欧洲地熊蜂对我国本土熊蜂的生殖干扰评估

【目的】外来物种与本土亲缘关系较近的物种可能会发生交尾竞争,干扰本土物种的正常繁衍。欧洲地熊蜂Bombus terrestris是全球范围内商业化应用最广的传粉蜂种,但在许多国家造成了生物入侵。本研究旨在明确欧洲地熊蜂对我国本土熊蜂产生生殖干扰的可能性。【方法】采用四级杆飞行时间-气质联用系统(gas chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry,GC-QTOF/MS)测定了欧洲地熊蜂和我国本土9种熊蜂的雄蜂头部分泌物的成分,并进行聚类分析;在人工控制环境下比较了欧洲地熊蜂对我国重要熊蜂种类的交尾影响。【结果】雄蜂头部分泌物气质色谱图在同一熊蜂种内基本一致,而在不同熊蜂种之间差异明显;我国红光熊蜂B.ignitus、兰州熊蜂B.lantschouensis与欧洲地熊蜂的雄蜂头部分泌物成分相似性分别为58.49%与49.23%;在人工控制环境下欧洲地熊蜂雄蜂可以与兰州熊蜂蜂王杂交,并能够显著降低兰州熊蜂的交尾成功率(P0.01)。【结论】欧洲地熊蜂与我国一些熊蜂种的雄蜂头部分泌物成分相似性较高,能够干扰其正常交尾,具有较高的生殖干扰风险。为了保护我国本土熊蜂资源与生态系统平衡避免造成生物入侵,我们应该谨慎使用外来熊蜂物种。     

中国蛛缘蝽科物种DNA条形码研究(英文)

【目的】本研究旨在探讨DNA条形码对中国蛛缘蝽科(半翅目：缘蝽总科)物种界定的适用性。【方法】对中国蛛缘蝽科13属23种207个样本的线粒体COI基因DNA条形码序列进行扩增,并扩增稻缘蝽属Leptocorisa 3个物种的31条内转录间隔区1(ITS-1)序列作为辅助标记。使用MEGA 11软件计算种间和种内遗传距离(Kimura 2-parameter, K2P);采用邻接法(neighbor-joining, NJ)进行物种聚类分析;利用中介邻接网络算法构建单倍型网络图。【结果】基于线粒体COI DNA条形码序列得出测试的中国蛛缘蝽科所有23个种的种内平均K2P距离在2%以下,种间K2P距离在0.98%~23.98%之间(平均17.50%)。多数物种彼此能够被较好地分开,且支持率较高。其中,中稻缘蝽Leptocorisa chinensis和大稻缘蝽L. oratoria共享部分COI单倍型,造成COI条形码无法区分二者,可通过ITS-1序列在单倍型网络分析中将二者区分。【结论】本研究得出的中国蛛缘蝽科中绝大部分物种的DNA条形码数据分析结果与基于形态特征的分类单元一致。然而,对于其中亲缘关系极近的物种,单靠线粒体数据尤其是COI条形码序列无法进行准确界定,需引入其他DNA序列或其他类型数据进行区分。     

云南熊蜂地理区划及物种多样性分析

【目的】为了探究云南省熊蜂属的地理分布和物种多样性特点。【方法】基于2009-2018年在云南采集的35种5655号熊蜂标本信息,利用经纬度0.5°×0.5°方格内的物种组成分析云南境内熊蜂的地理区划,利用方格内物种数量分析物种丰富度,根据所采集的标本数量分析云南境内熊蜂的物种多度。【结果】云南省熊蜂属区系可划分为云南高原(Ⅰ)和横断山区(Ⅱ)2个大区,其中,云南高原包括西部-中部亚热带中山峡谷区(Ⅰ1)、南部热带低山宽谷区(Ⅰ2)、东南部亚热带岩溶山地河谷区(Ⅰ3)、东部亚热带高原谷盆区(Ⅰ4)和东北部亚热带中山河谷区(Ⅰ5)5个小区,横断山区又可分为西部亚热带高山峡谷区(Ⅱ1)、中部温带高山峡谷区(Ⅱ2)和西北部高寒草甸区(Ⅱ3)3个小区。在云南8个地理小区中,Ⅱ3的熊蜂物种丰富度最高(20种),其次为Ⅰ3、Ⅱ2、Ⅰ1、Ⅰ5、Ⅰ4和Ⅱ1,Ⅰ2最低(3种)。横断山区的物种数量明显高于云南高原,其中(27.00°-27.50°N,99.50°-100.00°E)小格是云南境内物种丰富度最高的区域(18种)。弗里熊蜂Bombus friseanus和短头熊蜂B. breviceps是云南境内的优势蜂种,这2种熊蜂的个体数量接近云南境内35种熊蜂总数量的50%;相反,中华熊蜂B. chinensis、雀熊蜂B. richardsiellus和贝拉熊蜂B. bellardii等物种在云南境内则非常稀有。【结论】受地形和气候的影响,云南熊蜂地理分布特征明显,境内优势种较少,稀有种较多,应该加强保护力度。     

