不同干预时间正弦电磁场对大鼠骨髓基质干细胞成骨性分化的影响

目的:研究不同治疗时间正弦电磁场(50 Hz,1.8mT)对体外培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞成骨性分化的影响,筛选出最佳临床治疗时间.方法:采用贴壁筛选法培养原代大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,每天在频率为50 Hz,强度为1.8 mT的磁场环境中处理0.5 h、1.0h、1.5 h、2.0h和2.5h;同时设立未经电磁场处理的细胞作为对照组.于处理后的第3 d、6d、9d和12 d分别测定细胞碱性磷酸酶活性、骨钙素分泌量、钙化结节数以及Ⅰ型胶原表达量,并比较各组间差异;于处理后12 h提取细胞总RNA,用RT Real-Time PCR法检测成骨性分化基因Osterix表达情况.结果:正弦电磁场干预1.0h能明显促进骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨性分化,表现在该组的碱性磷酸酶活性、骨钙素分泌量、钙化结节数、Ⅰ型胶原表达量以及成骨性分化基因的表达量最高,亦显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:50Hz、1.8mT强度的正弦电磁场能促进骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨性分化,以作用1.0h成骨效果最为明显.     

50Hz 1．8mT电磁场对成骨细胞增殖与分化成熟影响的波形比较研究

在50 Hz 1.8 mT的4种不同波形电磁场(electromagnetic fields,EMFs)中筛选促进体外培养大鼠成骨细胞(rat osteoblasts,ROB)增殖与分化成熟的最佳波形.体外分离培养大鼠颅骨成骨细胞,传代后随机分为5组,分别用频率50 Hz,EMFs强度为0 mT(对照组)和1.8 mT的正弦波、三角波、方波和锯齿波处理ROB,30 min/(次.天).在磁场处理后4～8天细胞呈现特征样分布.方波促进成骨细胞增殖,正弦波抑制成骨细胞增殖.三角波和正弦波增加ALP活性,其中ALP染色、茜素红钙化结节染色和胶原Ⅰ(collagen-Ⅰ)免疫组织化学检测结果与ALP活性一致.在EMFs处理后的24 h、96 h和72 h后EMFs分别提高Runx-2、Opg和Igf基因表达水平,其中尤以正弦波和三角波作用最为显著.上述结果表明:50 Hz 1.8 mT方波促进成骨细胞增殖,正弦波抑制成骨细胞增殖.50 Hz 1.8 mT EMFs能促进体外培养成骨细胞分化成熟,其中尤以正弦波和三角波促进成骨细胞分化成熟作用最为显著.     

不同强度静电磁场对体外培养骨髓间充质干细胞增殖与分化的影响

本实验研究不同强度静电磁场对体外培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞增殖与分化作用. 体外分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,传代后随机分为6组,分别用强度为0（对照组）、0.9、1.2、1.5、1.8和2.1 mT的静电磁场处理,每d每次处理30 min. 在磁场处理后的9~10 d ,骨髓间充质干细胞开始出现钙化小颗粒. 0.9 mT组抑制骨髓间充质干细胞增殖,1.5到2.1mT组促进骨髓间充质干细胞增殖. 在磁场处理后的12 d和15 d ,1.5和1.8 mT组极显著地增加了碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性. 采用AKP组织化学染色和钙化结节染色对骨髓间充质干细胞成骨性分化进行鉴定,AKP组织化学染色和钙化结节染色都呈现了极强的阳性结果,尤以1.5 mT和1.8 mT阳性染色面积最大. 在SEMFs处理后的48 h 和96 h ,1.5 mT和1.8 mT组胶原I(collagen-Ⅰ)和骨形态发生蛋白2(bone morphogenetic protein-2, Bmp-2) 基因表达水平显著高于对照组.在SEMFs处理后的12 d, BMP-2蛋白表达量高于对照组. 研究表明,0.9 mT 组抑制骨髓间充质干细胞增殖,1.5 mT到2.1 mT组不同强度静电磁场促进体外培养骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖. 磁场组能促进骨髓间充质干细胞成骨性分化,其中尤以1.5 mT和1.8 mT组促进大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化作用效果最为明显.     

