共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 187 毫秒
1.
In three sets of experiments, a group of captive Ring-tailed lemurs ranging at liberty were presented with sticks scent-marked
with their own scent, or with scent from unrelated animals or unmarked sticks. The results from experiments which involved
a choice between scents indicated stronger responses, in terms of greater intensity of scent-marking to scent from “strange”
animals. In the experiment where individual scents were presented one at a time, the length of time spent sniffing was greater
for “strange” scent but this did not transfer to additional scent-marks. Most of the responses were elicited from males in
the group and involved wrist-marking only, but timing of experiment influenced both responses and type of scent-mark probably
in relation to the onset of oestrus. The role of scent-marking and the concept of group scent are also discussed. 相似文献
2.
Ryne A. Palombit 《International journal of primatology》1992,13(2):183-207
This study is a preliminary assessment of the potential of long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) calls to operate in systems of within-group spacing. Covariation in the rate of occurrence of calls with party spread, size,
and activity among wild individuals of one group suggested that four classes of calls may function in intragroup spacing.
Two of them are “clear” calls of long duration and pronounced frequency modulation. Calling rate increased with party spread
for low- and high-frequency variants of these calls during resting and feeding respectively, suggesting possible utility in
maintenance of spatial relations over moderately long distances. A third “harsh” call was negatively correlated with party
spread during foraging and may thus function to increase dispersion among foraging individuals. Another harsh call with a
tonal onset was unique among all calls in the vocal repertoire in being more frequently performed by lone, isolated individuals
than by macaques accompanied by others, suggesting a possible function in reestablishing contact that has been severed. The
functional significance of these calls with respect to their acoustic structures is discussed. Macaques that use calls to
regulate intragroup spacing can control communication distance and direction by their choice of acoustically different vocalizations.
This choice may be affected not only by varying environmental constraints on sound transmission, but also by social and ecological
factors such as intragroup competition. 相似文献
3.
Maternal responses to dead and dying infants in wild troops of ring-tailed lemurs at the Berenty Reserve,Madagascar 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Masayuki Nakamichi Naoki Koyama Alison Jolly 《International journal of primatology》1996,17(4):505-523
We describe responses of seven mothers and other troop members to dead and dying infants in several troops of ring-tailed
lemurs(Lemur catta) at the Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. In contrast to mothers in simian species, ring-tailed lemur mothers rarely carried their
dying, immobile or dead infants. However, they sniffed, licked, and touched them even after they had died. While the dying
infants were still peeping, their mothers remained near them, and 15 to 76 min after the infants ceased to peep, they were
left by their mothers. Six of the seven mothers returned to their dead infants several times within the first few hours after
they had left them. All seven mothers gave repeated calls, such as “mew” and “pyaa,” when they were separated from either
their dead infants or other troop members or both. Thus, each mother exhibited some form of maternal behavior toward her dead
infant for hours after its death. These results indicate that there may not be a great gap in terms of maternal affection
between simian and prosimian mothers. We also discuss visuospatial memory ability in ring-tailed lemurs and the causes of
the infants’ deaths. 相似文献
4.
Diversity in sound pressure levels and estimated active space of resident killer whale vocalizations
Patrick J. O. Miller 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2006,192(5):449-459
Signal source intensity and detection range, which integrates source intensity with propagation loss, background noise and receiver hearing abilities, are important characteristics of communication signals. Apparent source levels were calculated for 819 pulsed calls and 24 whistles produced by free-ranging resident killer whales by triangulating the angles-of-arrival of sounds on two beamforming arrays towed in series. Levels in the 1–20 kHz band ranged from 131 to 168 dB re 1 μPa at 1 m, with differences in the means of different sound classes (whistles: 140.2±4.1 dB; variable calls: 146.6±6.6 dB; stereotyped calls: 152.6±5.9 dB), and among stereotyped call types. Repertoire diversity carried through to estimates of active space, with “long-range” stereotyped calls all containing overlapping, independently-modulated high-frequency components (mean estimated active space of 10–16 km in sea state zero) and “short-range” sounds (5–9 km) included all stereotyped calls without a high-frequency component, whistles, and variable calls. Short-range sounds are reported to be more common during social and resting behaviors, while long-range stereotyped calls predominate in dispersed travel and foraging behaviors. These results suggest that variability in sound pressure levels may reflect diverse social and ecological functions of the acoustic repertoire of killer whales. 相似文献
5.
