大鼠脑缺血再灌注后Cathepsin D和caspase-9表达的动态变化

目的:探讨大鼠缺血再灌注后溶酶体组织蛋白酶D(Cathepsin D CD)、caspase-9在不同时段蛋白质及mRNA表达变化。方法:将60只S D大鼠随机分为三组:正常组(10只),假手术组(10只),脑缺血再灌注组(40只),线栓法制备大脑中动脉梗死模型(MCAO),免疫组化及RT-PCR法分别检测Cathepsin D、caspase-9的蛋白和mRNA表达。结果:与正常组和假手术组比较,模型组大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后6h Cathepsin D的蛋白和mRNA表达明显增强(P<0.05),24h达高峰,48h仍保存高水平。caspase-9蛋白和mRNA6h开始明显升高,12h达高峰,此后缓慢下降,但48h组仍显著高于对照组(P<0.05),结论:Cathepsin D、caspase-9在大鼠脑缺血再灌注后表达增强,溶酶体可能参与了脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经细胞凋亡的过程。     

大鼠脑缺血再灌注后溶酶体组织蛋白酶B表达的动态变化

目的:探讨大鼠脑缺血再灌注后溶酶体组织蛋白酶B(Cathepsin-B,CB)在不同时段表达变化.方法:将60只SD大鼠随机分为正常组(10只),假手术组(10只)和脑缺血再灌注组(40只),线栓法制备大脑中动脉梗死模型(MCAO),免疫组化和RT-PCR法分别检测Cathepsin-B的蛋白和mRNA表达.结果与正常组和假手术组比较,模型组大鼠脑缺血再灌注后1hCathepsin-B的蛋白和mRNA表达明显增强,6h达高峰,48h仍保存高水平.结论:Cathepsin-B在大鼠脑缺血再灌注后表达增强,可能在神经元凋亡中发挥着重要的作用.     

大鼠脑缺血再灌注后Cathepsin D和caspase．9表达的动态变化

目的：探讨大鼠缺血再灌注后溶酶体组织蛋白酶D（Cathepsin DCD）、caspase-9在不同时段蛋白质及mRNA表达变化。方法：将60只SD大鼠随机分为三组：正常组（10只）,假手术组（10只）,脑缺血再灌注组（40只）,线栓法制备大脑中动脉梗死模型（MCAO）,免疫组化及RT—PCR法分别检测CathepsinD、caspase-9的蛋白和mRNA表达。结果：与正常组和假手术组比较,模型组大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后6h Cathepsin D的蛋白和mRNA表达明显增强（P〈0．05）,24h达高峰,48h仍保存高水平。caspase．9蛋白和mRNA6h开始明显升高,12h达高峰,此后缓慢下降,但48h组仍显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）,结论：Cathepsin D、caspase．9在大鼠脑缺血再灌注后表达增强,溶酶体可能参与了脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经细胞凋亡的过程。     

PEP-1 超氧化物歧化酶对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后Bcl-2 的影响

目的:观察细胞穿透肽-铜,锌超氧化物歧化酶(PEP-1-SOD1)预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的改善作用及其脑保护机制。方法:线栓法建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血6h后再灌注损伤模型,进行神经行为评分,并通过HE染色在光镜下观察神经细胞损伤变化,免疫组化法检测B细胞淋巴瘤基因-2(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)蛋白的阳性表达。结果:盐水对照组(缺血再灌注组或模型组)神经障碍显著高于假手术组(P<0.05),与模型组相比,PEP-1-SOD1预处理组可降低神经障碍评分(P<0.05);光镜下,假手术组神经细胞结构正常,PEP-1-SOD1预处理组和缺血再灌注组均有不同程度的缺血再灌注损伤,PEP-1-SOD1预处理组较缺血再灌注组损伤轻;假手术组Bcl-2蛋白表达极弱,缺血再灌注组和PEP-1-SOD1预处理组在脑缺血再灌注后6h在缺血半暗带周围出现Bcl-2蛋白阳性表达,24h达到高峰,48h表达开始减少。与假手术组相比,PEP-1-SOD1预处理组和缺血再灌注组Bcl-2蛋白阳性细胞数显著增多(P<0.05);与缺血再灌注组相比,PEP-1-SOD1预处理组Bcl-2蛋白阳性细胞数显著增多(P<0.05)。结论:PEP-1-SOD1对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用,PEP-1-SOD1可通过上调Bcl-2蛋白的表达发挥脑保护作用。     

