一株新的具有脱色能力的琼脂分解菌

本文报道了一株具有脱色能力的琼脂分解菌的分离、脱色现象及细菌学鉴定结果。该菌株分离自琼脂生产工厂周围的土壤中。它能在琼脂培养基上脱除废糖蜜的黑褐色色素,能分解淀粉和琼脂,利用纤维素生长,液化明胶。培养新分离菌不需要生长因子,不产生吲哚、硫化氢、荧光色素及扩散性色素。新分离菌是假单胞菌属的一个新种,定名为井式假单胞菌(Pseudo-monas wellantypicum n．Sp．)。     

假单胞基因工程菌的开发应用现状与展望

假单胞菌 (Pseudomonas)是一群革兰阴性的杆菌或球杆菌 ,需氧生长 ,多数有鞭毛有动力。按照《伯杰氏系统细菌学手册》第二版 ,假单胞菌科包括 2 9个属 ,数百个种和亚种。假单胞菌广泛存在于自然界 ,是土壤和水体微生态系统的重要组成部分 ,也是自然界的碳、氮循环的重要组成部分[1] 。尽管其中的某些种如铜绿假单胞菌可引起人和动物的机会感染、个别种如丁香假单胞菌可某些农作物致病 ,但大多数种是无害的 ,某些假单胞菌和荧光假单胞菌还是植物生长的有益菌。更重要的是 ,假单胞菌拥有极为复杂的酶系统 ,具有非凡的降解能力 ,在环保方面意…     

一株抗生素产生菌的研究初报

从土壤中筛得一株能产生抗生素的细菌,经鉴定属于假单胞菌科假单胞菌属,抗菌谱分析表明,它对革兰氏阳性细菌有较强的抗性,而对革兰氏阴性细菌抗性弱,其活性成分能耐以100℃,0．5h 水浴,且能通过0．22um微孔滤膜。     

溴氨酸降解菌株的分离和特性

从化工厂污泥中中分离到4个对蒽醌染料中间体溴氨酸有显降解和脱色作用的菌株。经鉴定,4株菌均为假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）。脱色效果最好的N1菌株能以溴酸为唯一碳源生长,其脱色效果受温度和pH影响较大,最佳生长条件是30℃,pH7.2。     

铜绿假单胞菌必需基因的研究进展

铜绿假单胞菌为专性需氧非发酵革兰氏阴性杆菌,是医院感染的常见条件致病菌之一,可引起呼吸道、泌尿道、烧伤创面和菌血症等严重感染。铜绿假单胞菌耐药形势日益严峻,给临床治疗带来困难。必需基因是生长过程中必不可少的看家基因,对铜绿假单胞菌必需基因进行深入研究,不仅有助于了解细菌的生长、毒力等基本特性,也有助于筛选新的抗菌药物靶标。本文针对铜绿假单胞菌及其必需基因进行综述,首先介绍了铜绿假单胞菌的基本生理特性及目前耐药趋势,又归纳了必需基因的研究方法,最后对铜绿假单胞菌必需基因的研究进展进行总结。     

不常见的革兰氏阳性无芽胞杆菌的鉴定(续一)

<正> 荧光假单胞菌一在琼脂上的菌落和生化特性与绿脓假单胞菌相类似,但仅可产生一种色素即荧光素,可在5℃下生长,但42℃下不生长,蛋黄反应为阳性。本菌为腐生菌,发现在土壤与水中,也是食物腐败菌。 恶臭假单胞菌一类似于绿脓假单胞菌, 但仅形成荧光素。本菌属嗜冷营养型,不能在37℃下生长,但可在22℃下生长。有二个生物型,其一可在4℃下生长,另一则不能生长。二者均水解精氨酸,蛋黄反应阴性,不液化明胶,老培养物有明显的三甲胺气味(臭鱼味),为鱼类重要致病菌,也可从人的材料中分离到。 嗜麦芽假单胞菌-菌落类似绿脓假单胞菌,但产生黄色或褐色可扩散的色素。本菌由Gilardi氏用Difco制造的氧化酶片做氧化酶试验为阴性,而Snell用四甲基-1-苯二胺二盐酸盐做试验则发现为氧化酶阳性菌株。看来所用的方法是重要的。本菌不能水     

几株沼泽红假单胞菌的分离和分类特性研究

分别从温州市郊区采集的4处淤泥中分离到4株光能异养型菌株W1,W2,W3,W4,对其形态特征和生理特性研究发现,4株菌基本相似,均为革兰氏阴性,弯曲杆状,出芽繁殖,在光照厌氧和黑暗好氧条件下均能生长.W1～W4菌株能利用许多有机物作为碳源且以乳酸钠、醋酸钠、丙酮酸、苹果酸、丁二酸为最适宜.酵母膏能显著刺激其生长,而谷氨酸钠和丙氨酸对其生长无刺激作用.在pH5.0～8.5的条件下4株菌均能生长,其最适pH均为7.0左右.根据上述结果,确证W1～W4均为沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris).     