The distribution of grooming and touching behaviours was recorded in a group of captive ring-tailed lemurs. Grooming was found
to be performed chiefly by older, higher ranking animals; touching (i.e., “reach out and touch” behaviour) was directed primarily
by younger, low ranking animals to older, high ranking individuals. It is suggested that such touching is a submissive gesture
in this species. 相似文献
6.
Masazumi Mitani 《Primates; journal of primatology》1986,27(4):397-412
Japanese monkeys often exchange the particular vocal sound, “coo,” especially when they feed or move as a group. It was considered
that the “coo” sound had no positive social meaning, perhaps because the “coo” sound network and its function were hidden
behind other behavioral observations. For identification of the vocalizer only from hearing the “coo” sound, three phonetic
values, i.e., the “fundamental,” “duration,” and “formants,” plus other characteristics were used as indices of voiceprints. The results indicated that these were effective for identifying
the vocalizer in two-thirds of the adults in the study troop which was composed of 12 adults and 16 immature members. The
“coo” sound exchange network among the troop members (adults) was drawn on the basis of the voiceprint identification. The
network showed three characteristics as follows: (1) matriarchs of the kin-groups frequently exchanged “coo” sounds with each
other; (2) the other females exchanged “coo” sounds mostly within their own kin-groups; and (3) males seldom participated
in the “coo” sound exchange. This suggests that “coo” sound exchange plays a central role for the matriarch of kin-groups
in binding each kin-group and, ultimately, in binding all members together into an organized troop. 相似文献
7.
Yukio Takahata Naoki Koyama Naomi Miyamoto Megumi Okamoto 《Primates; journal of primatology》2001,42(3):267-271
In the Berenty Reserve, Southern Madagascar, of the 16 deliveries recorded for ring-tailed lemurs from 1995 and 1997, 10 cases
occurred during daytime hours (07:00 – 16:59). Four mothers lost contact with their troop members during parturition, but
were able to rejoin them after about one hour. No attack from the individuals of the neighboring groups or predators on the
mothers or their newborn infants was observed, whereas, other females of the mother’s own troop attacked them after delivery
in two cases. Such daytime delivery may have originated from the circadian rhythm of the species’ nocturnal ancestors, who
might have given birth during the daytime. This pattern may now be a non-adaptive feature, in agreement with the “evolutionary
disequilibrium hypothesis (EVDH).” 相似文献
8.
Perception of complex communication sounds is a major function of the auditory system. To create a coherent percept of these
sounds the auditory system may instantaneously group or bind multiple harmonics within complex sounds. This perception strategy
simplifies further processing of complex sounds and facilitates their meaningful integration with other sensory inputs. Based
on experimental data and a realistic model, we propose that associative learning of combinations of harmonic frequencies and
nonlinear facilitation of responses to those combinations, also referred to as “combination-sensitivity,” are important for
spectral grouping. For our model, we simulated combination sensitivity using Hebbian and associative types of synaptic plasticity
in auditory neurons. We also provided a parallel tonotopic input that converges and diverges within the network. Neurons in
higher-order layers of the network exhibited an emergent property of multifrequency tuning that is consistent with experimental
findings. Furthermore, this network had the capacity to “recognize” the pitch or fundamental frequency of a harmonic tone
complex even when the fundamental frequency itself was missing.
Received: 6 October 2001 / Accepted in revised form: 21 January 2002 相似文献
9.
Ryne A. Palombit 《International journal of primatology》1992,13(2):143-182
Vocal communication in wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) is described in terms of (1) a preliminary vocal repertoire
and the situations in which calls occur in the natural habitat of this species and (2) quantitative measurement of the natural
occurrence of calls in the field. Although a number of calls are relatively discrete (e.g., a male loud call), gradation is
pronounced for both wide-spectrum (“harsh”) and narrow-spectrum (“clear”) vocal signals. Thirteen general types of harsh calls
are identified provisionally as elements of the vocal repertoire. The exact number of discrete clear calls contributing to
the vocal repertoire could not be ascertained precisely, but these calls were classified operationally into six broadly acoustically
different classes in order to measure natural vocal behavior. Vocalizations tended to occur in temporal “clusters” during
sample, periods. Narrow-band clear or “coo” calls were more frequently performed by macaques than wide-band harsh calls. The
possible functional implications of the correlated occurrence of multiple vocal signals are discussed. 相似文献
10.