大鼠脑缺血再灌注后组织蛋白酶D蛋白质及mRNA的表达

目的：探讨大鼠缺血再灌注后溶酶体组织蛋白酶D（Cathepsin DCD）在不同时段蛋白质及mRNA表达变化。方法：将60只SD大鼠随机分为三组：正常组（10只）,假手术组（10只）,脑缺血再灌注组（模型组）（40只）,线栓法制备大脑中动脉梗死模型（MCAO）,免疫组化及RT-PCR法分别检测CathepsinD的蛋白和mRNA表达。结果：与正常组和假手术组比较,模型组在大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后6hCathepsin D的蛋白和mRNA表达明显增强（P＆lt;0.05）,24h达高峰,48h仍保存高水平。结论：Cathepsin D在大鼠脑缺血再灌注后表达增强,溶酶体CathepsinD可能参与了脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经细胞凋亡。     

全脑缺血/再灌注大鼠海马PPARγ mRNA表达变化

目的 观察大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注损伤后海马PPARγ mRNA表达的动态变化.方法 采用夹闭双侧颈总动脉,颈总静脉抽血后回输建立大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注损伤模型.Morris水迷宫检测大鼠空间定向能力变化,HE染色观察海马病理组织学改变及RT-PCR法检测缺血再灌注后不同时间点PPARγ mRNA的表达变化.结果 全脑缺血/再灌注损伤导致大鼠空间学习及记忆能力明显下降,海马神经元出现明显的核固缩和细胞丢失.PPARγ mRNA的表达先升高后降低,以缺血/再灌注后48 h表达水平最高,30 d后接近正常水平.结论 全脑缺血/再灌注损伤大鼠海马组织中PPARγ mRNA的表达,在再灌注30 d内明显增加,表达高峰在48 h.     

异氟烷预处理对小鼠脑缺血再灌注后缺血半暗带炎性小体NALP3表达的影响

目的:研究吸入麻醉药异氟烷预处理对小鼠急性脑梗死缺血半暗带的保护作用,探讨NALP3(NACHT-LRR-PYD-containing Protiein-3 inflammsome)其中发挥的作用。方法:将45只ICR小鼠分为假手术组(Sham)、缺血再灌注组(I/R),异氟烷预处理组(Iso),每组数字15只。其中假手术组仅分离血管,缺血再灌注组采用线栓法制备缺血再灌注小鼠脑缺血半暗带模型,异氟烷预处理组造模前吸入2.0%异氟烷2 h。再灌注24 h后处死小鼠,激光共聚焦检测脑组织内NALP3的表达分布;蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot)法和荧光实时定量PCR(Polymerase Chain Reaction)法检测脑缺血半暗带中NALP3、NF-κB的表达;酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测脑缺血半暗带中IL-1β的表达。结果:脑组织内NALP3的表达主要集中于脑缺血半暗带中,正常组织与梗死区NALP3表达较少;脑缺血再灌注后,I/R组小鼠脑缺血半暗带中NALP3、NF-κB的蛋白表达水平升高,mRNA表达水平显著升高,与sham组相比,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);异氟烷与处理后,Iso组小鼠脑缺血半暗带中NALP3、NF-κB的蛋白表达水平降低,mRNA表达水平显著降低,与I/R组相比,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);ELISA检测结果显示,I/R组脑缺血半暗带中IL-1β表达水平较Sham组升高了4倍,而异氟烷预处理组的小鼠脑缺血半暗带IL-1β表达水平较I/R组降低36%,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:异氟烷预处理可抑制NALP3的表达及炎症因子IL-1β的分泌,这种抑制作用可能与异氟烷抑制NF-κB的表达有关。     

小鼠短暂前脑缺血海马中半胱天冬酶-３酶原表达的变化

通过测定脑缺血再灌注时海马中半胱天冬酶-3酶原(procaspase-3)的表达变化, 从细胞凋亡的角度探讨脑缺血再灌注损伤的分子生物学机制及procaspase-3的活化机制.将C57BL/6N小鼠随机分为假手术组(正常对照组)、缺血再灌注组(I/R组), 后者夹闭双侧颈总动脉20 min后再通血流, 建立前脑缺血再灌注模型, 分别于再灌注6 h、12 h、24 h和48 h取海马.采用蛋白免疫印迹(Western blotting)方法检测海马中procaspase-3的表达变化.结果显示, 12 h I/R及24hI/R组海马中总procaspase-3水平与假手术组相比有明显升高, 且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),24 h I/R组海马中去磷酸化水平与假手术组相比有明显升高, 且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而各组procaspase-3磷酸化水平与假手术组相比差异无统计学意义.结果提示, 脑缺血再灌注损伤诱发procaspase-3表达增加,其中procaspase-3去磷酸化水平高明显, 提示脑缺血再灌注损伤可能诱发procaspase-3去磷酸化, 继而促进procaspase-3转化为活性形式.     