不同强度50 Hz脉冲电磁场促进大鼠颅骨成骨细胞矿化成熟最佳参数的筛选

为研究不同强度脉冲电磁场(pulse electromagnetic fields,PEMFs)对大鼠颅骨成骨细胞（rat skull osteoblasts,OB）增殖及成熟矿化的影响,将大鼠颅骨成骨细胞随机分为 7 组. 检测大鼠颅骨成骨细胞的增殖,细胞内碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性变化,细胞沉积钙盐的情况,组织化学染色以及成骨细胞内标志性分子表达量的改变.结果显示,0.6 mT组促细胞增殖作用最强（P <0.01）;0.6 mT、1.8 mT、3.0 mT和3.6 mT均能提高ALP活性,其中0.6 mT ALP活性最高（P＜0.01）;在磁场处理4 ～12 d时细胞沉积钙盐逐渐增加,6种强度的脉冲电磁场均能促进钙盐沉积,尤以0.6 mT水平最高; ALP 染色、茜素红染色0.6 mT 组均显著高于对照组（P<0.01）;0.6 mT组 Bmp-2和Collagen-1 mRNA 的表达明显（P<0.01）高于对照组,磁场处理组Rankl mRNA 的表达均比对照组低. 0.6 mT 50 Hz 脉冲电磁场是促进成骨细胞增殖和矿化成熟的最佳参数,这为采用脉冲电磁场治疗骨质疏松症提供了治疗参数的基础支持.     

50 Hz 1.8 mT正弦交变电磁场通过调节成骨细胞PGE2的分泌影响Opg/Rankl的基因表达

前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2, PGE2)作为细胞因子,在骨代谢中扮演重要角色. 它通过刺激成骨细胞核因子κB受体活化因子配基(receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand, RANKL)表达,促进破骨细胞的分化成熟. 然而,其是否参与了电磁场调节骨代谢仍不清楚.PGE2的生物合成受到环加氧酶(cyclooxygenase, COX)的调节. 在细胞中存在2种不同的环加氧酶,COX-1和COX-2. 其中,COX-2是引起PGE2分泌增加的主要原因. 其活性受到细胞核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa B, NF-κB)的调节.本文通过检测体外培养成骨细胞PGE2分泌,COX-2蛋白表达以及Cox-2、Opg、Rankl和Nf-κb 基因表达发现,经50 Hz 1.8 mT正弦交变电磁场(sinusoidal electromagnetic fields, SEMFs)处理后,由COX-2介导的PGE2分泌以及cox-2、Nf-κb的基因表达皆下调,但Nf-κb的变化先于cox-2的变化,而opg/rankl基因表达则恰恰相反,说明电磁场通过抑制Nf-κb的转录降低由COX-2介导的PGE2的分泌,进而降低对Rankl表达的刺激作用,抑制破骨细胞的分化成熟.     

正弦电磁场促进成骨细胞成熟分化依赖于BMP-Smad信号通路

正弦电磁场（SEMFs）能够显著促进大鼠成骨细胞（ROBs）成熟分化,但其作用机制未知。本研究旨在阐明BMP-Smad信号通路对SEMFs促进ROBs成熟分化的影响。取新生SD 大鼠颅骨,多次酶消化体外分离培养得到ROBs传代培养后,利用50 Hz 1.8 mTs SEMFs处理0,5,15,30和60 min,Western印迹检测BMP-2表达和Smad1/5/8磷酸化水平,免疫荧光染色检测P-Smad1/5/8核转位。加入BMP-Smad信号通路的阻断剂noggin后,50 Hz 1.8 mTs SEMFs分别处理3 d和6 d（2 h/d）后,检测胞内碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性,磁场处理2 d后（2 h/d）,real-time PCR和Western印迹分别检测Ⅰ型胶原（collagen1）和成骨相关转录因子RUNX-2基因和蛋白质表达量。结果发现,50 Hz 1.8 mTs SEMFs处理ROBs后,BMP-2的表达量显著增加,胞内Smad1/5/8快速磷酸化,而对非磷酸化的Smad1/5/8表达无影响。同时,SEMFs处理30 min后引起P-Smad1/5/8发生核转位。50 Hz 1.8mTs SEMFs能够显著促进ALP活性增加,促进成骨相关因子collagen1和RUNX-2基因和蛋白质表达。加入BMP-Smad信号通路的阻断剂noggin后,SEMFs促进ALP活性增加,collagen1和RUNX-2基因和蛋白质表达水平被显著抑制。上述结果说明,50 Hz 1.8 mTs SEMFs促进成骨细胞成骨性分化依赖于BMP-Smad信号通路。     