大连地区耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌金属β-内酰胺酶检测及耐药性分析

目的了解大连地区分离的耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的耐药特征,金属β-内酰胺酶携带情况,提供大连地区院内控制铜绿假单胞菌感染的依据。方法选取2013年1月至2014年9月临床分离的400株铜绿假单胞菌,进行菌种鉴定和药物敏感试验;金属酶检测采用E-test试验;PCR法扩增产金属β-内酰胺酶的基因,并对扩增阳性产物进行测序确认。结果 400株铜绿假单胞菌的标本以呼吸道分泌物最多,占81.5%;分布以呼吸内科和ICU病房最高,占总数的19.8%和25.5%;药敏结果发现有89株铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药,且多数为多重耐药菌株;400株铜绿假单胞菌经E-test试验进行金属酶表型筛查,有17株金属酶阳性,检出率为19.1%;经PCR扩增金属酶基因阳性的有11株,其中8株为IMP-1,3株为VIM-2,其他几种基因均未检出。结论大连地区耐亚胺培南的89株铜绿假单胞菌多数是多重耐药菌株;产金属β-内酰胺酶在大连地区铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药中发挥重要作用,酶的基因型主要为IMP-1和VIM-2。     

产碱菌属的一个新种

从土样中分离得到编号为E54的革兰氏阴性短杆菌。其形态、生理生化特性与假单胞菌属及产碱闺属的近似种均不相同。该菌株无鞭毛,无PHB颗粒形成。氧化酶阳性,氧化葡萄糖产酸,还原硝酸盐但无反硝化作用。产生精氨酸双水解酶,但不产生脲酶和色氯酸脱氨酶。石蕊牛奶产碱并还原n不水解淀粉和明胶。能利用多种碳源。DNA中G十C含量为6 8．65mol％。I)NA DNA杂交结果与产碱菌属更接近c因此,将其定为新种,命名为产酮产碱菌(Alcalige-nes ketogenes sp. Nov. Yin et Cai)。     

假单胞菌铁载体及色素研究

假单胞菌分布广泛,种类繁多,能够产生多种结构的铁载体及具有特定颜色的色素化合物,这使假单胞菌在生物病害防治、医学研究等领域应用潜力巨大.假单胞菌铁载体具有菌种和菌株特异性,可在一定程度上作为其分类依据.假单胞菌色素具有色调、结构、功能多样性,与其铁载体在功能上具有一定重叠性.假单胞菌铁载体及色素分离纯化方法相对比较简单,但它们的生物合成及转运代谢机制非常复杂.     

海洋低温蛋白酶菌株选育及发酵培养基的研究(Ⅰ)

以渤海和黄海分离出400多株在低温条件下生长良好的菌株为出发菌株,利用常规筛选方法选出2株低温蛋白酶产生菌（Pseudorrtortas alcaligenes）。经UV、DES、NTG、EMS、LiCl单独及复合诱变,选育出一株（Pa040523）蛋白酶高产突变株。通过单因素实验,确定了Pa040523菌株蛋白酶发酵培养基为：玉米淀粉糖1．8％,尿素0．6％,磷酸氢二钾0．6％,磷酸二氖钾0．3％。该突变株低温蛋白酶产量为940．8U／mg。     

Mechanism of cyanide and thiocyanate decomposition by an association of Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas stutzeri strains

The intermediate and terminal products of cyanide and thiocyanate decomposition by individual strains of the genus Pseudomonas, P. putida strain 21 and P. stutzeri strain 18, and by their association were analyzed. The activity of the enzymes of nitrogen and sulfur metabolism in these strains was compared with that of the collection strains P. putida VKM B-2187^T and P. stutzeri VKM B-975^T. Upon the introduction of CN⁻ and SCN⁻ into cell suspensions of strains 18 and 21 in phosphate buffer (pH 8.8), the production of NH ₄ ⁺ was observed. Due to the high rate of their utilization, NH₃, NH ₄ ⁺ , and CNO⁻ were absent from the culture liquids of P. putida strain 21 and P. stutzeri strain 18 grown with CN⁻ or SCN⁻. Both Pseudomonas strains decomposed SCN⁻ via cyanate production. The cyanase activity was 0.75 μmol/(min mg protein) for P. putida strain 21 and 1.26 μmol/(min mg protein) for P. stutzeri strain 18. The cyanase activity was present in the cells grown with SCN⁻ but absent in cells grown with NH ₄ ⁺ . Strain 21 of P. putida was a more active CN⁻ decomposer than strain 18 of P. stutzeri. Ammonium and CO₂ were the terminal nitrogen and carbon products of CN⁻ and SCN⁻ decomposition. The terminal sulfur products of SCN⁻ decomposition by P. stutzeri strain 18 and P. putida strain 21 were thiosulfate and tetrathionate, respectively. The strains utilized the toxic compounds in the anabolism only, as sources of nitrogen (CN⁻ and SCN⁻) and sulfur (SCN⁻). The pathway of thiocyanate decomposition by the association of bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas is proposed based on the results obtained. Original Russian Text ? N.V. Grigor’eva, T.F. Kondrat’eva, E.N. Krasil’nikova, G.I. Karavaiko, 2006, published in Mikrobiologiya, 2006, Vol. 75, No. 3, pp. 320–328.     

