慢性前列腺炎与细菌L型的相关性研究

目的：观察慢性前列腺炎与细菌L型感染的关系,探索慢性前列腺炎延不愈,反复发作的机制,提供临床用药的参考。方法：对108例慢性前列腺炎患者的前列腺液进行普通培养和细菌L型的同步培养,并对检出的L型菌株进行耐药性检测。结果：普通培养检出细菌28株,阳性率为26．3％,L型细菌检出20株,阳性率为19．1％,总阳性率为45．4％,阳性率显著提高（P＜0．01）;检出的L型细菌对β－内酰胺抗生素呈高度耐药性,其他作用于细菌蛋白质合成的药物,其敏感性与原菌相似或升高。结论：细菌L型的感染与慢性前列腺炎的发生,发展具有一定的相关性;L型细菌具有特有的抗生素耐药机制。     

慢性前列腺炎与细菌L型

慢性前列腺炎的病因包含许多方面,一般认为可分感染性与非感染性两类,前列腺液查到细菌者诊为慢性前列腺炎,镜检或培养阴性者被称为前列腺病。我们对51例慢性前列腺炎患者前列腺液进行了常规细菌培养加L型培养,结果发现在51例前列腺液标本中,获得单纯L     

慢性前列腺炎患者前列腺液的微生物研究

目的探讨慢性前列腺炎患者前列腺内的微生物种类。方法慢性前列腺炎81例,其中Ⅱ型前列腺炎（慢性细菌性前列腺炎）11例,Ⅲ型前列腺炎（慢性非细菌性前列腺炎）70例。前列腺液取材行细菌培养、解脲脲原体（UU）和人型支原体（MH）的培养、沙眼衣原体（CT）检测,并行淋病奈瑟菌（NG）、结核分枝杆菌（TB）、UU、CT、HPV、HSV-2、CMV的PCR检测,以及细菌16SDNA检测。结果Ⅱ型前列腺炎的病原谱涵盖多种革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌,还有CT、CMV、HSV-2和HPV。Ⅲ型前列腺炎中解脲支原体阳性率为37.0%（30/81）,沙眼衣原体阳性率为13.6%（11/81）。前列腺液病毒感染率分别为HPV8.6%（7/81）,HSV-211.1%（9/81）,CMV18.5%（15/81）。研究组前列腺液细菌16SDNA阳性率为66.7%,其中Ⅱ型前列腺炎为100%,Ⅲ型前列腺炎为61.4%。结论慢性前列腺炎患者前列腺内微生物种类繁多,其中许多微生物可能是Ⅲ型前列腺炎的致病因素。     

慢性扁桃体炎与细菌L型感染

通常认为,慢性扁桃体炎主要致病菌是金黄色葡萄球菌和乙型溶血性链球菌。通过50例慢性扁桃体炎的病原微生物培养、组织切片细菌学及电镜等研究,发现慢性扁桃体炎组织中细菌L型也相当常见,L型培养阳性率是88.5％,且组织切片L型感染率与培养阳性率基本一致(P>0.05)。电镜在扁桃体组织间质及上皮细胞、淋巴细胞等多种细胞内均见到细菌L型。提示慢性扁桃体炎与细菌L型感染关系极为密切。并认为,L型侵入组织并在宿主细胞内生长的特性,可能是慢性扁桃体炎反复发作、迁延不愈的重要原因。     

慢性前列腺炎患者前列腺抗生素活性的检测

检测以口服、肌肉注射射或静脉注射给药治疗前后慢性前列患者前列腺液内微生物的性质与数量,抗菌药物活性及观察患者症状的变化,判断抗菌药物对慢性前列腺炎前列腺组织的透过性,探讨常规途径与方法给药治疗慢性前列腺炎的可行性。结果表明,１８５例慢性前列腺炎患者的前列腺液内都可检出细菌、支原体、真菌或衣原体,其中以革兰阳性细菌最多见。根据药物敏感试验结果选用菌药物,不论以口服、肌肉注射或是静脉注射给药治疗后,前     

