小麦与谷子不对称体细胞杂交

以不同剂量的紫外线(UV)照射谷子(Setariaitalica cy. Shanxi)原生质体为供体与普通小麦(Triticum aestivum)济南177和99P的原生质体用PEG法诱导融合.利用同工酶,RAPD和染色体分析再生的克隆及白化苗.从小麦济南177与谷子融合再生的86个克隆中,24个被鉴定为杂种克隆;而小麦99P与谷子融合再生的67个克隆中,27个被鉴定为杂种克隆.虽然用作融合材料的双亲培养细胞均丧失再生能力,但是部分来源于低剂量UV处理的杂种克隆再生了绿点、根和白化苗.证明小麦体细胞杂交中的双亲再生能力互补现象也存在于远缘族间融合组合中.讨论了小麦远缘族间融合未能再生绿色植株的原因.     

小麦与谷子不对称体细胞杂交

以不同剂量的紫外线（UV）照射谷子（Setaria italica cv.Shanxi）原生质体为供体与普通小麦（Triticum aestivum）济南177和99P的原生质体用PEG法诱导融合。利用同工酶,RAPD和染色体分析再生的克隆及白化苗,从小麦济南177与谷子融合再生的86个克隆中,24个被鉴定为杂种克隆;而小麦99P与谷子融合再生的67个克隆中,27个被鉴定为杂种克隆,虽然用作融合材料的双亲培养细胞均丧失再生能力,但是部分来源于低剂量UV处理的杂种克隆再生了绿点、根和白化苗。证明小麦体细胞杂交中的双亲再生能力互补现象也存在于远缘族间融合组合中,讨论了小麦远缘族间融合 有再生绿色植株的原因。     

普通小麦与簇毛麦原生质体的紫外线融合

从来源于普通小麦品种济南177（Triticum aestivum cv.Jinan 177）悬浮细胞系的原生质体与来源于簇毛麦（Haynaldia villosa）胚性愈伤组织的原生质体融合获得体细胞杂种。供体簇毛麦原生质体在融合之前用紫外线照射30s或1min,紫外线剂量为360Цw/cm^2。仅由紫外线照射30s的组合获得再生愈伤组织克隆。细胞学、生物化学及PCR分析结果证实了再生克隆的杂种性质。用线粒体基因特异的探针进行的RFLP分析的结果表明,杂种中含有融合双亲的线粒体并且发生了重组。由杂种愈伤组织再生得到白化苗。讨论了紫外线对融合产物的影响。     

通过不对称体细胞杂交向小麦转移青苗碱谷DNA(英文)

普通小麦“济南177”(Triticum aestzvum L.cv.Jinan 177)经继代培养和选择,形成了两种性质不同的愈伤组织,一种生长迅速,易于形成悬浮系,游离的原生质体具有旺盛的分裂能力,但不能分化,称为Cha 9;另一种具有一定分化能力,但游离的原生质体分裂能力低,称为176。二者之一来源的原生质体与紫外线照射的青苗碱谷原生质体融合均不能获得再生植株。而将来源于Cha 9和176的两种原生质体混合,与经紫外线照射的青苗碱谷原生质体在PEG诱导下融合,融合产物再生了大量植株。再生的愈伤组织及植株经表型、细胞学、同工酶、RAPD分析,证明了其杂种性质,用小麦叶绿体特异的简单重复序列(SSR)引物分析了再生杂种的叶绿体遗传组成情况。在不同的杂种克隆中,同时带有Cha 9和176的遗传物质并含有供体核及胞质基因组的克隆4具有较高的分化能力,再生了大量生长旺盛的完整植株。     

