样线法在鸟类数量调查中的运用

样线法是野生动物种群数量调查的常用方法之一。本文简要介绍其发展历史、基本原理和主要类型,并对4种常用的种群密度计算方法,即条带最大记数法、Gates截线法、Fourier截线法以及距离取样法进行比较和总结,认为在鸟类野外数量调查中应记录鸟类个体到样线的垂直距离,并使用距离取样法来计算鸟类的种群密度,以便得到更为准确的结果。     

红外相机技术与其他几种森林鸟类多样性调查方法的比较

为了探讨红外相机技术、网捕法、固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法对森林鸟类多样性调查的有效性和实用性, 我们于2011-2016年, 用这几种方法调查了广东南岭国家级自然保护区和车八岭国家级自然保护区的鸟类多样性。在南岭, 固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法记录鸟类222种, 网捕鸟类43种, 红外相机拍到鸟类47种; 其中1种鸟仅网捕到, 6种鸟仅被红外相机拍到, 164种鸟仅被固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法记录到。在车八岭, 固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法记录鸟类109种, 网捕鸟类42种, 红外相机拍到鸟类27种, 其中9种鸟仅网捕到, 3种鸟仅被红外相机拍到, 97种鸟仅被固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法记录到。随着鸟类的体重、体长、翅长和跗蹠增加, 网捕到的鸟类个体数量减少, 鸟类身体大小与网捕到的鸟类数量呈显著负相关; 而红外相机拍到的鸟类数量随鸟类的身体大小增大而增加, 并且呈显著的正相关。本文的结果显示, 网捕法和红外相机技术针对不同类群的鸟类调查效力不同, 但都是固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法的有效补充。建议今后开展森林鸟类多样性调查与监测时, 尽量采用多种研究方法相结合, 以求达到最优的效果。     

陕西省鸟类调查初报

从2002年5月至2006年10月,采用路线调查法和定点调查法,对陕西省鸟类资源进行了初步的调查与研究,对过去文献记载的种类进行了修订,经过5年多的调查,目前陕西省共有鸟类465种,隶属18目69科,其中含省级鸟类新纪录37种.     

兰州大学榆中校区及其附近鸟类多样性研究

2008年5月～2012年5月对兰州大学榆中校区及附近的鸟类进行调查,共计发现鸟类117种,隶属于10目35科65属,其中夏候鸟40种,留鸟53种,旅鸟16种,冬候鸟8种;在鸟类区系方面,古北界鸟种占52.1%,广布种占40.2%,东洋界鸟种占7.7%,其鸟类群落组成兼有黄土高原鸟类与兴隆山山地鸟类的特点;在三种鸟类生境类型中,鸟类多样性和群落的均匀度最高的是校园人工园林,山区灌丛草地的鸟类多样性位居其次,且具有一些黄土高原特有留鸟,农田与居民点的鸟类多样性最低而优势度最高。     

鸟类调查的样线法和样点法比较:以崇明东滩春季盐沼鸟类调查为例

为了探讨样线法和样点法对盐沼湿地鸟类调查的有效性及适用性, 我们于2008年3–5月采用固定距离样线法和固定半径样点法对崇明东滩盐沼鸟类进行了调查。5次调查共记录到鸟类24种, 其中样线法记录到19种, 样点法记录到21种, 两种调查方法平均每次记录到的鸟类种数没有显著差异, 表明两种方法对盐沼鸟类种类的发现能力相似。两种方法得到的鸟类密度之间有显著的相关性,说明两种方法在反映鸟类群落中每种鸟类的相对数量方面具有可比性。但除了仅在一种调查方法中记录到的种类, 样点法调查得到的每种鸟类密度和鸟类总密度均高于样线法的调查结果。因此, 在对鸟类种群或群落的时空特征进行比较时, 需要考虑所采用的调查方法对调查结果的影响。     

鸟类乐园

红树林与林中的潮沟、林下和林周的滩涂以及陆地一侧的草灌丛和农田耕地,构成了复杂多样的红树林区生境,是鸟类觅食、栖息、隐蔽和繁殖的理想场所,也是许多过路候鸟迁徙途中的歇息驿站。     

雅安市区林地鸟类多样性及生态位分析

2009年12月至2010年12月.,经过一个年周期的调察与统计,共记录雅安市区林地鸟类79种,隶属于8目32科.通过多样性指数与均匀度指数的测算发现,春秋两季大于夏冬两季,农田类型明显低于次生林、人工林及其他生境.在所有鸟类中,灰喉鸦雀(Paradoxornis alphonsianus)、白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)、红头长尾山雀(Aegithalos concinnus)、白颊噪鹛(Garrulax sannio)在不同季节均具有较高的优势度,发冠卷尾(Dicrurus hottentottus)、松鸦(Garrulus glandarius)、大山雀(Parus major)、绿背山雀(P.monticolus)具有最高的生态位宽度值.自20世纪60年代,雅安市区鸟类物种组成及栖息地随城市化进程均发生了较大变化.     