50Hz 1.8mT正弦交变电磁场通过调节成骨细胞PGE_2分泌影响Opg/Rankl的基因表达

前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2,PGE2)作为细胞因子,在骨代谢中扮演重要角色.它通过刺激成骨细胞核因子κB受体活化因子配基(receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand,RANKL)表达,促进破骨细胞的分化成熟.然而,其是否参与了电磁场调节骨代谢仍不清楚.PGE2的生物合成受到环加氧酶(cyclooxygenase,COX)的调节.在细胞中存在2种不同的环加氧酶,COX-1和COX-2.其中,COX-2是引起PGE2分泌增加的主要原因.其活性受到细胞核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB)的调节.本文通过检测体外培养成骨细胞PGE2分泌,COX-2蛋白表达以及Cox-2、Opg、Rankl和Nf-κb基因表达发现,经50 Hz 1.8 m T正弦交变电磁场(sinusoidal electromagnetic fields,SEMFs)处理后,由COX-2介导的PGE2分泌以及cox-2、Nf-κb的基因表达皆下调,但Nf-κb的变化先于cox-2的变化,而opg/rankl基因表达则恰恰相反,说明电磁场通过抑制Nf-κb的转录降低由COX-2介导的PGE2的分泌,进而降低对Rankl表达的刺激作用,抑制破骨细胞的分化成熟.     

1.8 mT不同频率正弦交变电磁场对青年大鼠骨密度及骨形态计量的影响比较

比较不同频率的正弦交变电磁场对SD青年大鼠骨密度及骨形态计量指标的影响,筛选可有效提升大鼠骨密度的频率参数。将32只8周龄SD雌性大鼠随机分为4组:对照组、15 Hz组、30 Hz组、45 Hz组;除对照组外,实验组大鼠每天都给予相应频率的1.8 m T正弦交变电磁场干预,干预时间为90 min。磁场干预8周后,双能X射线骨密度仪检测大鼠全身骨密度、右侧股骨骨密度和椎骨骨密度,ELISA分析血清中骨形成与骨吸收生化指标的含量,右侧胫骨进行荧光间距测量与骨形态计量分析。相比于对照组,15 Hz组、45 Hz组大鼠的全身骨密度、股骨骨密度、椎骨骨密度均明显升高(P0.05),血清中骨钙素与骨保护素含量也显著提升(P0.05);实验组大鼠的胫骨双荧光间距与骨组织静态参数均高于对照组(P0.05)。结果表明,15 Hz、45 Hz正弦交变电磁场可有效提升青年大鼠的骨密度,从而可预防骨质疏松的发生。     