华北地区六种熊蜂的地理分布及生态习性

2005～2007年连续3年对华北地区小峰熊蜂Bombus hypocrita、密林熊蜂B.patagiatus、红光熊蜂B.ignitus、明亮熊蜂B.lucorum、火红熊蜂B.pyrosoma和重黄熊蜂B.picipes等6种熊蜂的地理分布和生态习性进行研究。结果表明,这6种熊蜂在华北地区的地理分布差异很大,火红熊蜂分布最广,重黄熊蜂分布最窄。6种熊蜂在垂直分布上也存在差异,红光熊蜂分布于较低海拔高度地区,明亮熊蜂分布于较高海拔高度地区,但在海拔1300～1800m范围内6种熊蜂都有分布。6种熊蜂中,火红熊蜂的年活动周期较长,为180天左右。小峰熊蜂、明亮熊蜂、密林熊蜂和重黄熊蜂的年活动周期居中。红光熊蜂的年活动周期最短,为140天左右。6种熊蜂采访植物涉及到17科63种,采访植物存在一定的偏好性,主要采访豆科、菊科、蔷薇科和唇形科等植物;而且,不同种熊蜂采集植物的种类也存在较大差异。     

支持向量机和邻接法在夜蛾科昆虫条码研究中的应用

【背景】鳞翅目夜蛾科昆虫种类繁多,目前已经超过3．5万种,绝大多数是农林生产的主要害虫。由于多数近缘属种形态相似,难以鉴定,给农林害虫的防治工作带了很大的困难。DNA条形码技术是一种快速、准确鉴定物种的方法。支持向量机作为一种新的机器学习方法,自1995年被提出以来已经在数据分类和高维模式识别等领域取得不错的效果。【方法】将北京妙峰山采集的58种夜蛾101个样品的COI序列分成3套数据集,分别通过邻接法和支持向量机对其进行验证。【结果】通过对DNA条形码物种鉴定结果的验证表明,邻接法优于支持向量机。但DNA条形码在鉴定夜蛾科的一些近缘种上,效果不佳,如棉铃虫和烟青虫。【结论与意义】DNA条形码作为一种新兴的物种鉴定方法,在分类学上具有很高的应用价值。通过邻接法和支持向量机的比较,虽然支持向量机的成功率低于邻接法,但是其在DNA条形码中的应用是对数据问询方式的一种探索。     

DNA条形码试剂盒检测技术在大小蠹属种类鉴定中的应用（英文）

【目的】DNA条形码技术已成为生物分类鉴定的有力工具。DNA条形码技术的相关问题,如物种种内和种间的遗传距离出现重叠区域,将直接影响到物种鉴定的准确性。我们应用DNA条形码试剂盒检测技术来快速、准确地鉴定口岸截获的检疫性大小蠹属种类。【方法】针对大小蠹昆虫设计引物以提高PCR扩增效率。运用自主研发的基因条码分析软件找出基因片段上区分每个物种的多态位点规律,作为该物种的鉴定特征并建立数据库,应用于物种鉴定。【结果】使用针对大小蠹属昆虫设计的引物成功扩增出325 bp的COI基因片段。将大小蠹属12种昆虫的COI基因片段上的核苷酸诊断位点的组合作为物种的鉴定特征,可以准确地区分近似种。通过比对植物检疫鉴定系统数据库里的鉴定特征,将6个大小蠹属的未知样品成功鉴定到种(核苷酸序列一致性为100%),与形态鉴定结果一致。【结论】结果表明DNA条形码试剂盒检测技术可以准确鉴定大小蠹属的种类。该检测技术可以应用于其他经济重要性有害生物的检测鉴定。     