样点法在森林鸟类调查中的运用

样点法由于具有易于实施、更易做到随机化或系统化以及适合于复杂及斑块化生境等优点,已成为目前使用最为广泛的森林鸟类调查方法。本文在介绍样点法的假设条件、类型和影响鸟类调查准确性因素的基础上,重点介绍了样点法在调查森林鸟类需要考虑的样本大小、样点布设、调查时间、每点的停留时间和调查周期等。同时也分析了样点法的不足,并提出样点法与网捕法结合是提高调查结果准确性的有效途径。     

广州地区鸟类资源本底调查及其整体特征分析

城市化的迅速发展对生态环境和生物多样性产生重要影响。广州作为大都市,对其动物资源的本底调查和研究,可为了解和掌握城市化进程对生物多样性的影响提供重要依据。2005年4月至2006年12月,应用固定样带法对广州地区鸟类资源进行了6次大规模调查。结果如下:(1)共记录到鸟类251种,隶属于18目54科,占全国鸟类物种数(1331种)的18.86%。其中,国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物1种、Ⅱ级重点保护动物22种,新记录到鸟类116种;(2)从居留类型看,留鸟123种,冬候鸟88种,夏候鸟37种,旅鸟38种,迷鸟8种;(3)在4个调查区中,森林区鸟类物种数最多,为164种,且Shannon指数最高,为3.395;沿海湿地区最低,物种数为105种,Shannon指数为2.407;城市区和农田灌丛区物种数分别为116种和147种,Shannon指数分别为3.008和3.250;(4)季节上,3月物种数最多,有130种,6月最少,有90种,9月和12月分别是102种和126种。12月物种多样性指数最低,只有2.424,其他月份差异不大,在3.550~3.650之间。结果表明:(1)广州地区鸟类资源丰富,综合各类调查数据估计,广州地区的鸟类种数可达300种左右;(2)大规模的长期性系统调查对掌握和认识区域性生物多样性本底资源尤为重要,而该类调查的缺乏应引起足够的重视;(3)广州地区鸟类在不同区域和时间上表现出明显的差异性,说明城市化影响已开始显现;(4)广州是候鸟的重要分布区,在候鸟的保护上具有重要地位。     

中国鸟类种数的最新统计

自1863年R.Swinhoe首次发表中国鸟类名录以后,国内外学者对我国鸟类进行了大量研究,并对其分类与分布作了系统总结.在国内,郑作新教授最早对我国鸟类的分类与分布进行全面综合性研究,在他的几本著作中,对我国鸟类的种数进行了分析和总结(Cheng,1987;郑作新,1976;1994,2000).     

3种城市生境间蚂蚁群落组成的比较研究——以四川省南充市城区为例

作为重要的人为影响因素,城市化改变了自然生境的景观结构,并影响到动物群落的组成。蚁科Formicidae动物种类繁多,且易于捕获,是研究城市中不同土地利用类型对动物群落影响的理想指示生物。2018年5月,在四川省南充市城区中选择"公园与绿地""旱地"和"乔木林地"3种土地利用类型作为不同的生境类型,并通过陷阱法对蚂蚁群落组成进行调查。共采集到1 847只个体;其中,津岛铺道蚁Tetramorium tsushimae在"公园与绿地"中的个体数占比最高(73.80%),并明显高于"旱地"群落中占比最高的中华小家蚁Monomorium chinense(25.48%)和"乔木林地"群落中占比最高的宽结大头蚁Pheidole nodus(28.79%)。3种生境间,群落的蚂蚁个体数和物种丰富度间差异无统计学意义,但"公园与绿地"的Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均显著低于"旱地"和"乔木林地"的;"公园与绿地"(q=0.444)和"旱地"(q=0.500)与"乔木林地"间的群落组成均存在中度不相似,而"公园与绿地"与"旱地"间为中度相似(q=0.647)。因此,不同的城市土地...     