低频脉冲磁场对大鼠心肌微血管内皮细胞增殖和缝隙连接蛋白43表达的影响

目的:探讨低频磁场对大鼠心肌微血管内皮细胞(CMECs)增殖和缝隙连接蛋白43(Cx43)表达的影响.方法:设不同照射强度为(08.mT组,1.4mT组,1.8mT组)为照射组.不加磁场干预为对照组.照射条件;磁场频率为15Hz,强度分别为0.8mT、1.4mT、1.8mT,照射时间为4 h/d,连续照射7d.应用MTT法检测CMECs增殖,采用Western blot检测Cx43蛋白表达.结果:生长曲线结果显示,磁场能够促进CMECs增殖.1.4mT组照射第2d后CMECs生长速度加快,在第3d开始进入对数生长期,在第4d生长最为旺盛之后进入生长平台期,第2～7d与对照组比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05),而且细胞生长曲线明显前移并且峰值增高.1.4mT组、1.8mT组CMECs增殖与对照组比较显著升高(P＞0.05).磁场照射后Cx43表达明显上调,1.4mT组、1.8mT组Cx43蛋白的表达均明显上升,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),0.8mT组cx43蛋白的表达与对照组比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05).而Cx43蛋白的表达1.4 mT组和1.8mT组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:低频脉冲磁场能促进CMECs增殖与增强细胞活力,上调Cx43表达,其在分子水平上的可能作用机制表现为对Cx43的有效调控.     

低频电磁场与绿豆种子萌发

探讨低频电磁场的非热效应对绿豆种子萌发及其生长的影响,以及不同强度电磁场对种子萌发和生长的生物学效应。将绿豆种子置于低频电磁场(50Hz 2mT、4mT、6mT、8mT)下萌发、生长,对不同强度下种子萌发和生长情况进行观察分析表明：不同的电磁场强度对绿豆生物学效应是不同的;不同的电磁场强度对绿豆萌发以及随后的生长阶段的影响也是不同的。     

The frequency window effect of sinusoidal electromagnetic fields in promoting osteogenic differentiation and bone formation involves extension of osteoblastic primary cilia and activation of protein kinase A

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have emerged as a versatile means for osteoporosis treatment and prevention. However, its optimal application parameters are still elusive. Here, we optimized the frequency parameter first by cell culture screening and then by animal experiment validation. Osteoblasts isolated from newborn rats (ROBs) were exposed 90 min/day to 1.8 mT SEMFs at different frequencies (ranging from 10 to 100 Hz, interval of 10 Hz). SEMFs of 1.8 mT inhibited ROB proliferation at 30, 40, 50, 60 Hz, but increased proliferation at 10, 70, 80 Hz. SEMFs of 10, 50, and 70 Hz promoted ROB osteogenic differentiation and mineralization as shown by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium content, and osteogenesis-related molecule expression analyses, with 50 Hz showing greater effects than 10 and 70 Hz. Treatment of young rats with 1.8 mT SEMFs at 10, 50, or 100 Hz for 2 months significantly increased whole-body bone mineral density (BMD) and femur microarchitecture, with the 50 Hz group showing the greatest effect. Furthermore, 1.8 mT SEMFs extended primary cilia lengths of ROBs and increased protein kinase A (PKA) activation also in a frequency-dependent manner, again with 50 Hz SEMFs showing the greatest effect. Pretreatment of ROBs with the PKA inhibitor KT5720 abolished the effects of SEMFs to increase primary cilia length and promote osteogenic differentiation/mineralization. These results indicate that 1.8 mT SEMFs have a frequency window effect in promoting osteogenic differentiation/mineralization in ROBs and bone formation in growing rats, which involve osteoblast primary cilia length extension and PKA activation.     

The Time-Dependent Manner of Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Fields on Rat Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Proliferation,Differentiation, and Mineralization

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are used clinically to promote fracture healing and slow down osteoporosis without knowledge of optimal parameters and underlying principles. In the present study, we investigate the effects of irritation for different durations with 15 Hz 1 mT sinusoidal EMFs (SEMFs) on rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization potentials. Our results show that SEMFs irritation promote rat BMSCs proliferation in a time-dependent manner, and the expression of osteogenic gen [Cbfa 1/RUNX2, bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN)], alkaline phosphatase activity, and calcium deposition were enhanced after SEMFs treatment depending on the time duration of treatment. To determine the role of MEK/ERK signaling pathway, U0126, a MEK/ERK inhibitor was used. It can suppress rat BMSCs’ proliferation with or without SEMF exposure, and partly attenuate the expression of osteogenesis related proteins (RUNX2, BSP, OPN) which were improved by SEMF. This finding suggests that the effects of SEMF on rat BMSCs’ proliferation differentiation and mineralization are time duration dependent and MEK/ERK signaling pathway plays important role.     

