十二生肖(十二属种)动物与人类进化论——人类起源的探索(三)

地球上十二属种动物与人类的关系存在决定意识,人们的社会存在决定人们的社会(思想)意识。人类产生“十二兽”观念并制订,实行十二兽历法,正是人类自身起源于“十二兽”的先祖这一客观事实在人们头脑中的反映。十二兽:我国又称十二禽,十二属,十二物,十二生肖等。所谓十二兽,我国汉族是指鼠,牛,虎,兔,龙,蛇,马,羊,猴,鸡,狗,猪。让我们从十二兽历法的产生和起源来探讨地球上十二属种动物(十二兽)的先祖与人类进化的关系。世界上四大文明古国———中国、印度、埃及和巴比伦各有其“十二兽历法”,内容上大同小异。中国汉族:鼠,牛,虎,兔,龙,蛇,…     

我想邂逅一只獾

<正>当窗外猫头鹰的"咕咕"声和外公的呼噜声配成一首滑稽的奏鸣曲,我知道,夜已经很深了。穿好衣服,提上鞋子,我蹑手蹑脚地溜出家门。今晚,对,趁着夜深人静,我要独自走入森林,找到外公提到过的那棵老橡树。哪怕田鼠啃咬我的脚趾,虫虫钻进我的衣领,我都会在树下屏住呼吸,耐心守候,因为……     

烟草趣话

笔者不会抽烟,不喜欢烟,记得小时候看大人吸烟,那是一小烟袋,铜制的,有个咀子放烟丝,另一头用嘴吸,烟袋里装有水,当用火柴点燃烟丝时,嘴就随时缓缓吸烟,几下子就吞云吐雾了。由于好奇,大人走后,我就仿效试试,由于吸气太大,一下子把烟袋中的水都吸到口里了,满嘴烟味极不好受,以后再不玩这东西了。后来时兴纸烟,当闻到烟气时头就不舒服,从此与烟绝了缘至今。     

广西大戟科新种和新分布

<正> 灌木,通常高3米,枝条细,粗3—5毫米,树皮近灰色,具细条纹,小枝具翅,无毛。叶薄纸质,椭圆形至卵状长圆形,无毛;中脉细,两面凸起,侧脉纤细,5—7对,两面稍凸起,未达叶缘而网结,叶柄长不及2毫米,无毛;托叶挟三角形,长3—4毫米,基部扩大,近耳形,顶端急尖。花腋生,单朵或稀2朵簇生,萼片和花盘互生,无花辦。雄花:花梗丝状,长3—3.5厘米,基部被微柔毛;萼片4枚,覆瓦状排列,披针形,长4.5毫米,     

植物大熊猫——野生红豆杉

野生红豆杉,冰川世纪遗留下来的古老树种,以它顽强的生命力屹立在地球上已几百万年。在人类出现在这个星球以前,它就以红彤彤的红豆果,扮靓了地球的山间和密林。它树姿优美,枝繁叶茂,苍劲挺拔,一派生机盎然,令人敬畏。它果实鲜红,艳丽无比,圆如珍珠,寄托相思之情,令人爱怜。它全身是宝,强身健体,防癌抗癌,历史悠久,令人感动。     

中国琼楠属二新种

<正> 短叶琼楠 新种 图10 Beilschmiedia brevifolia Y. T. Wei, sp. nov. 乔木,高约8米,小枝略粗壮,无毛;树皮平滑或微裂;顶芽卵圆形,无毛,直径约5毫米,先端尖。叶薄革质,对生,常聚生于枝顶,椭圆形至狭椭圆状披针形,2.5—4(6)厘米,宽1.5—2.5(3)厘米,先端钝,基部近圆形,稀近楔形,两面无毛,干时腹面深灰色,背面黑褐色,中脉在叶面微下陷,在下面凸起;侧脉每边约7条,与网脉在两面凸起;叶柄短,长2—5毫米,无毛。花未见。果序顶生或腋生。果近球形,直经约1.5厘米,干后黑色,果     