Seasonal Incidence and Diversity Pattern of Avian Communities in the Bangalore University Campus,India

The present study deals with the species abundance, diversity and species richness of avian communities in the Bangalore University Campus (BUC), Bengaluru, India. One hundred and six species of birds belonging to 42 families under 68 genera were recorded. Shannon–Wiener’s and Fisher’s alpha diversities, species evenness, species richness of bird communities, number of bird species and percentage of population density of birds between various seasons in the BUC differed significantly between the study years. Of these bird species, the relative abundance (6.96 %) and species distribution ratio (0.070) of Psittacula krameri were highest, whereas relative abundance (0.04 %) and species distribution ratio (0.002) of Coracias benghalensis were lowest. The existing 32 species of flowering plants/trees belonging to 29 genera under 14 families in the campus are used for perching by birds. Moreover 29 species of flowering plants/trees belonging to 24 genera under 16 families depend on birds for pollination and/or seed dispersal. Occurrence of greater bird diversity and abundance of avian communities were recorded highest in the winter season in the BUC premises. In the different seasons, the BUC had varying community structure of birds between the study years. BUC suffers from numerous threats namely grass cutting, fire and grazing of domestic animals. Conservation methods needed for habitat management are restoration of vegetation and wetlands, and increase plant and tree diversity to protect the ecosystem of BUC habitat and to preserve its diversity of avifauna.     

Counting error in the line-intercept method of measuring root length

The line-intercept method is widely used to estimate the length of roots washed from soil samples. Human error in root length estimates has not been quantified and is needed for error analysis and specification of training/testing requirements for new workers. Nine or ten individuals counted four samples of roots on each of five days. One sample was counted on each of the days to test day-to-day variation. A coefficient of variation of 10% was typically obtained for estimates of the length of a single sample by the counters. An uncertainty of about 7% resulted from differences in how a sample was arranged on the grid and how the counters varied as a group from day-to-day. Certain individuals tended to yield estimates appreciably higher or lower than the entire group, so new workers must be adequately evaluated.     

Effect of Storage Temperature on Soil Nematode Community Structures as Revealed by PCR-DGGE

The optimal duration and conditions for storage of soils collected for nematode community analyses are unknown. To study this issue, three types of soils with different geographical origins from the subarctic to cool-temperate Japan were kept at three temperature levels (5, 10, and 20(°)C) for up to 8 wk following collection. During the storage period, nematode population density was measured, and community structure was assessed by polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). No significant changes in the population density or diversity of nematodes (Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index) were observed during storage compared to initial states, except that density in an andosol collected from Tsukuba, Central Japan decreased significantly after 28 d of storage at 5(°)C. However, a regression analysis showed a declining trend in nematode density in the latter half of the storage period when soils were stored at 5 or 20(°)C, depending on the geographic origin of the soil. These results indicate that soils can be stored for 14 d at 5-20(°)C, with 10(°)C as optimal. This is the first study to experimentally determine the optimal preservation conditions for nematode assemblages in soils that are to be analyzed using PCR-DGGE.     

四川海子山自然保护区鸟类资源及区系

2003年10~12月和2004年6~9月,采用样线法和绝对数量法,对四川海子山自然保护区鸟类资源进行了调查,记录到鸟类130种,结合文献共16目48科210种。其中以留鸟和夏候鸟为主,占了总数的82.86%。对繁殖鸟类的区系分析表明:古北界种类占繁殖鸟总数的44.8%,东洋界种类占40.8%,广布种占14.4%,古北界种类稍占优势。保护区内有国家Ⅰ、Ⅱ级保护动物30种,我国特有种11种,占我国特有种的15.9%;列入CITES名录的有20种,IUCN名录的有8种,中国物种红色名录14种。垂直区系分析发现:随海拔高度的增加,古北界、东洋界、广布种的比例并不是呈规律性的增加或减少,而是波浪式的变化;绝大多数分布型的比例也呈波浪式的变化。     

四川大学望江校区5种常见留鸟的食性及其季节差异

为揭示四川大学望江校区常见鸟类食性的季节性动态,2014年8月—2015年8月观察记录了常见鸟类的组成、食物种类及取食频率,统计分析了其食物的种类组成。采用Levins指数和相似性百分率指数计算了5种常见留鸟的食性宽度和生态位重叠。结果表明:1)出现频率最高的5种鸟类均为留鸟,分别是白颊噪鹛Garrulax sannio、白头鹎Pycnonotus sinensis、麻雀Passer montanus、乌鸫Turdus merula和珠颈斑鸠Streptopelia chinensis;2)5种鸟类对植物性食物种子的取食频率最大,为55.33%;3)白颊噪鹛的食性受季节影响最小,白颊噪鹛与乌鸫在夏季的食性最专一,白头鹎、麻雀与珠颈斑鸠在春季的食性最专一;4)5种鸟类的生态位重叠较高,生态位重叠值最高的为乌鸫和麻雀(79.9%)。     

