人眼波前像差表示、测量及矫正研究

目的:波前像差引导的准分子激光角膜消融是屈光手术的新方法,研究人眼波前像差的测量原理、方法、表示、人眼波前像差准分子激光矫正的原理,以此理论用于准分子激光人眼像差矫正系统。方法:采用理论研究、计算机模拟、实验室实验等手段。分析人眼像差的概念和产生的原因,用数学的Zern ike多项式来表示像差,理论上定量分析Zern ike多项式表示的波前像差与角膜切削深度的关系,研究准分子激光切削角膜的机理,研究准分子激光进行矫正人眼像差的原理框图。结果:通过计算机模拟和实验室实验,用准分子激光矫正低阶和高阶像差是可行的。结论:用波前像差来引导屈光手术,使人眼的视力能够达到20/10上,并能避免当前PRK、LASIK屈光手术前后像差增大而引起的对视觉质量的影响。     

准分子激光眼科治疗机中激光器控制实现

准分子激光眼科治疗机可以用来进行近视、远视、散光等屈光不正的矫正手术。其中激光器的控制为手术提供能量稳定的激光脉冲,是对手术安全性、可靠性的重要保证。本文简述了一准分子激光眼科治疗机的整体组成部分,并详细描述了激光器的控制部分:计算机与激光器的通信控制、激光发射停止控制、充换气流程控制。目前,这种准分子激光治疗机已经应用于临床,并取得了良好的效果。     

XeCl准分子激光消融几种生物组织的实验结果

本文报道了３０８ｎｍＸｅＣｌ准分子激光对人牙硬组织和猪肉软组织消融的实验研究结果,在国内首次开展了ＸｅＣｌ准分子激光牙科应用的基础研究,为准分子激光在牙科的临床应用提供了实验依据。     

角膜屈光手术消融精度影响因素的分析

论述了眼球角膜屈光不正和准分子激光消融角膜的原理,分析了Lasik屈光手术中角膜消融精度的一些关键影响因素,并结合自己研制的准分子激光眼科治疗仪的特点,逐一对这些影响因素加以分析和解决。     

准分子激光的医学应用

由于准分子激光对生物组织作用的独特机理─光化学分解作用,解决了许多临床治疗难题。近年来,难分子激光在激光医学中得到较广泛的应用。医用准分子激光种类主要有XeCl,308nm;ArF,193nm;KrF,248nm。本文介绍了准分子激光在医学中的几种典型应用。     

准分子激光双面式切削原位角膜磨镶术的研究进展

准分子激光双面式切削原位角膜磨镶术(Both-sided LASIK,BSL)是准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术(laser in situ keratomileusis, LASIK)的改良,BSL将部分激光切削分布在角膜瓣基质面,因而减少了对角膜基质床的切削,最大限度的保留了角膜基质床的剩余厚度,为降低术后角膜膨出提供可能,对屈光度相对偏高和/或角膜相对偏薄的患者,尽量增加手术的安全性,并为LASIK术后屈光回退的增强手术提供了一种新的方法。本文对近年BSL的研究进展作一综述。     

准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术患者的护理干预研究

目的:研究并探讨护理干预在准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术患者治疗中的应用与价值.方法:以我院2011年6月-2012年3月期间共收治进行准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术的800例患者为研究对象,并运用随机分组的方式将所有的患者分成两组,即治疗组和对照组分别由400例进行准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术的患者组成,对照组的患者在手术治疗之后进行常规的护理即可,而治疗组的患者则在手术之后进行必要的护理干预,对比两组患者的临床治疗效果.结果:治疗组患者的临床治疗效果明显优于对照组患者,治疗组的400例进行准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术的患者中,显效的为341例,有效的为39例,治疗的总有效率为95％,对比P＜0.05,具有显著的统计学意义.结论:在患者进行准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术的治疗之后,对其进行必要的护理干预,不仅能够使其更加积极的配合治疗,更加有助于临床治疗效果的提高,值得在现代的临床中进行大力的推广与应用.     