多器官功能衰竭患者检出栖稻假单胞菌1例

栖稻假单胞菌(Pseudomonas oryzihabitans,P. oryzihabitans)作为条件致病菌和院内感染菌,多见于免疫力低下合并基础疾病患者,其抗感染预后良好,甚少出现多器官功能衰竭病例。本例患者无明显诱因出现双下肢水肿半月余,后全身乏力、气短、尿少3 d,继而出现多器官功能衰竭。患者的血培养中检出1株革兰氏阴性杆菌,经生化鉴定、全自动快速微生物质谱检测(MALDI-TOF MS)和16S rRNA测序,鉴定为P. oryzihabitans;运用Mega 7.0软件构建系统发育树,发现其与耐冷假单胞菌(Pseudomonas psychrotolerans,P. psychrotolerans)亲缘关系十分密切;采用纸片扩散法(Kirby-Bauer method, K-B method)进行药物敏感试验(antimicrobial susceptibility test,AST),显示该菌对头孢他啶、庆大霉素、亚胺培南、左氧氟沙星等敏感,对氨曲南、氨苄西林、头孢唑啉等耐药。采用亚胺培南西司他丁联合莫西沙星对患者进行抗感染治疗,但因患者家属要求出院,无法追踪后续治疗结果。本例报告提示,临床微生物工作者应关注栖稻假单胞菌病例报道和相关研究,以获取更多资料为该病的临床诊治提供依据。     

甲烷利用菌培养条件的优化及其初步应用

利用统计学实验设计（RSM）对能够利用甲烷的假单胞菌菌株ME16主要培养条件进行了优化。以液体无机盐和甲烷气体作为培养基分别进行了温度、接种量、甲烷含量和培养pH对细菌生长影响的研究,并在此基础上,利用响应面法分析优化了ME16菌株的主要培养条件,得到最佳培养条件为：温度29.4℃,接种量1.8%,甲烷含量25%。采用优化培养条件进行培养,细菌生物量增大0.8倍,达到稳定期的培养时间缩短了50h。该菌株初步应用于甲烷气体的脱除,脱除率达65.7 %,表明该菌株能良好的脱除空气中甲烷。     

城市污水处理系统的菌群分析和除氮基因工程出发菌的选择

目的:对脱氮污水处理工艺的活性污泥的菌群组成进行分析,以期获得适合于脱氮基因工程改良的出发菌.方法:首先采用平板稀释法对活性污泥进行菌落计数,并对分离到的菌落进行详细的生化鉴定,对其中的优势菌-假单胞菌进行脱氮能力测定,并分析其对常作为筛选标志的抗生素的药物敏感性.结果:发现在采用该工艺的活性污泥中,优势菌为假单胞菌、肠杆菌、莫拉菌和不动杆菌,分别占总菌数的23%、16%、16%和12%.根据菌群分析的结果,从中选择了两株耐药性弱、脱氮能力强的菌作为基因改良的出发菌.结论:本研究阐明了活性污泥的菌群构成,获得了两株适合基因工程改良的菌株,为日后脱氮基因工程菌的构建奠定基础.     

青枯假单胞杆菌噬菌体ZP-2和ZP-3的生物学性状

噬菌体可作为检测和区分植物病原细菌的一种手段。有关青枯假单胞杆菌(Pseudomo-n~(as solanacearum) 噬菌体的研究工作报道不多,姜瘟菌株上的噬菌体则还未见报道。本文所报道的关于分离自土壤的青枯假单胞杆菌姜瘟菌株(ZO-12)的噬菌体ZP-2和ZP-3生物学性状的研究结果,可为这些噬菌体的利用提供参考依据。     