曲阜师范大学校园蜘蛛种类组成、群落结构与物种多样性

2006年春季,通过对山东省曲阜师范大学校园蜘蛛随机采样调查,共采集到蜘蛛标本336个,经鉴定统计,共发现曲阜师范大学校园蜘蛛46种,隶属2亚目,16科,37属。其中山东新记录种4种,有2种标本仅鉴定到属。校园蜘蛛物种多样性高,Shannon多样性指数为4．65,Simpson多样性指数为0．94。     

四川王朗国家级自然保护区鸟类多样性与区系组成

生物多样性编目与监测是我国各级自然保护区的基础工作。本研究收集整理了四川王朗国家级自然保护区2004—2019年基于实地调查与观测的鸟类记录,数据来源包括公众科学活动、红外相机调查和自动录音记录。共记录鸟类16目55科271种,其中,东洋界物种147种(54.24%),古北界物种94种(34.69%),广布种30种(11.07%);留鸟165种(60.89%),冬候鸟14种(5.17%),夏候鸟67种(24.72%),旅鸟22种(8.12%),迷鸟3种(1.11%);国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物5种:鸡形目Galliformes雉科Phasianidae斑尾榛鸡Tetrastes sewerzowi、红喉雉鹑Tetraophasis obscurus、绿尾虹雉Lophophorus lhuysii和鹰形目Accipitriformes鹰科Accipitridae胡兀鹫Gypaetus barbatus、金雕Aquila chrysaetos;国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物23种;列入世界自然保护联盟红色名录的10种,列入中国脊椎动物红色名录的34种。结果表明,保护区鸟类区系组成总体上具有南北混杂...     

Exploring methods for rapid assessment of woody vegetation in the Batemi Valley, North-central Tanzania

Conservation of local biological resources in remote areas requires efficient data and collection methods. This paper describes part of a local conservation initiative in Northern Tanzania in which an indigenous conservation group enlisted the support of outside scientists to explore means of preparing baseline ecological reports. Two factors are seen as important: one is local use of ecological resources and the other is local availability. This paper focuses on the second of these and considers woody species. A variety of ecological field methods, statistical analysis and remote sensing and mapping techniques are used to generate baseline ecological inventories. The fieldwork identified 101 woody species, representing 54 genera and 37 families in the Batemi area. There are three main vegetation types: Vangueria apiculata-Ficus sycomorus-Trichilia emetica type; Croton dictygamous-Euphorbia tirucalli-Grewia bicolor type; and Acacia tortilis-Balanites aegyptica-Euphorbia candelabrum type. The Landsat TM map identified four main land-cover classes: (1) bushland and woodland thicket, (2) woodland (3) wooded grassland, and (4) grassland with scattered trees, which includes agricultural areas and villages. The combination of these data and methods can be useful for conservation planning and long-term monitoring, but it is clear that ground-level local assessment is necessary to detect subtleties of human-environment interaction that are required for conservation planning.     

Variability in Energy Influences Avian Distribution Patterns Across the USA

Habitat transformations and climate change are among the most important drivers of biodiversity loss. Understanding the factors responsible for the unequal distribution of species richness is a major challenge in ecology. Using data from the North American Breeding Bird Survey to measure species richness and a change metric extracted from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), we examined the influence of energy variability on the geographic distribution of avian richness across the conterminous U.S. and in the different ecoregions, while controlling for energy availability. The analysis compared three groups of birds: all species, Neotropical migrants, and permanent residents. We found that interannual variability in available energy explained more than half of the observed variation in bird richness in some ecoregions. In particular, energy variability is an important factor in explaining the patterns of overall bird richness and of permanent residents, in addition to energy availability. Our results showed a decrease in species richness with increasing energy variability and decreasing energy availability, suggesting that more species are found in more stable and more productive environments. However, not all ecoregions followed this pattern. The exceptions might reflect other biological factors and environmental conditions. With more ecoclimatic variability predicted for the future, this study provides insight into how energy variability influences the geographical patterns of species richness. PR designed study, performed research, analyzed data and wrote paper. CAL, MAL, AMP, VCR, PDC, and EFL designed study and wrote paper.