Effects and Mechanisms of Exogenous Electromagnetic Field on Bone Cells: A Review

Osteoporosis, fractures, and other bone diseases or injuries represent serious health problems in modern society. A variety of treatments including drugs, surgeries, physical therapies, etc. have been used to prevent or delay the progression of these diseases/injuries with limited effects. Electromagnetic field (EMF) has been used to non-invasively treat bone diseases, such as fracture and osteoporosis, for many years. However, because a variety of cellular and molecular events can be affected by EMF with various parameters, the precise bioeffects and underlying mechanisms of specific EMF on bone cells are still obscure. Here, we summarize the common therapeutic parameters (frequency and intensity) of major types of EMF used to treat bone cells taken from 32 papers we selected from the PubMed database published in English from 1991 to 2018. Briefly, pulse EMF promotes the proliferation of osteoblasts when its frequency is 7.5–15 Hz or 50–75 Hz and the intensity is 0.40–1.55 mT or 3.8–4 mT. Sinusoidal EMF, with 0.9–4.8 mT and 45–60 Hz, and static magnetic field with 0.1–0.4 mT or 400 mT, can promote osteoblast differentiation and maturation. Finally, we summarize the latest advances on the molecular signaling pathways influenced by EMF in osteoblasts and osteoclasts. A variety of molecules such as adenosine receptors, calcium channels, BMP2, Notch, Wnt1, etc., can be influenced by EMF in osteoblasts. For osteoclasts, EMF affects RANK, NF-κB, MAPK, etc. We speculate that EMF with different frequencies and intensities exert distinct bioeffects on specific bone cells. More high-quality work is required to explore the detailed effects and underlying mechanisms of EMF on bone cells/skeleton to optimize the application of EMF on bone diseases/injuries. Bioelectromagnetics. 2020;41:263–278 © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.     

A preliminary study of oscillating electromagnetic field effects on human spermatozoon motility

Some effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) on human spermatozoa are reported. Significant increases in the values of the motility and of the other kinematic parameters have been observed when spermatozoa were exposed to an ELF-EMF with a square waveform of 5 mT amplitude and frequency of 50 Hz. By contrast, a 5 mT sine wave (50 Hz) and a 2.5 mT square wave (50 Hz) exposure did not produce any significant effect on sperm motility. The effects induced by ELF-EMF (50 Hz; 5 mT) during the first 3 h of exposure persisted for 21 h after the end of the treatment. These results indicate that ELF-EMF exposure can improve spermatozoa motility and that this effect depends on the field characteristics.     

Development of preincubated chicken eggs following exposure to 50 Hz electromagnetic fields with 1.33-7.32 mT flux densities

The effects of applying extremely low-frequency (50 Hz) electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) for 24 hr and different densities (1.33-7.32 mT) were examined on healthy, freshly fertilized white leghorn chicken eggs (55-65 g). Results showed no increase in the rate of abnormalities in exposed groups, but were only significant in 4.19, 5.32 and 5.86, 6.65 mT densities. Alizarin red S and alcian blue 8GX staining showed some embryos with extra ribs, defects in ribs and vertebrae, anuria and abnormal beaks. Study of egg weight, after 9 days of incubation, showed no significant differences between control, sham-exposed and experimental groups. Analysis of crown-rump, beak-occipital length and weight of embryo, showed significant decrease in weight at 4.39 and 5.52 mT intensities, comparing with control and sham-exposed groups. These results revealed that 50 Hz electromagnetic fields can even induce developmental alterations in preincubated chick embryos and confirm that its strength could be a determinant factor for the embryonic response to extremely low frequency EMFs (window effects) prior to incubation.