新型准分子激光角膜屈光矫正系统

小光斑高速飞点扫描的准分子激光系统以其具有的治疗时间短、矫正精度高、角膜切削表面极其光滑,易于集成波前像差技术实现“个体化切削”方案等优点,成为眼科屈光矫正激光手术发展趋势。本文从理论基础、光学系统等方面综述了具有自主知识产权的飞点扫描式激光系统,此系统已经在临床动物实验和盲眼实验中取得了非常好的效果。     

准分子激光治疗近视眼

本文对准分子激光PRK治疗近视眼息者503例的早期临床结果进行分析,近视范围为－2．0至－15．0D,根据术前屈光度不同分为三组,术后随访三个月．结果证实准分子激光是一种安全、有效、预测性较好的治疗近视眼方法．全部病人提高了裸眼视力,绝大部分保持了最佳矫正视力,且没有产生危及视力的并发症．     

角膜屈光手术后屈光回退的手术治疗进展*

屈光回退是角膜屈光手术后的并发症之一,其治疗方法主要为药物治疗和手术治疗。对于需要再次手术的患者,应根据初次手术方式、距离初次手术时间、回退度数,在充分评价角膜情况后合理选择增效术,确保手术的安全性和有效性。目前,准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术和飞秒激光小切口角膜基质透镜取出术是治疗近视和近视散光的主要手术方式。本文就两者术后屈光回退手术治疗的适应症、不同增效术的优缺点及注意事项作一综述。     

框架眼镜联合角膜塑形镜矫正青少年高度近视的临床疗效及对角膜内皮细胞和泪膜的影响

目的:探讨框架眼镜联合角膜塑形镜矫正青少年高度近视的临床疗效及对角膜内皮细胞和泪膜的影响。方法:选取2018年1月2019年3月期间我院收治的青少年高度近视患者98例(181眼),根据信封抽签法分为对照组49例92眼(框架眼镜配戴治疗)和观察组49例89眼(对照组基础上联合角膜塑形镜治疗)。对比两组裸眼视力、屈光度、眼轴长度、角膜内皮细胞密度和数量、泪膜情况以及并发症发生情况。结果:观察组治疗后1个月、3个月、6个月、1年屈光度呈下降趋势(P<0.05),眼轴长度未见明显变化(P>0.05),治疗后6个月、1年裸眼视力较治疗前,治疗后1个月、3个月增加且治疗后1年裸眼视力高于治疗后6个月(P<0.05);观察组治疗后1个月、3个月、6个月、1年屈光度低于对照组(P<0.05),治疗后6个月、1年裸眼视力高于对照组,眼轴长度短于对照组(P<0.05)。两组治疗前、治疗后1年角膜内皮细胞密度(ECD)、六角形细胞(HEX)百分比和细胞面积变异系数(CV)组间及组内对比无差异(P>0.05)。观察组治疗后1年泪膜破裂时间(TBUT)、非接触性泪膜破裂时间(NTBUT)较治疗前下降,且低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组治疗前、治疗后1年基础泪液分泌量(Schirmer)组间及组内对比无差异(P>0.05)。两组并发症总发生率对比无差异(P>0.05)。结论:青少年高度近视的患者在佩戴框架眼镜基础上应用角膜塑形镜,可有效矫正近视屈光度,提高患者裸眼视力,对角膜内皮细胞无明显影响,且不增加并发症发生率,但对人体泪膜稳定性有一定的影响,临床治疗中应加强泪膜情况的戴镜前检查和戴镜后随访。     

The Association between Maternal Reproductive Age and Progression of Refractive Error in Urban Students in Beijing

Purpose

To investigate the association between maternal reproductive age and their children’ refractive error progression in Chinese urban students.