通过不对称体细胞杂交向小麦转移青苗碱谷DNA

普通小麦"济南177"(Triticum aestivum L.cv.Jinan177)经继代培养和选择,形成了性质不同的愈伤组织,一种生长迅速,易于形成悬浮系,游离的原生质具有旺盛的分裂能力,但不能分化,称为Cha9;另一种具有一定能力,但游离原生质体分裂能力低,称为176.二者之一来源的原生质体与紫外线照射的青苗碱谷原生质体融合均不能获得再生植株.而将源于Cha9和176的两种原生质体混合,与经紫外线照射的青苗碱谷原生质体在PEG诱导下融合,融合产物再生了大量植株.再生的愈伤组织及植株经表现型、细胞学、有工酶、RAPD分析,证明了其杂种性质,用不麦叶绿体特异的简单得复序列(SSR)引物分析了再生杂种的叶绿体遗传组成情况.在不同的杂种克隆中,同时带有Cha9和176的遗传物质并含有供体核及胞质基因组的克隆4具有较高的分化能力,再生了大量生长旺盛的完整植株.     

小麦与燕麦不对称体细胞杂交的研究

以小麦品种济南177的悬浮细胞系(长期继代培养已丧失分化能力)来源的原生质体混合同品种胚性愈伤组织(分化能力较强, 约70%)制备的原生质体为受体, 以经300 mW/cm²紫外线照射0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5 min的普通燕麦愈伤组织(分化频率很低, 约10%)原生质体作供体, 用PEG法诱导融合. 可高频率地获得体细胞杂种细胞系, 并分化获得绿色正常的再生植株, 经荧光原位杂交、 同工酶及5S rDNA间隔序列分析, 确认了它们为体细胞杂种. 单独使用小麦胚性悬浮系或愈伤组织为受体获得的杂种克隆均未能得到绿色植株.     

同一小麦品种不同来源的两种原生质体与簇毛麦原生质体融合再生杂种植株(英文)

小麦 (TriticumaestivumL .)济南 177的两种原生质体 ,一种来自快速生长的悬浮细胞 ,它们因长期继代而丧失分化能力 ,其染色体只有 2n =2 4～ 2 8;另一种来自可以再生的愈伤组织 ,其原生质体不能持续分裂。它们中任一种与UV照射过的簇毛麦原生质体融合均不能再生植株。然而当它们混合在一起作为受体时 ,能够获得再生绿色植株。细胞核基因和胞质基因的分析证明这些绿色植株是杂种。以上事实说明这两种原生质体在融合时存在某些互补的关系 ,讨论了这种融合方式的可能作用及重要性。     

同一小麦品种不同来源的两种原生质体与簇毛麦原生质体融合再生杂种植株

小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)济南177的两种原生质体,一种来自快速生长的悬浮细胞,它们因长期继代而丧失分化能力, 其染色体只有2n=24～28;另一种来自可以再生的愈伤组织,其原生质体不能持续分裂.它们中任一种与UV照射过的簇毛麦原生质体融合均不能再生植株.然而当它们混合在一起作为受体时,能够获得再生绿色植株.细胞核基因和胞质基因的分析证明这些绿色植株是杂种.以上事实说明这两种原生质体在融合时存在某些互补的关系,讨论了这种融合方式的可能作用及重要性.     

普通小麦与玉米不对称体细胞杂交的研究

以长期继代培养,经分化实验证明无分化能力的普通小麦（Triticum aestivum L.)济南177原生质体为受体,以经380uW/cm^2紫外线处理的继代第3－5天的墨西哥黑甜玉米（Zea mays L.cv.Sccharina F.Nigera)胚性悬浮组织原生质体为供体,使用PEG的方法诱导融合。融合再生的18个单细胞克隆的愈伤组织经形态学比较、染色体检查、同工酶分析、5S rRNA间隔序列分析,确认克隆1为杂种愈伤组织,杂种愈伤组织再生出来的白化苗未进行杂种鉴定。同时,初步探讨了紫外线对玉米原生质体的影响。     