Effects of contextual and social variables on contact call production in free-ranging ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ryo Oda 《International journal of primatology》1996,17(2):191-205
Ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta)often emit a characteristic vocalization when resting as a troop. This “meow call” is believed to serve an intragroup contact
function. I investigated the effects of behavioral context and proximity on call production and acoustic features of the vocalization
in a free-ranging troop in the Berenty Reserve, Madagascar. When group members were dispersed, the meow call was given frequently,
and the acoustic features of the call probably increased the locatability of the emitter. I evaluated social relationships
among the troop members from grooming interactions and spacing data. I also studied the call exchange network among the troop
members, the results of which indicate that calls are exchanged between the two subgroups of females, which they connect. 相似文献
11.
We observed a case of infant adoption in an unprovisioned group of wild black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons). During our long-term field study we noticed that an infant had moved from one of our study groups (“Desbotado”) to another
(“Rio”). Observations of the adoptive group confirm that it was being cared for by the adult male, and initially the group’s
adult female was nursing the infant alongside her biological infant. Interestingly, the native and adoptive groups have frequent
inter-group interactions, but at no point have we observed the native group trying to retrieve its infant. As of April 2007
the infant has been living in its adoptive group for 19 months. These data document the first case of adoption in this genus;
they suggest that infant recognition is poorly developed in this species and that under certain circumstances wild groups
of C.
nigrifrons can successfully rear twins. In our study population reproductive females give birth to one infant every year; the only case
when this has not happened is with the group that adopted the infant, suggesting that adoption may generate a reproductive
cost. 相似文献
12.
This paper examines certain colonial and contemporary texts for their representations of Amerindian cannibalism during the
Columbian period. Colonial texts from this period describe cannibalism as one of the Amerindians’ major “offences” against
humanity. Some contemporary studies criticize this depiction of Amerindian cannibalism as a “myth” perpetrated by colonizers
and their apologists to justify the enslavement and genocide of Amerindians. On the one hand colonial texts fall prey to an
ethnocentric view of cannibalism; on the other hand contemporary texts explain away this amply documented cultural phenomenon.
While the two positions appear to be at variance with each other, it is suggested that what they hold in common is a schema
of analyzing culture that does not easily admit the existence of a phenomenon that is “Other” without explaining it as a totalized
alterity or without explaining it away. Both positions thus help reinscribe the Wild Savage-Noble Savage stereotypes.
...each man calls barbarism, whatever is not his own practice ... Michel De Montaigne 相似文献
13.
Akio Mori 《Primates; journal of primatology》1975,16(2):107-140
Signaling behaviors appearing in grooming interactions of wild Japanese monkeys were analysed. Vocal signals found in the
grooming interactions had the content of asking the objective animal “if the vocal signaler may groom the recipient animal.”
They could be divided into two categories of vocal sounds, VG-1 and VG-2. The former was uttered in common by all the troop
members. The latter was uttered just before grooming by the groomer and is considered to have deeper connection with grooming.
Each individual uttered mainly one kind of vocal sound out of VG-2, and the preferred vocal sounds for each individual differed.
Furthermore, VG-2 differed in different troops. Behavioral signals had the content of showing “the acceptance of grooming”
or showing “the request to be groomed.” The appearance of these signaling behaviors was closely related to the inter-individual
relationships of grooming partners, especially as to whether or not they had blood relationships. Basically the monkeys have
a system in which they must avoid each other, except in the case of mothers and their offspring, and if they had to approach
too closely against this basic system, as in grooming interactions, there appeared signaling behaviors as mentioned above. 相似文献
14.