金黄色萄葡球菌L型特异性抗体的免疫组化试验在妇科感染性疾病诊断上的应用

本文对49例慢性子宫内膜炎、慢性宫颈炎等妇科疾病的病理切片,用金黄色葡萄球菌细菌型及L型的特异性杭体作酶免疫组化染色(PAP法)证明在金黄色葡萄球菌引起的各种妇科感染中,细菌型及L型混合感染占60％,单独细菌型感染占28.9％,单独L型感染占11.1％。本研究证明了金葡菌变异为L型后,有特异性杭原出现,并证明细菌L型的特异性抗原有一定的免疫学诊断价值。     

慢性肾盂肾炎L型细菌感染及耐药分析

目的了解L型细菌在慢性肾盂肾炎的感染及耐药状况。方法对71例患者清洁中段尿做普通细菌培养(B型)、L型细菌培养(L型)及耐药分析。结果细菌阳性率为77.5%,其中单独L型阳性率为49.3%、B型与L型混合感染为15.5%,而B型阳性率仅为12.7%。主要是大肠埃希菌,其次是葡萄球菌;青霉素及头孢噻肟均有较高的耐药率(88.9%及73.6%)。结论L型细菌在慢性肾盂肾炎感染中占主导,β-内酰胺类药物有较高的耐药性,临床治疗应据药敏结果合理选择及时调整抗生素。     

128例尿培养结果分析

尿路感染是临床最常见的感染之一。尿路感染多为细菌引起 ,这些细菌多与人类生活、环境和自身体表的细菌有关。而细菌 L 型又是尿路感染较常见的细菌之一。 L 型细菌培养国内外已开展多年 ,我室一直在进行需氧菌、厌氧菌、L 型细菌同步培养法 ,现将我们所做的 12 8例中段尿标本培养结果分析报告如下。1　材料与方法1.1　标本来源　临床诊断急性、慢性尿路感染患者的中段尿12 8例。1.2　材料　厌氧、需氧及 L型同步培养基 ,由康健生物技术公司出品 ;细菌分离培养基 ,为自制 ;细菌生化反应管 ,由浙江省军区后勤部卫生防疫检验所提供。1.3　…     

细菌L型的组织印片法检测

应用组织印片革兰氏、细胞壁染色的方法,检查36例慢性扁桃体炎、15例慢性咽炎组织中的细菌L型。结果表明,组织印片革兰氏染色和细胞壁染色L型菌的检出率相同,阳性率是90.2％,与对照组中同一标本的L型培养和免疫组织化学染色的L型检出率均具有一致性(P>0.05)。上述4种检查方法的L型检出率之间亦无显著性差异(P>0.05)。故我们认为,组织印片法检测细菌L型简便、准确,是L型感染初步筛选的最佳方法,可用于L型感染的快速诊断。     

细菌L型与宿主内环境的相互作用

细菌L型是指细菌在某些不利因素的作用下发生变异而形成的细胞壁缺陷型。细菌L型可用青霉素等作用细胞壁的诱导剂在体外诱导形成,但也可发生在动物和人体内。近年许多报导证明细菌L型与败血症、迁延性感染和慢性炎症性疾患有较密切的关系。临床医生已开始重视细菌     

L型细菌的诱导、培养、返祖及临床应用——883增菌培养基的研制及使用

本文对L型细菌的诱导、培养、返祖及临床应用方面进行研究,并用自制的L型细菌培养基(883培养基)在66份血、尿标本及51例前列腺液标本中培养出L型细菌分别为29.4％,30.7％及52.9％,与Kagan氏、857、863培养基对比效果基本相同。     

Chronic caprine mastitis in Nigerian goat breeds: microbiological flora and histopathological findings