PPARβ mRNA在全脑缺血/再灌注大鼠海马表达变化

目的探讨PPARβ mRNA在大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注损伤后的表达变化。方法采用双侧颈总动脉夹闭合并低血压的方法建立大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注模型。Morris水迷宫检测大鼠空间学习记忆能力,HE染色观察海马神经元形态变化,RT-PCR检测大鼠海马PPARβ mRNA的表达变化。结果全脑缺血/再灌注大鼠空间学习记忆能力明显下降,海马神经元核固缩;与假手术组相比,全脑缺血/再灌注后2h时PPARβ mRNA的表达明显增加,48h时达表达高峰,15d时表达下降但仍明显高于假手术组,而在30d时其表达略高于假手术组,但差异无统计学意义。结论全脑缺血/再灌注诱导大鼠海马PPARβ mRNA表达明显增加,此升高可能对全脑缺血/再灌注损伤具有保护作用。     

金属硫蛋白-ⅢmRNA表达与神经元缺血性损伤的关系

目的：探讨大鼠前脑缺血／再灌注后海马结构MT-ⅢmRNA表达变化规律及其与神经元缺血性损伤之间的关系。方法：建立前脑缺血／再灌注模型,用原住杂交法检测海马结构MT-ⅢmRNA表达,并观察缺血后各时相点海马神经元的病理变化。结果：①前脑缺血／再灌注后72h海马CAl区开始出现神经元变性,96h更为明显,7d时CAl区神经元多已坏死;②前脑缺血／再灌注后海马CAl区锥体细胞和齿状回颗粒细胞内MT-ⅢmRNA表达逐渐增加,96h达高峰,7d又降低至缺血前水平。结论：前脑缺血／再灌注后,海马神经元MT—ⅢmRNA表达增加,可能对神经元缺血性损伤产生影响。     

不同海拔牦牛骨骼肌中乳酸脱氢酶三种亚基基因表达的比较

为了阐明高原低氧对牦牛（Bos mutus）骨骼肌中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）三种亚基基因（LDHA、LDHB和LDHC）表达的影响,本实验分别选取高海拔（4 200 m）、中海拔（3 200 m）和低海拔（1 900 m）三个海拔位置养殖的临床健康成年雄性牦牛各5头,采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)和蛋白质印迹法检测牦牛骨骼肌中LDH三种亚基基因的m RNA表达和蛋白表达水平。结果表明,随海拔的升高,牦牛骨骼肌中LDHA m RNA的表达逐渐下降;LDHB m RNA先降低后升高,在高海拔组牦牛中表达最高,相对表达量为2.82±0.12,与低海拔组（1.01±0.07）、中海拔组（0.73±0.06）牦牛LDHB mRNA表达量差异显著（P <0.05）;LDHC mRNA的表达量随海拔的升高呈下降趋势,且低海拔组（1.10±0.16）、中海拔组（0.86±0.16）、高海拔组（0.69±0.12）组间两两相比均差异显著（P <0.05）。LDHA和LDHC蛋白表达量随海拔的升高呈下降趋势,且LDHA蛋白表达量在低海拔组（1.00±0.00）、中海拔组（0.88±0.0...     

Expression of FLK1 and CD146 at day 7 following reperfused acute myocardial infarction

ObjectivesTo investigate the expression of FLK1, CD146 and microvessel density of angiogenesis at the first week of reperfused acute myocardial infarction (AMI).Methods16 of mini-swines (20 to 30 Kg) were randomly assigned to the sham-operated group and the AMI group. Pathologic myocardial tissue was collected at day 7 following reperfusion and detected by dual immunochemistry, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot.ResultsThe infarcted area had higher FLK1 mRNA expression than the sham-operated area and the normal area (all P < 0.05), and the infarcted and marginal areas showed higher CD146 protein expression than the sham-operated area (all P < 0.05), but the microvessel density (CD31 positive expression of microvessels/HP) was not significantly different between the infarcted area and the sham-operated area (8.92 ± 3.05 vs 6.43 ± 1.54)(P > 0.05).ConclusionFLK1 and CD146 expression significantly increase in the infarcted and marginal areas, and the microvessel density of angiogenesis in the infarcted area is similar to normal microvessel density of healthy heart tissue, suggesting that FLK1 and CD146 are possible associated with angiogenesis at day 7 following reperfused acute myocardial infarction.     