同一小麦品种不同来源的两种原生质与簇毛麦原生质体融合再生杂种植株

小麦（Triticum asetivum L.)济南177的两种原生质体,一种来自快速生长的悬浮细胞,它们因长期继代而丧失分化能力,其染色体只有2n-24-28,另一种来自可以再生的愈伤组织,其原生质体不能持续分裂,它们中任一种与UV照射过的簇毛麦原生质体融合均不能再生植株,然而当它们混合在一起作为受体时,能够获得再生绿色植株,细胞核基因和胞质基因的分析证明这些绿色植株是杂种,以上事实说明这两种原生质体在融合时存在某些互补的关系,讨论了这种融合方式的可能作用及重要性。     

Regeneration of asymmetric somatic hybrid plants from the fusion of two types of wheat with Russian wildrye

Two types of protoplasts of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Jinan 177) were used in fusion experiments—cha9, with a high division frequency, and 176, with a high regeneration frequency. The fusion combination of either cha9 or 176 protoplasts with Russian wildrye protoplasts failed to produce regenerated calli. When a mixture of cha9 and 176 protoplasts were fused with those of Russian wildrye, 14 fusion-derived calli were produced, of which seven differentiated into green plants and two differentiated into albinos. The morphology of all hybrid plants strongly resembled that of the parental wheat type. The hybrid nature of the cell lines was confirmed by cytological, isozyme, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) analyses. GISH analysis revealed that only chromosome fragments of Russian wildrye were transferred to the wheat chromosomes of hybrid calli and plants. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis of the chloroplast genome of the hybrids with seven pairs of wheat-specific chloroplast microsatellite primers indicated that all of the cell lines had band patterns identical to wheat. Our results show that highly asymmetric somatic hybrid calli and plants can be produced via symmetric fusion in a triparental fusion system. The dominant effect of two wheat cell lines on the exclusion of Russian wildrye chromosomes is discussed.Abbreviations GISH Genome in situ hybridization - RAPD Random amplified polymorphic DNA - SCF Small chromosome fragment - SSR Simple sequence repeat     

Bioengineering of a phytoremediation plant by means of somatic hybridization

Phytoremediation is a technology that exploits a plant's ability to remove contaminants from the environment or render toxic compounds harmless. An efficient metal phytoremediating plant must combine high biomass production and established cultivation methods with high tolerance to a specific contaminant and ability for root uptake, translocation, and compartmentalization of contaminants in the above-ground biomass. Symmetric and asymmetric somatic hybridizations were used to introduce toxic metal-resistant traits from Thlaspi caerulescens into Brassica juncea. B. juncea hypocotyl protoplasts were fused with T. caerulescens mesophyll protoplasts. The hypocotyl protoplasts of B. juncea were stained with CFDA before fusion and thus fluoresced green under UV, whereas the mesophyll protoplasts of T. caerulescens had red autofluorescense. Heteroplasmic fusion products were identified and selected by flow cytometry and cell sorting. All putative hybrids grown in the greenhouse had morphological characteristics of B. juncea. A Thlaspi-specific repetitive sequence was hybridized to total DNA of plants, including the parental species. All plants from both symmetric and asymmetric fusions showed Thlaspi-specific hybridization patterns while B. juncea did not exhibit any hybridization signal. Hybrid plants, produced by asymmetric somatic hybridization between the two species, demonstrated high metal accumulation potential, tolerance to toxic metals, and good biomass production.     

小麦与禾草对称融合中杂种染色体组成与亲缘关系的初步探究

采用PEG 法诱导普通小麦的原生质体与新麦草、无芒雀麦及韦氏雀麦等3 种近缘或远缘属间禾草的原生质体进行对称融合。对融合再生细胞系进行形态比较、同工酶分析及5S rDNA间隔序列差异分析, 以鉴定其杂种性质。对部分杂种细胞系进行了染色体组成的分析, 就体细胞杂种中小染色体及染色体断片的产生与异源核质的互作及亲缘远近的关系等问题进行了讨论。     

Genotyping of somatic hybrids between <Emphasis Type="Italic">Festuca arundinacea</Emphasis> Schreb. and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.