In a study involving lactating does with normal-sized and enlarged pendulous udders, 85.5% of milk samples obtained from does with unilateral udder enlargement and 84.8% of samples from bilaterally enlarged udders indicated the presence of intramammary inflammation based on results of the modified Whiteside test. In contrast, only 47.6% of milk samples obtained from normal-sized udders showed evidence of intramammary inflammation. Bacterial cultures were performed on all milk samples which showed evidence of intramammary inflammation. 16 species of bacteria and other microorganisms were cultured from these samples. Bilaterally enlarged udders collectively yielded 13 different microbial isolates, while unilaterally enlarged udders yielded 11, and normal-sized udders yielded 9. The most frequent isolates in all groups were Staphylococcus spp. and Corynebacterium spp. On histopathologic examination, severe pathological changes in the teat and udder tissues of enlarged pendulous udders were observed. Lesions in parenchymatous tissues showed mild to severe inflammation with involution of the parenchyma of glands. This led to shrinkage of the alveoli and in severe cases, their complete disappearance and replacement by fibrous connective tissue which was observed to have a high degree of proliferation. Sections of non-pendulous udder tissue showed proper arrangement of alveoli with hypertrophic epithelial cells, indicating active secretory activity. The results provide some definitive evidence that enlarged pendulous udder development in some Nigerian breeds of goats is not spontaneous but occurs largely as a result of incursion of the mammary glands by pathogenic organisms which may cause mastitis resulting in progressive dysfunction of mammary tissue. In chronic cases, there is severe atrophy of glandular tissue leading to fibrosis.     

The "blotting" method for the detection of possible phenotypes of acid phosphatase in sperm

64 sperm samples are tested for the evidence of Sperm Acid Phosphatase by agarose isoelectrofocusing with modified blotting. Near pI = 5.0, we observed polymorphic fractions of Sperm Acid Phosphatase. The investigated polymorphism is alike the original one from prostata. Polymorphic patterns are stable in sperm stains up to 6 weeks.     

性病后慢性前列腺炎的病原菌及其耐药性研究

目的:探讨本地区性病后慢性前列腺炎的病原菌分布及其对抗生素的耐药性状况.方法:对131例性病后慢性前列腺炎患者的前列腺液细菌培养和药物敏感试验结果进行统计分析.结果:131例性病后慢性前列腺炎患者的前列腺液细菌培养阳性率为86.3%,从113例阳性标本中共分离培养出14种117株细菌,其中以凝固酶阴性表皮葡萄球菌最为常见(45.2%),其构成比显著高于其他病原菌,药物敏感试验结果显示前列腺液分离菌对临床常用的多种抗生素耐药,而对万古霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、呋喃唑酮、多粘菌素B等耐药率相对较低.结论:凝固酶阴性表皮葡萄球菌是性病后慢性前列腺炎的主要病原菌,病原菌检查和药敏试验对临床诊断和治疗性病后慢性前列腺炎具有重要作用.     

Apoptotic neutrophils containing Staphylococcus epidermidis stimulate macrophages to release the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6.

Staphylococcus epidermidis infections are usually nosocomial and involve colonization of biomaterials. The immune defense system cannot efficiently control the bacteria during these infections, which often results in protracted chronic inflammation, in which a key event is disturbed removal of neutrophils by tissue macrophages. While ingesting uninfected apoptotic neutrophils, macrophages release anti-inflammatory cytokines that lead to resolution of inflammation. In clinical studies, we have previously found elevated levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 in synovial fluid from prostheses infected with coagulase negative staphylococci. We show that macrophages phagocytosing apoptotic neutrophils containing S. epidermidis released TNF-alpha and interleukin-6, whereas macrophages phagocytosing spontaneously apoptotic neutrophils did not. This difference was not due to dissimilar phagocytic capacities, because macrophages ingested both types of neutrophils to the same extent. The activation was induced mainly by the apoptotic neutrophils themselves, not by the few remaining extracellular bacteria. Macrophages were not activated by apoptotic neutrophils that contained paraformaldehyde-killed S. epidermidis. Proinflammatory reactions induced by clearance of apoptotic neutrophils containing S. epidermidis might represent an important mechanism to combat the infective agent. This activation of macrophages may contribute to the development of chronic inflammation instead of inflammation resolution.     