青海蚕豆种质资源形态多样性分析

对153份青海蚕豆种质资源的形态多样性进行鉴定, 结果表明, 青海蚕豆种质资源具有丰富的形态多样性,平均多样性指数为0.8033,其中青海地方蚕豆品种多样性最丰富,平均多样性指数为0.8288.通过多变量的主成分分析,前6个主成分代表了蚕豆形态多样性的87.89%.基于形态性状,把153份蚕豆种质聚类并划分为3大组群.第Ⅰ组群,初花天数较长,植株中等,子粒中等,单株荚数和粒数多,单株产量较高;第Ⅱ组群,初花天数较短,株高较矮,子粒小,单株荚数和粒数较多,单株产量低;第Ⅲ组群,初花天数较短,株体较高,单株荚数和粒数少,但子粒较大,单株产量较高.     

中国栅蛛属2新种记述(蜘蛛目:栅蛛科)

本文记了分别采自云南高黎贡山的栅蛛科栅蛛属Hahnia 2新种:垭口栅蛛,新种S.yakouensis sp.nov.和肾形栅蛛,新种S.reniformis sp.nov..垭口栅蛛后眼列前曲,交媾腔大,扁圆形,交媾孔1个,位于交媾腔下缘,交媾管粗,呈"人"字形下行分成2支再向两侧扭曲.纳精囊有一肓管斜向上伸出,鉴于上述特征而与Hahnia mridulae Tikader,1970不同.肾形栅蛛交媾孔2个,位于生殖厣腹面中央,纳精囊1对,大,肾形,插入器始于生殖球左下方,鉴于上述特征而与Hahnia xinjiangensis Wang et Liang,1989不同. Abstract： The present paper deals with two new species of the genus Hahnia collected from the Gaoligong Mountains Region of Yunnan Province, China: Hahnia yakouensis sp. nov., Hahnia reniformis sp. nov..     

广西铁木属一新种

<正> 乔木,高15—17米,胸径21—30厘米,树皮灰褐色,粗糙;老枝暗紫褐色,疏生不甚明显的褐色细小皮孔,变无毛,幼枝密被黄褐色长柔毛;芽椭圆形或狭卵形,长3—5毫米,芽鳞阔卵形,疏被短柔毛或无毛,边具缘毛。叶互生,卵形,稀狭卵形,长5—10.5厘米,宽2.5—5厘米,顶端渐尖,稀短浙尖,基部微心形,稍偏斜,上面疏生长柔毛或近无毛,背面灰绿色,密被短柔毛,中脉上面下凹,被开展的长柔毛,背面突起,基部密被其余疏被长柔毛,侧脉14—20对,脉间距离宽达6毫米,上面下凹,被短柔毛,背面突     

广西容县84例狂犬病流行病学分析及预防对策

目的 通过对容县2000～2007年84例狂犬病流行病学特点进行分析,探讨流行回升的因素,分析目前防治过程中存在的问题,提出狂犬病的预防对策和措施.方法 收集2000～2007年容县狂犬病疫情报告资料及对狂犬病病例的个案调查资料进行分析.结果 近年来,容县狂犬病疫情明显上升,成为有史以来流行高峰,最高年发病率3.04/10万.发病以农民,学生为主,男性多于女性,全年均有病例发生,无明显季节性,狂犬病暴露动物以犬伤为主,暴露部位以头颈部为最危险,潜伏期最短.结论 为有效预防狂犬病流行,应进一步建立完善犬类的管理的法律、法规,使预防狂犬病进入法制轨道,以有效控制狂犬病流行.伤后未能及时正确处理,暴露后免疫率低,是狂犬病发生的重要原因.加强宣传,提高狂犬病的防控知识,政府部门齐抓共管,采取综合性防控措施,才能有效控制狂犬病的流行.     