基于三个分子标记的粉毛蚜亚科DNA条形码

【目的】粉毛蚜亚科昆虫是重要的林业害虫,但是由于蚜虫体型较小,形态特征趋于简化,可用于物种鉴定的有效特征非常有限,因此一般基于外部形态特征难以对蚜虫物种实现快速准确的鉴定。本研究获取该亚科2属10种的DNA条形码标准序列,解决部分物种的分类问题,同时比较了3种标记对粉毛蚜亚科（Pterocommatinae）物种快速鉴定的效率。【方法】基于蚜虫的线粒体细胞色素氧化酶C亚基I（cytochrome oxidase subunit I, COI）基因、细胞色素b（cytochrome b, Cytb）基因和蚜虫初级内共生菌Buchnera 6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶（gluconate-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, gnd）基因,对2属10种共197号样品进行NJ分析、遗传距离的计算以及基于相似性的物种鉴定分析。【结果】与K-2P模型相比,基于p-distance模型计算得到的遗传距离更小,序列差异频次图上种内距离与种间距离的重叠区域也小于前者;COI序列的物种鉴定成功率最高。获取了粉毛蚜亚科近200条DNA条形码标准序列,并建立了基于3个标记的该亚科物种DNA条形码序列库。【结论】在粉毛蚜亚科DNA条形码研究中,p-distance模型要优于K-2P模型;COI序列具有最高的条形码分析效率;增毛卷粉毛蚜Plocamaphis assetacea可能为蜡卷粉毛蚜Plocamaphis flocculosa的同物异名。     

警惕入侵物种盖罩大蜗牛随进境邮寄物的传入

【目的】明确北京口岸从进境邮寄物中截获的蜗牛种类,及其分类地位、分布、潜在入侵危害性等情况。【方法】通过形态学特征和DNA条形码技术对截获的蜗牛样本进行物种鉴定,并通过相关文献综合分析比较该物种与近似种的区别,以及我国口岸检疫性蜗牛的截获情况。【结果】鉴定结果为检疫性软体动物盖罩大蜗牛,隶属于腹足纲柄眼目大蜗牛科大蜗牛属。【结论】针对随邮寄物传入的检疫性蜗牛种类,建议口岸在主要应用形态学进行鉴定的基础上,利用DNA条形码技术进行辅助鉴定,从而提高鉴定准确率。     

短舌熊蜂耐热性研究

【目的】测定高温对短舌熊蜂Bombus terrestris L.个体存活率和体内总蛋白含量的影响,为熊蜂授粉应用提供理论依据。【方法】以高温暴露致死率为耐热性的评价指标,对短舌熊蜂的工蜂幼虫,成年工蜂,成年雄蜂进行检测并对成年工蜂进行亚致死高温驯化。同时考察不同处理温度下熊蜂体内蛋白质含量变化。【结果】结果显示,短舌熊蜂的耐热性能从高到低依次是成年工蜂、成年雄蜂、工蜂幼虫,亚致死高温驯化可显著提高成年工蜂的耐热性能。熊蜂体内蛋白质含量随着温度的升高,呈先增加后减少的趋势,熊蜂体重与体内蛋白质含量无显著相关性。【结论】熊蜂不同虫态对高温的耐受性不同,可通过亚致死高温驯化措施来提高熊蜂的耐热性能和授粉效率。     

中国熊蜂多样性、人工利用与保护策略

熊蜂是众多野生植物和农作物的重要传粉者, 在维持自然和农业生态系统平衡中发挥着十分重要的作用。中国地形多样、植被丰富, 是全球熊蜂多样性的热点地区, 但过去缺乏系统调查研究, 中国熊蜂多样性现状及其利用特性不详。本文介绍了近20年在中国熊蜂资源系统调查及其人工利用方面取得的主要研究结果: (1) 2002-2017年采集熊蜂标本5万余号, 先后揭示了一系列疑难类群的分类地位, 确认中国已知熊蜂125种, 占全球熊蜂已知物种总数的50%, 表明中国是全球熊蜂物种资源最丰富的国家; (2)首次报道了中国熊蜂物种名录, 其中22种为中国特有种。我国青藏高原东部向黄土高原、秦岭山地和四川盆地过渡的地带, 是全球熊蜂多样性分布中心; (3) 1998-2017年, 明亮熊蜂(Bombus lucorum)、密林熊蜂(B. patagiatus)、红光熊蜂(B. ignitus)、火红熊蜂(B. pyrosoma)、重黄熊蜂(B. picipes)和兰州熊蜂(B. lantschouensis) 6种本土熊蜂先后被驯养成功, 其中密林熊蜂和兰州熊蜂的繁殖性状优良, 已应用于我国设施作物传粉服务。同时, 我们从栖息地、食物资源、外来物种、农药使用等方面提出了保护中国熊蜂资源的策略, 以期为野生传粉昆虫特别是熊蜂资源的保护与可持续利用提供参考资料。     