Pseudomonas sp. RT-1低温脂肪酶的纯化及酶学特性

Pseudomonas sp. RT-1是从低温环境下分离的低温脂肪酶产生菌,对该菌产生的胞外脂肪酶(PL-1)进行纯化,并对其酶学特性进行初步研究。Pseudomonas sp. RT-1的发酵上清液经60%(NH4)2SO4沉淀、12~14000截留相对分子质量(MWCO)透析袋透析、Sephadex G75分子筛和超滤浓缩后,得到了电泳纯的P-L1。SDS-PAGE电泳估算其表观相对分子质量为4.43×104。对其酶学特性研究表明:PL-1是低温碱性脂肪酶且对有机溶剂的耐受性较好。10~40℃内有较好的催化活性,最适作用温度为18℃;0~50℃该酶的稳定性较好,当温度超过50℃时则容易失活;最适作用pH为10.2,且pH在9~11时较稳定;该酶对有机溶剂的耐受性较好,10mmol/L的Ca2+、K+、Na+和Fe3+对PL1的酶活力有促进作用,其中Ca2+促进作用最大,提高了146.07%,而10mmol/L的Cu2+、Co2+、Mn2+、Mg2+、Zn2+、Ba2+和Al3+对酶活力具有不同程度的抑制作用,其中Al3+抑制作用最强,抑制了98.55%;PL-1对C链长度小于或等于12的短链脂肪酸形成的甘油三酯具有较强的水解能力;1mmol/L的去氧胆酸盐(desoxycholate)和0.01%的Triton X100对酶活力具有提高作用,分别提高了30.74%和11.83%;0.01%的SDS和Tween-80、1mmol/L的EDTA和尿素对酶活都有抑制作用,其中EDTA的抑制作用最大,抑制了80%。     

Intracellular degradation of two structurally different polyhydroxyalkanoic acids accumulated in Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas citronellolis from mixtures of octanoic acid and 5-phenylvaleric acid.

From a set of mixed carbon sources, 5-phenylvaleric acid (PV) and octanoic acid (OA), polyhydroxyalkanoic acid (PHA) was separately accumulated in the two pseudomonads Pseudomonas putida BM01 and Pseudomonas citronellolis (ATCC 13674) to investigate any structural difference between the two PHA accumulated under a similar culture condition using one-step culture technique. The resulting polymers were isolated by chloroform solvent extraction and characterized by fractional precipitation and differential scanning calorimetry. The solvent fractionation analysis showed that the PHA synthesized by P. putida was separated into two fractions, 3-hydroxy-5-phenylvalerate (3HPV))-rich PHA fraction in the precipitate phase and 3-hydroxyoctanoate (3HO)-rich PHA fraction in the solution phase whereas the PHA produced by P. citronellolis exhibited a rather little compositional separation into the two phases. According to the thermal analysis, the P. putida PHA exhibited two glass transitions indicative of the PHA not being homogeneous whereas the P. citronellolis PHA exhibited only one glass transition. It was found that the structural heterogeneity of the P. putida PHA was caused by a significant difference in the assimilation rate between PV and OA. The structural heterogeneity present in the P. putida PHA was also confirmed by a first order degradation kinetics analysis of the PHA in the cells. The two different first-order degradation rate constants (k₁), 0.087 and 0.015/h for 3HO- and 3HPV-unit, respectively, were observed in a polymer system over the first 20 h of degradation. In the later degradation period, the disappearance rate of 3HO-unit was calculated to be 0.020 h. The k₁ value of 0.083/h, almost the same as for the 3HO-unit in the P. putida PHA, was obtained for the P(3HO) accumulated in P. putida BM01 grown on OA as the only carbon source. In addition, the k₁ value of 0.015/h for the 3HPV-unit in the P. putida PHA, was also close to 0.019/h for the P(3HPV) homopolymer accumulated in P. putida BM01 grown on PV plus butyric acid. On the contrary, the k₁ values for the P. citronellolis PHA were determined to be 0.035 and 0.029/h for 3HO- and 3HPV-unit, respectively, thus these two relatively close values implying a random copolymer nature of the P. citronellolis PHA. In addition, the faster degradation of P(3HO) than P(3HPV) by the intracellular P. putida PHA depolymerase indicates that the enzyme is more specific against the aliphatic PHA than the aromatic PHA.     

The Application of Adsorption Modeling and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to the Comparison of Two Species of Plant Growth–Promoting Rhizobacteria as Biosorbents of Cadmium in Different pH Solutions

Batch experiments were performed to determine the cadmium absorption capacity of two plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria at different pH levels and in different cadmium concentrations. Comparison of the mean metal removal from two species of bacteria studied showed that Pseudomonas florescence is the superior species for removing cadmium at all cadmium concentrations. The maximum cadmium absorption by P. florescence and P. putida were at 5 mg/L of cadmium concentration in pH 6 and 7, respectively. The applicability of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models was surveyed. Comparison of two isotherm parameters (Q _m and a) further confirmed that P. fluorescence was better at binding cadmium ions (52.6 and 7.7 mg/g, respectively). Adsorption reaction also was considered by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The FTIR analysis implied that the principal functional sites in the bacterial cell walls were phosphoryl and hydroxyl, carboxyl, amide I, amide II, and amine groups.