Supplementation of pancreatic digestive enzymes alters the composition of intestinal microbiota in mice

Although pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) is effective in the alleviation of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI)-related symptoms in patients with chronic pancreatitis, its mechanism of action is poorly understood. Recent studies suggest that the intestinal microbiota is associated with the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis. Therefore, we hypothesized that PERT exerts its effect by modifying the intestinal microbiota in addition to its presumed role in promoting fat and protein absorption. To explore the mechanism of action of PERT, we analyzed the intestinal microbiotas of two groups of mice treated with either pancrelipase or tap water by using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The results revealed that the bacterial compositions of the pancrelipase-treated mice were significantly different from those of the control samples. Akkermansia muciniphila, a key beneficial bacterium in the intestinal tract, showed a higher relative abundance in the pancrelipase-treated samples than in the control samples. Lactobacillus reuteri, a widely used probiotic bacterium known to relieve intestinal inflammation, also showed a higher relative abundance in the pancrelipase-treated samples. These results suggested that PERT induces the colonization of beneficial bacteria, thereby contributing to the attenuation of PEI-associated symptoms in addition to improvement of the nutritional state.     

General Model of Inflammation

Dysfunctions in the immune system, due to genetics, disease or environmental factors, can cause bacterial colonization and chronic inflammation. In cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, respiratory infections can initiate inflammation of the airway. We propose a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations to describe interactions between macrophages, both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and bacteria. Small changes in parameters governing inflammatory cytokine production and macrophage sensitivity to cytokines result in dramatically different model behaviors. When the immune system is functioning properly, a non-aggressive pathogen will not provide a sufficient trigger to initiate chronic inflammation, however, in disease positive feedback of the inflammatory cytokine can induce chronic inflammation even after a bacterial infection has been resolved. In addition, if the macrophage population is more sensitive to inflammatory cytokines small perturbations initiated by bacteria will also lead to chronic inflammation. We have found nonaggressive bacteria are able to initiate chronic inflammation and propose why anti-inflammatory cytokine therapy may not be effective in resolving this inflammation.     

Effect of minocycline on subgingival plaque bacteria

The effects of minocycline on subgingival plaque samples from patients with chronic periodontitis were investigated in vitro. Minocycline concentrations as low as 1.0 microgram/ml inhibited 95.7% of the cultivable bacteria in the samples but 256 micrograms/ml was necessary to inhibit all of the cultivable bacteria in the samples. Although up to 99.9% of bacteria in the plaque samples were killed by a 6 h exposure to 8.0 micrograms/ml of minocycline, large numbers of viable bacteria remained. These results imply that adequate reductions in the numbers of viable subgingival plaque bacteria are unlikely to occur after exposure to minocycline at concentrations attainable in gingival crevicular fluid after systemic administration.     

Effect of minocycline on subgingival plaque bacteria

The effects of minocycline on subgingival plaque samples from patients with chronic periodontitis were investigated in vitro. Minocycline concentrations as low as 1.0 μg/ml inhibited 95.7% of the cultivable bacteria in the samples but 256 μg/ml was necessary to inhibit all of the cultivable bacteria in the samples. Although up to 99.9% of bacteria in the plaque samples were killed by a 6 h exposure to 8.0 μg/ml of minocycline, large numbers of viable bacteria remained. These results imply that adequate reductions in the numbers of viable subgingival plaque bacteria are unlikely to occur after exposure to minocycline at concentrations attainable in gin-gival crevicular fluid after systemic administration.     

Immunomodulatory effects of thymopentin under acute and chronic inflammations in mice

The effects of thymopentin, a synthetic analog of the active center of the thymus hormone thymopoietin, on the immune status of mice with two different models of inflammation induced by injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria were studied. Acute inflammation was induced by a single injection of LPS in a dose of 250 μg/100 g of body weight, and chronic inflammation (sepsis) was modeled by daily injection of LPS for 11 days with a gradual increase in the dose range from 25 to 250 μg/100 g of body weight. Under acute inflammation, a preliminary injection of thymopentin did not induce any additional stimulation of cytokine production increased by LPS. On the contrary, whereas the chronic introduction of LPS was characterized by a depressed production of several cytokines, thymopentin produced an immunostimulating effect. Thus an increase in the production of nitric oxide, interferon-μ, and Hsp70 was demonstrated. In addition, a more effective restoration of the number of thymus cells, as well as an increase in macrophage tumor necrosis factor-α production were observed after cessation of LPS + hormone injections. The results show that preliminary application of thymopentin promotes the regulation of immune cell activity under acute and chronic inflammation.