Propofol Increases Expression of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor After Transient Cerebral Ischemia in Rats

Anesthetics such as propofol can provide neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia. However, the underlying mechanism of this beneficial effect is not clear. Therefore, we subjected male Sprague–Dawley rats to 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion and investigated how post-ischemic administration of propofol affected neurologic outcome and the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). After 2 h of ischemia, just before reperfusion, the animals were randomly assigned to receive either propofol (20 mg kg^?1 h^?1) or vehicle (10 % intralipid, 2 ml kg^?1 h^?1) intravenously for 4 h. Neurologic scores, infarct volume, and brain water content were measured at different time points after reperfusion. mRNA level of bFGF was measured by real-time PCR, and the protein expression level of bFGF was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. At 6, 24, 72 h, and 7 days of reperfusion, infarct volume was significantly reduced in the propofol-treated group compared to that in the vehicle-treated group (all P < 0.05). Propofol post-treatment also attenuated brain water content at 24 and 72 h and reduced neurologic deficit score at 72 h and 7 days of reperfusion (all P < 0.05). Additionally, in the peri-infarct area, bFGF mRNA and protein expression were elevated at 6, 24, and 72 h of reperfusion compared to that in the vehicle-treated group (all P < 0.05). These results show that post-ischemic administration of propofol provides neural protection from cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury. This protection may be related to an early increase in the expression of bFGF.     

Phosphorylation of JNK Increases in the Cortex of Rat Subjected to Diabetic Cerebral Ischemia

Previous studies have demonstrated that the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway plays an important role in inducing neuronal apoptosis following cerebral ischemic injury. JNK signaling pathway in activated during cerebral ischemic injury. It participates in ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis. However, whether JNK signaling is involved in the process of neuronal apoptosis of diabetes-induced cerebral ischemia is largely unknown. This study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury on phosphorylation of JNK in diabetic rats. Twenty-four adult streptozotocin induced diabetic and 24 adult non-diabetic rats were randomly subjected to 15 min of forebrain ischemia followed by reperfusion for 0, 1, 3, and 6 h. Sixteen sham-operated diabetic and non-diabetic rats were used as controls. Apoptosis was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL). Protein expression of phospho-JNK was examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The numbers of TUNEL-positive cells and phospho-JNK protein expression in the cerebral cortices after 1, 3 and 6 h reperfusion was significantly higher in diabetic rats compared to non-diabetic animals subjected to ischemia and reperfusion (p < 0.05). Western blot analysis showed significantly higher phospho-JNK protein expression in the cerebral cortices of the diabetic rats after 1 and 3 h reperfusion than that was presented in non-diabetic animals subjected to ischemia and reperfusion (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that increased phosphorylation of JNK may be associated with diabetes-enhanced ischemic brain damage.     

β-Caryophyllene Attenuates Focal Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway in Rats

This study aimed to identify the effect of β-caryophyllene (BCP) pretreatment and elucidate the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling mechanism after focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury in rats. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the sham-operated group, I-R group and BCP pretreated I-R group. At 24 h after reperfusion, neurological deficits and infarct volume were evaluated. Pathological changes of neuron in hippocampuses were observed by Nissil staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Oxidative stress was assessed by malondialdehyde (MDA) level, lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) activity. The expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were analysed by Western blotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR). The protein expression of Bcl-2 and Bax was determined by immunohistochemistry. Apoptotic cells were detected using TUNEL staining. In I-R group, neurological deficit scores, cerebral infarct volume, MDA levels, LPO content, NO level, expression of Bax and TUNEL-positive cells were found to be increased at 24 h after I-R injury, while SOD activity, CAT activity and expression of Bcl-2 were decreased. However, results in the BCP pretreatment groups were reversed. And the protein and mRNA expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 were significantly up-regulated in the BCP pretreated I-R group. Results of Nissil staining and TEM scan manifested that BCP remarkablely improved neuronal injury after I-R in rats. All the above suggested that BCP pretreatment played a neuroprotective role in cerebral I-R injury, which might be exerted by upregulating the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 to ameliorate oxidative damage and neuronal apoptosis.     