The ringtailed lemur, Lemur catta, and Verreaux's sifaka, Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi, are diurnal prosimians living sympatrically in Madagascar. Species-specific alarm calls emitted by each of these two species in response to aerial and terrestrial predators differ acoustically. Behavioural responses of ringtailed lemurs evoked by playbacks of conspecific alarm calls differ when the vocalizations were produced in response to aerial predators as opposed to terrestrial predators. We conducted playback experiments on two populations of ringtailed lemurs, using two types of sifaka alarm calls. One population consisted of free-ranging groups which lived sympatrically with sifakas, the other was a colony group which had no contact with sifakas. The results illustrate that the former group of lemurs can perceive what type of predators the sifaka calls refer to, whereas the latter group was not able to recognize the difference in the calls. 相似文献
15.
Microrheological properties (aggregation and deformability) of erythrocytes separated by centrifugation at 30000×g density gradient into “young” and “old” (the upper and lower fractions, respectively) were studied. The erythrocytes were
taken from physically active persons (PAP) and from those with elevated arterial pressure (EAP). A significant difference
in microrheological properties of the “young” and “old” erythrocytes was found. The aggregation degree of “old” cells was
nearly twice that of “young” cells. The deformability of the erythrocyte subpopulations was significantly different, though
the difference was not so pronounced as in the case of aggregation. The aggregation of “young” and “old” erythrocytes in the
PAP group was the least (28% lower than in the control). Note, that “old” erythrocytes in the PAP group had better microrheological
properties than in the other groups. All erythrocyte populations in the EAP group were characterized by higher aggregation,
decreased deformability, and decreased capacity for oxygen transport. 相似文献
16.
The study of vocal communication of wild mandrills in Cameroon in relation to their social structure 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Hiroko Kudo 《Primates; journal of primatology》1987,28(3):289-308
The vocal repertoire of the mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx), a forest living baboon, is described, and their vocal communication analyzed quantitatively. Although the vocal repertoire
of mandrills corresponds well to that of savanna living baboons,Papio, some characteristics differed, such as the development of long-distance calls and differentiation of vocalizations between
age-sex classes. Vocal communication within a group was closely related to changes in the spatial distribution of group members,
and the two most common vocalizations, crowing and 2PG, appear to function as contact calls. Based on the wide dispersion
of food trees, a group of mandrills divided into several feeding groups (subgroups). The two types of contact call were given
in different and in some senses complementary contexts, and helped to facilitate and maintain group integration. According
to their acoustic structure, these calls are long distance calls. Influenced by the high-level of attenuation of vocalization
on the forest floor, the mandrill has developed them as contact calls, instead of using the contact “grunt,” which is common
to the savanna living baboons. Comparing the patterns of vocal exchanges of mandrills with those of gelada and hamadryas baboons
which have a multi-levelled society, the social structure of the mandrill is discussed. From the analysis of the spatial distribution
of vocal emission, a number of clusters of vocalizations were obtained. These clusters correspond to subgroups. The frequent
female-female and female-male vocal exchange between subgroups of mandrills suggest that the relationships between subgroups
are less closed than between the one-male units of gelada and hamadryas baboons. Furthermore some of these clusters include
more than two vocalizing adult males, while in other clusters there are no vocalizing adult males. Thus, the social structure
of mandrills is suggested to be multi-male rather than a multilevelled type. The absence of contact calls specific for short
distance and the functional replacement of the grunting of all group members by persistent emission of a loud call (2PG) by
usually just one adult male suggests that the social structure of mandrills is not exactly equivalent to that of the multimale
troop of savanna living baboons. Usually the use of 2PG is monopolized by one adult male travelling in the rear part of the
group. Such monopolization of 2PG emission and the pattern of 2PG-2PG or 2PG-roar exchanges by adult males in some cases indicate
the existence of strong dominance relationships among adult males, and especially the existence of a leader male within a
multi-male group of mandrills. 相似文献
17.
