, ofH. procerum as H₁H₁H₂H₂H₃H₃, and ofElymus patagonicus andE. angulatus as SSH₁H₁H₂H₂.     

Androecial development and systematics inFlacourtiaceae s. l.

Androecial development of 13 species belonging to six tribes ofFlacourtiaceae has been investigated. While inScolopieae andFlacourtieae the stamens develop centrifugally, inErythrospermeae, Oncobeae andPangieae they are initiated in a centripetal sequence or a sequence that is neither distinctly centripetal nor centrifugal. The distribution of these developmental patterns coincides with the distribution of other characters (e.g. cyanogenic compounds, salicoid leaf teeth) and therefore supports a split of the family intoFlacourtiaceae s. str. (containing theScolopieae, Homalieae, Prockieae, Flacourtieae, Casearieae andBembicieae) andKiggelariaceae (withErythrospermeae, Oncobeae andPangieae) and is in accordance with results of recentrbcL studies.     

Microbial hydroxylation. I. Hydroxylation of aniline byAspergillus alliaceus,A. albertensis andA. terreus

Summary Six hundred and seventy microorganisms were screened for the ability to perform stereoselective aromatic hydroxylation reactions of industrial significance, using aniline as a model substrate. TLC and HPLC analyses with diode array detection were used to identify and characterize hydroxylase activities. Of 79 cultures belonging to the speciesAspergillus alliaceus, A. albertensis, andA. terreus, 26 strains produced 2-aminophenol. Thirty strains were able to hydroxylate aniline in thepara position. Five strains ofA. terreus produced an unidentified phenolic compound in high yield.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the US Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

Phytophthora captiosa sp. nov. and P. fallax sp. nov. causing crown dieback of Eucalyptus in New Zealand

A locally severe crown disease of exotic plantation Eucalyptus trees has been recorded periodically in New Zealand since 1986. Symptoms include leaf spots, petiole infection and twig and small branch lesions. Outbreaks of disease are episodic and individual trees may show marked variation in crown symptoms ranging from unaffected to total defoliation. Two previously unknown species of Phytophthora are associated with the disease. These are described and formally designated here as P. captiosa, from Eucalyptus botryoides and E. saligna; and P. fallax, from E. delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. nitens and E. regnans. Both P. captiosa and P. fallax have non-papillate, non-caducous sporangia and both are self-fertile. Phylogenetic analysis on the basis of ITS rDNA sequence data indicates they are closely related to each other but evolutionarily distant from the majority of described Phytophthora taxa. They share a common ancestor with another assemblage of Phytophthora lineages that includes P. insolita, P. macrochlamydospora and P. richardiae. Sporulation of P. captiosa and P. fallax has not been observed in the field. The mode of infection and spread of these non-caducous Phytophthora species in the eucalypt tree canopy remains unknown. This issue, and the possible geographic origins of these two Phytophthora species are discussed.     

Morphological differentiation ofFusarium sambucinum Fuckel sensu stricto,F. torulosum (Berk. & Curt.) Nirenberg comb. nov. andF. venenatum Nirenberg sp. nov.

WithinFusarium sambucinum Fuckel sensu lato three species were differentiated:F. sambucinum Fuckel s. str.,F. torulosum (Berk. et Curt.) Nirenberg comb. nov. andF. venenatum Nirenberg sp. nov. They are described and illustrated in detail.     

Cylindrocladium angustatum sp. nov., a new leaf spot pathogen ofTillandsia capitata from Florida, U.S.A.

Cylindrocladium angustatum is described as a new species fromTillandsia introduced with plant material into the U.S.A. from Central America. Koch's postulates are established to prove its pathogenicity to this host. The species is compared with and distinguished fromC. heptaseptatum andC. rumohrae based on morphology, cultural characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of sequence data of the beta-tubulin gene.     

Novel facultative anaerobic acidotolerant Telmatospirillum siberiense gen. nov. sp. nov. isolated from mesotrophic fen

Three facultative anaerobic acidotolerant Gram-negative motile spirilla strains designated 26-4b1, 26-2 and K-1 were isolated from mesotrophic Siberian fen as a component of methanogenic consortia. The isolates were found to grow chemoorganotrophically on several organic acids and glucose under anoxic and low oxygen pressure in the dark, tolerant up to 5kPa of oxygen. At low oxygen supply, faint autotrophic growth on the H(2):CO(2) mixture was also observed. All three isolates were able to fix N(2). Major cellular fatty acids were 18:1 omega7c, 17:0 cyclopropane and 16:0. Phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that they formed a deep branch within the family Rhodospirillaceae of the Alphaproteobacteria with the highest similarity of 90.9-92.5% with members of genera Phaeospirillum and Magnetospirillum. Phylogenetic study of nifH (nitrogenase) and cbbL (RuBisCO) amino acid sequence identities confirmed that the new isolates represent a novel group. Based on the phylogenetic analyses and distinct phenotypic characteristics, we are of the opinion that strains 26-4b1, 26-2 and K-1 represent a new species of a novel genus for which the name Telmatospirillum siberiense gen. nov. sp. nov. is proposed.     

Patterns of vegetation surrounding springs in Goshen Bay,Utah County,Utah U.S.A.

Saline meadows in Goshen Bay, Utah County, Utah, USA, occur interspersed among large areas of salt playa. Springs irrigate these meadows which show concentric vegetational zones surrounding each spring. Each vegetational zone demonstrates its own unique dominant vascular plant species. The central zone is dominated primarily by Scirpus americanus, the middle zone by Eleocharis palustris and the outer zone by Juncus balticus, Distichlis spicata and Muhlenbergia asperifolia. As distance increases from the springs, pH and soluble salt concentration increase, while percent organic matter, percent moisture and phosphorus decrease. With the increase in salt levels and decrease in water levels, halophytic plant species generally increase with distance from the springs.     

Taxonomic studies on three marine pleurostomatid ciliates, Litonotus bergeri nov. spec., L. blattereri nov. spec. and L. petzi nov. spec. (Ciliophora, Pleurostomatida) from North China Sea

The morphology and infraciliature of three pleurostomatid ciliates, Litonotus bergeri nov. spec., L. blattereri nov. spec. and L. petzi nov. spec., collected from mariculture ponds near Qingdao (Tsingtao), China, were investigated using live observations and the protargol impregnation method. These new species are distinguished from their congeners by a combination of characters including the typical distribution of extrusomes, i.e., along entire ventral margin, the number of macronuclear nodules, features and number of somatic kineties, living morphology, number and position of contractile vacuoles and their marine biotopes. Considering the distribution of extrusomes and general morphology, five new combinations are suggested, Litonotus vermiforme (Sauerbrey, 1928) nov. comb. [basionym: Loxophyllum vermiforme Sauerbrey, 1928], Litonotus levigatum (Sauerbrey, 1928) nov. comb. [basionym: Loxophyllum levigatum Sauerbrey, 1928], Litonotus undulatum (Sauerbrey, 1928) nov. comb. [basionym: Loxophyllum undulatum Sauerbrey, 1928], Loxophyllum pictus (Gruber, 1884) nov. comb. [basionym: Litonotus pictus Gruber, 1884] and Loxophyllum trichocystiferus (Foissner, 1984) nov. comb. [basionym: Litonotus trichocystiferus Foissner, 1984].