Conservation of threatened relict trees through living <Emphasis Type="Italic">ex situ</Emphasis> collections: lessons from the global survey of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zelkova</Emphasis> (Ulmaceae)

Maintaining living ex situ collections is one of the key conservation methods in botanic gardens worldwide. Despite of the existence of many other conservation approaches used nowadays, it offers for many endangered plants an important insurance policy for the future, especially for rare and threatened relict trees. The aim of this research was to investigate the global extent of living ex situ collections, to assess and discuss their viability and inform the development of conservation approaches that respond to latest global conservation challenges. We used as a model taxon the tree genus Zelkova (Ulmaceae). The genus includes six prominent Tertiary relict trees which survived the last glaciation in disjunct and isolated refugial regions. Our comprehensive worldwide survey shows that the majority of botanic institutions with Zelkova collections are in countries with a strong horticultural tradition and not in locations of their origin. More importantly, the acutely threatened Zelkova species are not the most represented in collections, and thus safeguarded through ex situ conservation. Less than 20% of the ex situ collections surveyed contain plant material of known wild provenance while the majority (90%) of collections are generally very small (1–10 trees). Botanic gardens and arboreta particularly in regions where iconic relict trees naturally occur should play a vital role in the conservation of these species. The coordination of conservation efforts between gardens has to be enhanced to prioritise action for the most threatened relict trees. Large scale genetic studies should be undertaken, ideally at genus level, in order to verify or clarify the provenance of ex situ collections of relict trees in cultivation. For the most threatened relict tree genera, well-coordinated specialist groups should be created.     

新疆、青海和四川等地区小麦族植物的细胞学观察

本文对采集于新疆、青海和四川等地的小麦族(Triticeae Dumortier)10属、52种、370份种子材料进行了细胞学观察。该地区小麦族各属种的染色体数目变化范围是从2n=14到2n=84,前者主要存在于大麦属(Hordeum)、新麦草属(Psathyrostachys)和黑麦属(Secale),而后者全部集中于赖草属(Leymus)。其中染色体数目为2n=28和2n=42的类型出现的频率很高,大多存在于鹅观草属(Roegneria)和披碱草属(Elymus)。除个别种内存在不同倍性的细胞型外,绝大多数种的染色体数目非常稳定。在所有的样本中均没有观察到具非整倍体和B-染色体的材料。     

Morphology,Phylogeny and Culture Characteristics of <i>Ganoderma gibbosum</i> Collected from Kunming,Yunnan Province,China

Ganoderma is a genus of medicinally and economically important mushrooms in the family Ganodermataceae. Ganoderma species are popular medicinal mushrooms and their health benefits are well-documented. Ganoderma is a cosmopolitan genus that is widely distributed in both tropical and temperate regions. This genus is characterized by its unique laccate or non-laccate species with double-walled basidiospores. Here, we report on eight collections of G. gibbosum collected during surveys in Kunming, Yunnan Province, China. The specimens are described and illustrated based on macro- and micro-morphological characteristics. Total DNA of the eight G. gibbosum strains were extracted using the Biospin Fungal Extraction Kit following manufacturer protocol. Amplification of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (nrITS) region was carried out using ITS5/ITS4 primers and LROR/LR5 for the nuclear ribosomal large subunit 28S rDNA gene (LSU). Phylogenetic analysis with closely related species to G. gibbosum showed that all eight collections grouped with G. gibbosum with 100% bootstrap support. Phylogenetic similarity and morphological variations within the eight collections of G. gibbosum are discussed.     

The Abantis species (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) of western West Africa

Abstract. The genus Abantis Hopffer contains eight species in western West Africa. One species, Abantis pseudonigeriana sp.n., is described as new. Distributional notes and a key are given for all species. In general the species of this genus are rare and poorly represented in collections, but there are interesting examples of pairs of very similar species (nigeriana and pseudonigeriana; elegantula and maesseni).     

Australian species of Sinella (Sinella) Brook (Collembola: Entomobryidae)

Abstract  The Australian subgenus Sinella ( Sinella ) Brook is revised. Two species are recognised. A new species from New South Wales and South Australia, Sinella ( Sinella ) samueli , is described and the widely distributed species Sinella ( Sinella ) termitum Schött is redescribed based on examination of a specimen from the type series and fresh collections from a wide range of localities in south-eastern Australia. New patterns of chaetotaxy for the genus are described from these species.     