Karine Louise dos Santos Nivaldo Peroni Raymond Paul Guries Rubens Onofre Nodari 《Economic botany》2009,63(2):204-214
Traditional Knowledge and Management of
Feijoa (Acca sellowiana)
in Southern Brazil. This paper investigates traditional knowledge of the use and management of Acca sellowiana in southern Brazil. Fifty-six informants from three rural communities were assigned to one of four subgroups (“maintainers,”
“managers,” “cultivators,” or “users”) based on their responses regarding management and use of A. sellowiana. Traditional knowledge related to use of this species is widespread among rural residents, but traditional knowledge related
to management is fragmented depending on whether one uses, manages, or cultivates the species. Knowledge held in rural communities
suggests that A. sellowiana could play an expanded role in local economies as well as biodiversity conservation. We suggest that participatory research
could stimulate greater local use as well as on-farm conservation of A. sellowiana. 相似文献
18.
Relationships among three Japanese Laetiporus taxa (“L. sulphureus var. sulphureus” auct. jap., L. sulphureus var. miniatus, and L. versisporus) were assessed with phylogenetic analysis and incompatibility tests. Gene phylogenies inferred from the internal transcribed
spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA, elongation factor 1α, and β-tubulin gene regions suggested that Japanese Laetiporus was divided into four groups: the yellow pore form of L. sulphureus var. miniatus, the white pore form of L. sulphureus var. miniatus, and two “L. sulphureus var. sulphureus”/ L. versisporus groups. A morphologically distinct species, Laetiporus versisporus, sharing a clade with “L. sulphureus var. sulphureus” auct. jap., was proved to be an anamorphic form of “L. sulphureus var. sulphureus” auct. jap. The “sulphureus/versisporus” isolates showed two divergent sequence types in each region. Some isolates had intraindividual polymorphism assigned to
both sequence types. This finding suggests that speciation via hybridization is ongoing in the “sulphureus/versisporus” group. Single spore isolates from the “sulphureus/versisporus” group, white pore group, and yellow pore group were incompatible with each other. Our results provided strong support for
the new recognition of three Laetiporus taxa in Japan. 相似文献
19.
Mori A Yamane A Sugiura H Shotake T Boug A Iwamoto T 《Primates; journal of primatology》2007,48(3):179-189
Three levels of hamadryas social structure—the one male unit (OMU), the band, and the troop—have been observed at all sites
studied, but a fourth—the clan—has been observed at only one site, Erer-Gota, Ethiopia, during a longitudinal check of the
dispersion of identified individuals. The clan is important since it appears to provide the basis for male philopatry, although
comparative data is needed from other sites to confirm this. We studied a huge commensal group of hamadryas baboons (over
600 animals) in Saudi Arabia. We put ear tags on baboons between 1998 and 2004 and analyzed social structure, relying on the
interactions of these tagged animals by focusing especially on their dispersal patterns from OMUs. OMU membership tended to
be looser than that of the Ethiopian hamadryas. Females tended to shift between OMUs on an individual basis in our study group,
whereas the collapse of an OMU was a major occasion of adult female transfer in Ethiopia. We found neither stable bands (a
“band” in our study group was defined as a regional assemblage of OMUs) nor clans that lasted for several years. Some OMUs
moved and transferred into neighboring areas over both the short and long term. Further, some post-adolescent males appeared
to move out of the study area. The ratio of adult females in an OMU in our study group was larger than for any other documented
study site, and this may be the reason for enhanced female transfer between OMUs. A large proportion of the adolescent females
showed no clear membership to OMUs, and no “initial units” (commonly observed in Ethiopia) were discernible. The ease with
which young males acquired adult females at the study site must have disrupted the formation of a clan, a “male-bonded society.” 相似文献
20.
R. K. Bajpai 《Primates; journal of primatology》1980,21(4):510-514
Twelve rhesus infants were subjected to early total social deprivation in a free-ranging environmental situation for the periods
of 6, 12, and 18 months. After the termination of treatment at the end of each period, a group of four subjects was tested
for social responsiveness with six stimulus animals belonging to both the sexes and three age groups. Responses of the subjects
were compared with similarly tested, naturally reared controls. Purpose of the experiment was to separate the effect of social
deprivation from that of physical restrictions which had confounded the results of earlier experiments. It is concluded that
the deficit in social responsiveness indicated by quantitative measures should be interpreted in the light of qualitative
observations. Subjects were found deficit in “social communication” and “social manners” that interfered with social interactions.
It is suggested that appropriate social experience enabling the subjects to learn social communication should benefit them
as they possess primary social response tendencies to an appreciable degree. 相似文献