Methods

The Beijing Myopia Progression Study was a three-year cohort investigation. Cycloplegic refraction of these students at both baseline and follow-up vision examinations, as well as non-cycloplegic refraction of their parents at baseline, were performed. Student’s refractive change was defined as the cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) of the right eye at the final follow-up minus the cycloplegic SE of the right eye at baseline.

Results

At the final follow-up, 241 students (62.4%) were reexamined. 226 students (58.5%) with completed refractive data, as well as completed parental reproductive age data, were enrolled. The average paternal and maternal age increased from 29.4 years and 27.5 years in 1993–1994 to 32.6 years and 29.2 years in 2003–2004, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, students who were younger (β = 0.08 diopter/year/year, P<0.001), with more myopic refraction at baseline (β = 0.02 diopter/year/diopter, P = 0.01), and with older maternal reproductive age (β = -0.18 diopter/year/decade, P = 0.01), had more myopic refractive change. After stratifying the parental reproductive age into quartile groups, children with older maternal reproductive age (trend test: P = 0.04) had more myopic refractive change, after adjusting for the children''s age, baseline refraction, maternal refraction, and near work time. However, no significant association between myopic refractive change and paternal reproductive age was found.

Conclusions

In this cohort, children with older maternal reproductive age had more myopic refractive change. This new risk factor for myopia progression may partially explain the faster myopic progression found in the Chinese population in recent decades.     

Crocodiles don't focus underwater

Summary Crocodilians are amphibious reptiles which hunt prey both on land and in water. Previous refractive and anatomical studies have suggested that their eyes can focus objects in air and that their ability to refocus the eye underwater may be limited. Examination of the plane of focus of six species of crocodilians both in air and underwater has revealed that they are generally well focused in air for distant targets and severely defocused underwater. These results suggest that sensory systems other than vision must play an important role in prey capture underwater.Abbreviation D diopter     

Lenstar LS900测量下人工晶状体公式用于高度近视白内障患者的准确性研究

目的:使用Lenstar LS900测量仪对高度近视合并白内障患者进行术前测量,比较SRK/T、Haigis、Barrett Universal II公式的精确性。方法:选择2018年5月至2018年8月于我院行白内障超声乳化吸除及人工晶状体植入术的高度近视合并白内障患者40例(54只眼),根据眼轴的长度分为三组。使用Lenstar LS900对患者进行眼部生物测量,并计算由SRK/T、Haigis、Barrett Universal II公式预测的术后屈光度。将术后一个月得到的实际屈光度与各公式预测的屈光度进行比较分析,观察上述公式在不同眼轴长度组中的准确性。结果:组内各公式的比较:A组:Haigis公式与Barrett Universal II公式间的差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其他公式间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);B组:SRK/T公式与Haigis公式比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),其他公式间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);C组:三个公式之间的差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。各公式组间比较:SRK/T公式和Haigis公式比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),Barrett Universal II公式组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:Barrett Universal II公式用于高度近视白内障患者在各个眼轴长度的测量中表现出良好的准确性,且准确性不随眼轴的增长而下降。随着眼轴的增长,SRK/T公式的准确性逐渐下降,当AL30 mm时,Haigis公式的准确性优于SRK/T公式。     

The structure and possible functions of the milkfish Chanos chanos adipose eyelid

Basic histological sections (with different staining methods) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examinations showed that there were three distinctive layers in the adipose eyelid of milkfish Chanos chanos , which is found in the cephalie region and covers the entire eye. The outer and inner layers were epithelial tissues and the middle layer was composed of connective tissue formed by type I collagen fibrils. No adipose tissue was found in any of the three layers of the so-called adipose eyelid. Examination by transmission spectrophotometer showed that the adipose tissue could filter out ambient light with a wavelength shorter than 305 nm. A photoretinoscope was used to investigate whether the adipose eyelid influenced the mechanism of eye focusing. Eye diopter values did not differ before or after eyelid removal, which indicated that the adipose eyelid did not play a role in eye focusing. In light of these findings, it is suggested that the adipose eyelid serves to block exposure of harmful ultraviolet light into eyes and may also to offer some protection against impact to the eye in the aquatic environment.     