In order to genotype hybrid genomes of distant asymmetric somatic hybrids, we synthesized hybrid calli and plants via PEG-mediated protoplast fusion between recipient tall fescue (Festuca. arundinacea Schreb.) and donor wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Seventeen and 25 putative hybrid clones were produced from the fusion combinations I and II, each with the donor wheat protoplast treated by UV light for 30 s and 1 min, respectively. Isozyme and RAPD profiles confirmed that ten hybrid clones were obtained from combination I and 19 from combination II. Out of the 29 hybrids, 12 regenerated hybrid plants with tall fescue phenotype. Composition and methylation-variation of the nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes of some hybrids, either with or without regenerative ability, were compared by genomic in situ hybridization, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and DNA methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism. Our results indicated that these selected hybrids all contained introgressed nuclear and cytoplasmic DNA as well as obvious methylation variations compared to both parents. However, there were no differences either in nuclear/cytoplasmic DNA or methylation degree between the regenerable and non-regenerable hybrid clones. We conclude that both regeneration complementation and genetic material balance are crucial for hybrid plant regeneration.     

Intermediate fertile Triticum aestivum （＋）Agropyron elongatum somatic hybrids are generated by low doses of UV irradiation

We report the production and characterization of somatic hybrids between Triticum aestivum L. and Agropyron elongatum (Host) Nevishi (the synonym is Thinopyrum ponticum). Asymmetric protoplast fusion was performed between Agropyron elongatum protoplasts irradiated with a low UV dose and protoplasts of wheat taken from nonregenerable suspension cultures. More than 40 green plantlets were obtained from 15 regenerated clones and one of them produced seeds. The phenotypes of the hybrid plants and seeds were intermediate between wheat and Agropyron elongatum. All of the regenerated calli and plants were verified as intergeneric hybrids on the basis of morphological observation and analysis of isozyme, cytological, 5SrDNA spacer sequences and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). RFLP analysis of the mitochondrial genome revealed evidence of random segregation and recombination of mtDNA.     

The behavior of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bupleurum scorzonerifolium</Emphasis> as a parent of somatic hybrid introgressed lines is associated with UV resistance of its chromosomes

Protoplasts of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium irradiated with 380 μW/cm² UV for 5 min were fused by the PEG-mediated method with untreated protoplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana. The fusion products were cultured in the P5 liquid medium for single hybrid cell clone formation. As a total, 81 independent putative hybrid clones (cell lines) were obtained, and seventeen of them were identified as somatic hybrids by chromosome counting, GISH, RAPD, and SSR analyses. More than 80 B. scorzonerifolium-like green introgressed plants and leaves were regenerated from 49 somatic hybrid cell lines, which contained chromatin and DNA characteristic of A. thaliana. To assess the UV tolerance of both parents with chromatin exclusion and introgression, their protoplasts were UV-irradiated (380 μW/cm² for 0 and 5 min), and the protoplasts of A. thaliana were more sensitive to UV than those of B. scorzonerifolium as judged by Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis analysis. The possible relationship between UV resistance of B. scorzonerifolium and A. thaliana chromosome elimination and the formation of somatic introgressed hybrid plants is discussed.     

小麦与羊草体细胞杂种的细胞核和细胞质基因组分析

通过原生质体融合与培养获得小麦与羊草的体细胞杂种,其核基因组成以羊草(供体)为主,用线粒体特异探针atp6与叶绿体特异探针rbcL进行的RFLP分析结果表明,胞质基因组成偏向羊草并发生了重组.讨论了受体核基因组消减对杂种再生及对受体胞质基因组消减的影响.     

Selection of somatic hybrids between diploid clones of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) transformed by direct gene transfer

Summary Five diploid potato clones have been transformed by electroporation of protoplasts with different selectable markers. The resulting diploid regenerated plants have been used in somatic hybridization. It has been shown that hybrid cell selection on the basis of antibiotic or herbicide resistances brought by the two parents of fusion is an efficient method for the recovery of tetraploid somatic hybrids.