THE GREEN ALGAL GENUS CLONIOPHORA REPRESENTS A NOVEL LINEAGE IN THE ULVALES: A PROPOSAL FOR CLONIOPHORACEAE FAM. NOV.1

The green algal genus Cloniophora has been classified in the Chaetophorales (Chlorophyceae) based on morphological characters. This study uses DNA sequence data from the nucleus (SSU) and the chloroplast (tufA) from collections in the Hawaiian Islands and a culture originating from Portugal to test this classification. Taxonomic identities of contemporary collections were confirmed by sequencing small fragments of DNA (rbcL and SSU) from type specimens, including the generitype, Cloniophora willei L. H. Tiffany. These molecular data show that Cloniophora does not have close affinities to the Chaetophorales and belongs instead to the Ulvales (Ulvophyceae). The morphological features of eight or more reproductive products per cell and a pyrenoid with a traversing thylakoid membrane support the molecular data and confirm the placement of this group in the Ulvales. As this genus does not belong to any recognized family in the Ulvales, the family Cloniophoraceae, containing the single genus Cloniophora, is proposed.     

Molecular comparisons of native range collections of Gadirtha fusca,a potential biological control agent of Chinese tallowtree

Chinese tallowtree, Triadica sebifera (L.) Small (Euphorbiaceae), is one of the worst invasive weeds of the southeastern USA impacting coastal wetlands, forests, and natural areas. A proposed biological control candidate, the defoliating moth Gadirtha fusca Pogue (Lepidoptera: Nolidae) shows high specificity for the target weed Chinese tallowtree. A total of 13 field sites were sampled in the native range of this herbivore species. To determine if all individuals were the same taxon, molecular DNA analyses were conducted of these collections. These included collections from 2012, 2015 and 2016, from three regions and two adult color morphs. Molecular COI analysis was performed on thirty colonized individuals from these collections. The results of this analysis arranged all taxa into a single clade with average genetic divergence values of 0.3%. Comparison of these G. fusca sequences and those from other Gadirtha spp. all had divergence values that were equal to or exceeded 5%. These results indicate that all the G. fusca collections were a single species and they were distinct from other known members of this genus.     

Unique tetrads of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Epilobium luteum</Emphasis> (Onagraceae: Onagreae) pollen from Alaska

Aperture morphology of tetrad pollen of Epilobium luteum (Onagraceae: Epilobieae) from three Alaskan collections is highly variable. The first collection appears to lack apertures altogether and is presumed to consist of immature pollen gains in a genus known to achieve mature size before the apertures become distinctly protruding. A second collection has tetrads with 3- and 4-apertured grains, the apertures in the latter are often irregularly spaced and not in apposition with the apertures of neighboring members. The third collection consists of the more typical 3-apertured members that characterize the majority of Epilobium pollen grains. In all of these collections individual pollen grains (monads) are interspersed among the tetrads. The variations in the number of apertures emphasize the importance of having a comprehensive understanding of the stage of development of the pollen (taxon) examined when describing pollen collections. In the first collection this would mean the recognition that in Onagraceae apertures occur in the later stages of microspore ontogeny. In the latter two collections a thorough background of the literature of the pollen morphology on this largest Onagraceae taxon is useful for the understanding of the significance of a range of aperture numbers on Epilobium pollen grains.     

Species identification in the genus Saprolegnia (Oomycetes): Defining DNA-based molecular operational taxonomic units

The lack of a robust taxonomy in the genus Saprolegnia is leading to the presence of incorrectly named isolates in culture collections and of an increasing number of misassigned sequences in DNA databases. Accurate species delimitation is critical for most biological disciplines. A recently proposed approach to solve species delimitation (taxonomic diagnosis system) of difficult organisms is the definition of molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs). We have used 961 sequences of nrDNA ITS from culture collections (461 sequences) and GenBank (500 sequences), to perform phylogenetic and clustering optimization analyses. As result, we have identified 29 DNA-based MOTUs in agreement with phylogenetic studies. The resulting molecular clusters support the validity of 18 species of Saprolegnia and identify 11 potential new ones. We have also listed a number of incorrectly named isolates in culture collections, misassigned species names to GenBank sequences, and reference sequences for the species. We conclude that GenBank represents the main source of errors for identifying Saprolegnia species since it possesses sequences with misassigned names and also sequencing errors. The presented taxonomic diagnosis system might help setting the basis for a suitable identification of species in this economically important genus.