Reproducibility and age-related changes of ocular parametric measurements in rabbits

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The rabbit is a common animal model for ophthalmic research, especially corneal research. Ocular structures grow rapidly during the early stages of life. It is unclear when the rabbit cornea becomes mature and stabilized. We investigated the changes of keratometry, refractive state and central corneal thickness (CCT) with age. In addition, we studied the intra- and inter-observer reproducibility of anterior chamber depth (ACD) and anterior chamber width (ACW) measurements in rabbits using anterior segment-optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). RESULTS: The growth of New Zealand White rabbits (n = 16) were monitored from age 1 to 12 months old. Corneal keratometric and refractive values were obtained using an autorefractor/keratometer, and CCT was measured using an AS-OCT. Keratometry and CCT changed rapidly from 1 to 7 months and appeared to be stabilizing after 8 months. The reduction of corneal curvature was approximately 1.36 diopter (D)/month from age 1 to 7 months, but the change decelerated to 0.30 D/month from age 8 to 12 months. An increase of 10 mum/month in CCT was observed from age 1 to 7 months, but the gain was reduced to less than 1 mum/month from age 8 to 12 months. There was a hyperopic shift over the span of 12 months, albeit the increase in spherical equivalent was slow and gradual. Rabbits of random age were then selected for 2 repeated ACD and ACW measurements by 2 independent and masked observers. Bland-Altman plots revealed a good agreement of ACD and ACW measurements inter- and intra-observer and the ranges of 95% limit of agreement were acceptable from a clinical perspective. CONCLUSIONS: Corneal keratometry, spherical equivalent refraction and CCT changed significantly during the first few months of life of rabbits. Young rabbits have been used in a large number of eye research studies. In certain settings, the ocular parametric changes are an important aspect to note as they may alter the findings made in a rabbit experimental model. In this study, we have also demonstrated for the first time a good between observer reproducibility of measurements of ocular parameters in an animal model by using an AS-OCT.     

Spherical Lenses and Prisms Lead to Postural Instability in Both Dyslexic and Non Dyslexic Adolescents

There is controversy as to whether dyslexic children present systematic postural deficiency. Clinicians use a combination of ophthalmic prisms and proprioceptive soles to improve postural performances. This study examines the effects of convergent prisms and spherical lenses on posture. Fourteen dyslexics (13–17 years-old) and 11 non dyslexics (13–16 years-old) participated in the study. Quiet stance posturography was performed with the TechnoConcept device while subjects fixated a target at eye-level from a distance of 1_m. Four conditions were run: normal viewing; viewing the target with spherical lenses of −1 diopter (ACCOM1) over each eye; viewing with −3 diopters over each eye (ACCOM3); viewing with a convergent prism of 8 diopters per eye. Relative to normal viewing, the −1 lenses increased the surface of body sway significantly whereas the −3 diopter lenses only resulted in a significant increase of antero-posterior body sway. Thus, adolescents would appear to cope more effectively with stronger conflicts rather than subtle ones. The prism condition resulted in a significant increase in both the surface and the antero-posterior body sway. Importantly, all of these effects were similar for the two groups. Wavelet analysis (time frequency domain) revealed high spectral power of antero-posterior sway for the prism condition in both groups. In the ACCOM3 condition, the spectral power of antero-posterior sway decreased for non dyslexics but increased for dyslexics suggesting that dyslexics encounter more difficulty with accommodation. The cancelling time for medium range frequency (believed to be controlled by the cerebellum), was shorter in dyslexics, suggesting fewer instances of optimal control. We conclude that dyslexics achieve similar postural performances albeit less efficiently. Prisms and lenses destabilize posture for all teenagers. Thus, contrary to adults, adolescents do not seem to use efferent, proprioceptive ocular motor signals to improve their posture, at least not immediately when confronted to convergence accommodation conflict.