caspase-2与p53在兔视网膜缺血再灌注损伤中的表达及rh-bFGF对其表达的影响

目的:探讨兔视网膜缺血再灌注损伤(RIRI)中caspase-2、P53蛋白表达及重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(Recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor,rh-bFGF)对其影响。方法:将104只健康纯种大耳白兔随机分为正常组、缺血再灌注模型组、rh-bFGF治疗组,各组均将左眼作为实验眼。缺血再灌注模型组和rh-bFGF治疗组按照不同再灌注时间各分为1h、6h、12h、24h、48h、72h 6个时间段。后两组兔双眼做缺血再灌注损伤模型后,缺血再灌注模型组给予平衡盐溶液,rh-bFGF治疗组给予rh-bFGF药物治疗。免疫组织化学法检测视网膜组织中caspase-2、P53蛋白的表达变化。结果:caspase-2、P53在正常视网膜组织中几乎不表达,在缺血再灌注1h开始表达,24h达到高峰,48h开始减弱,后逐渐下降,rh-bFGF治疗组各时间点观察指标变化趋势与缺血再灌注模型组基本相似。rh-bFGF治疗组与模型组比较,两种蛋白表达均明显减弱,再灌注6-72h各时段差异有显著统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:rh-bFGF通过抑制视网膜缺血再灌注时caspase-2、P53基因的表达减少视网膜细胞的凋亡,保护视网膜组织。     

Induction of epithelial cell apoptosis in the uterus by a mouse uterine ischemia-reperfusion model: possible involvement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha

Menstruation in primates is preceded by a period of intense vasoconstriction, with resultant ischemia-reperfusion. Although apoptosis is involved in endometrial breakdown, the relationship between ischemia-reperfusion and apoptosis in the female genital tract has not been determined. To investigate the relationship between ischemia-reperfusion and apoptosis in the uterus, we analyzed a uterine ischemia-reperfusion model using BDF1 and C57BL/6 mice. Ischemia was induced by clamping the uterine horn and uterine artery for 5 to 30 min, followed by 6, 12, 24, or 48 h of reperfusion (n = 4 for each group). The number of TUNEL-positive endometrial cells increased with the duration of ischemia and reached a maximum at 24 h of reperfusion, but then tended to decrease at 48 h. Transmission electron micrographs of endometrial cells revealed a typical nuclear condensation, confirming the occurrence of apoptosis. The mRNA expression level of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) in the uterus increased after reperfusion. Ischemia-reperfusion-induced endometrial apoptosis was markedly decreased in TNF-R p55-deficient mice, confirming the essential role of TNFalpha in the induction of apoptosis by ischemia-reperfusion (n = 4). Our results suggest that ischemia-reperfusion and subsequent TNFalpha expression may be critical factors in inducing endometrial cell apoptosis. Our mouse model could be suitable for investigating ischemia-related uterine injury in humans, particularly in menstruation.     

Inhibition of calpain expression by E-64d in the rat retina subjected to ischemia/reperfusion injury

To investigate the effect of E-64d, a selective inhibitor of calpain, on the expression of calpain and calpastatin in rat retina was subjected to ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). An animal model of retinal IRI was set up by increasing the intraocular pressure (110 mm Hg) of a rat eye for 1 h. The retinal thickness and morphologic changes were detected by histology. The protein expression of m-calpain (a calpain isoform) in the retina was assessed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot assay. The mRNA of m-calpain, as well as calpastatin (an endogenous protein inhibitor of calpain), in the retina was assessed by RT-PCR, and the ratio of m-calpain/calpastatin was then calculated. To evaluate the effect of E-64d on the expression of calpain, the drug (5 μl of 100 μM) was injected intravitreously immediately after IRI. There were retinal edematous changes, particularly in the inner plexiform layer after IRI. The protein expression of m-calpain in the retina was increased 24 h after IRI, an effect that was inhibited by E-64d (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of m-calpain and calpastatin was also increased 24 h and 3 h after IRI, respectively. Neither m-calpain nor calpastatin mRNA expression was influenced by E-64d (P > 0.05). The mRNA ratio of m-calpain to calpastatin was increased at the 6 h, 24 h and 72 h after IRI, and only at 24 h the increase of the ratio of m-calpain to calpastatin was inhibited by E-64d (P < 0.05). In the rat retina of IRI, E-64d inhibits the increase of m-calpain protein expression, as well as the mRNA ratio increase of m-calpain to calpastatin. E-64d also inhibited the retinal damage induced by IRI, suggesting a role for E-64d in the protection of the retinal apoptosis induced by IRI. Published in Russian in Molekulyarnaya Biologiya, 2008, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 258–264. The text was submitted by the authors in English.