Bumblebee commercialization will cause worldwide migration of parasitic mites

We investigated natural populations of three Japanese native bumblebee species to determine the status of infestation by a tracheal mite, Locustacarus buchneri, which we had earlier detected in introduced commercial colonies of the European bumblebee, Bombus terrestris. We also investigated mite infestation in commercial colonies of a Japanese native species, B. ignitus, which are mass-produced in the Netherlands and reimported into Japan. We detected the mite in both natural and commercial colonies of the Japanese species. Comparison of 555 bp sequences of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) gene from the mite showed that there were seven haplotypes, on the basis of combinations of substitutions at eight sites in the gene. The haplotypes of the mites in the Japanese native bumblebees and the haplotypes of the mites in B. terrestris did not overlap; however, mtDNA of mites detected in the commercial colonies of B. ignitus possessed the same sequence as a European haplotype. These results indicate that transportation of bumblebee colonies will cause overseas migration of parasitic mites of different origins.     

明亮熊蜂繁育室内印度谷斑螟的形态特征与生物学特性

明亮熊蜂Bombus lucorum L.是一种重要的温室果菜传粉昆虫,印度谷斑螟Plodia interpunctella(Hbner)是危害明亮熊蜂繁育的主要害虫之一。2年的研究结果表明,印度谷斑螟的形态特征与危害蜜蜂巢房的大蜡螟Gallerie mellonellaL.和小蜡螟Achroia grisella Fabricius明显不同。印度谷斑螟以饲喂熊蜂的花粉为载体传播进熊蜂繁育室,在熊蜂繁育室内可以连续繁殖,1年发生6～8代,且世代重叠。印度谷斑螟幼虫主要以蜂群内的剩花粉为食,当花粉不足时,就开始取食巢房和蜂蛹,对熊蜂的规模化繁育危害较大,每年的5～8月、11～2月为危害高峰期。印度谷斑螟的发育受环境和食物的影响很大,在温度为28℃、相对湿度为60%熊蜂繁育室内,印度谷斑螟的卵期为4d,幼虫期为19～23d,蛹期为11d,成虫期为4～20d。成虫羽化后3～4h即可进行交配,雌蛾交配后当天就开始产卵,产卵期4～10d不等,平均产卵量107.8粒。在熊蜂繁育室消毒期间,食物短缺,印度谷斑螟幼虫进入休眠状态,各龄幼虫均可发生休眠现象。印度谷斑螟不危害蜜蜂,在蜜蜂巢房中不能存活。     

Evidence for hilltopping in bumblebees?

1. Male bumblebees are known to exhibit a range of mate‐location behaviours, including perching on prominent objects and darting at passing queens, patrolling of scent‐marked flight routes, and waiting outside nest entrances for virgin queens to emerge. Here we provide evidence for a fourth strategy, known as hilltopping. This behaviour is widely known from a range of invertebrates, but has not previously been described in bumblebees. 2. We studied the distribution of bumblebees along transects ascending four hills in Scotland and demonstrate that, relative to workers, males of four bumblebee species or species groups (Bombus lapidarius, B. monticola, B. pascuorum, and B. lucorum/magnus/cryptarum/terrestris) tend to congregate at or near the tops of hills. This is, to our knowledge, the first evidence for hilltopping in bumblebees and the first record of any putative mate‐locating behaviour for male B. pascuorum, a very common species in Europe. 3. We note that, in common with most previous studies of mate‐locating behaviour in bumblebees, attraction of virgin queens and mating were not observed.     

Absolute configuration of chiral terpenes in marking pheromones of bumblebees and cuckoo bumblebees

The absolute configurations of citronellol, 2,3-dihydrofarnesol, and 2,3-dihydrofarnesal in male marking pheromones of seven species of bumblebees and cuckoo bumblebees were determined by enantioselective gas chromatography on a capillary column coated with 60% heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-TBDMS)-beta-cyclodextrin in polysiloxane PS 268. Pure (-)-S-enantiomers of all three terpenes were found in the labial glands of all investigated specimens of the following species: Bombus (Bombus) terrestris, B. (Bombus) lucorum, B. (Pyrobombus) pratorum, B. (Pyrobombus) pyrenaeus, B. (Pyrobombus) jonellus, B. (Pyrobombus) impatiens, and the cuckoo bumblebee B. (Ashtonipsithyrus) bohemicus. Within species, specimens were collected at different localities and in different years. Except for 2,3-dihydrofarnesol in B. terrestris, this is the first report on the absolute configuration of terpenes in marking pheromones of bumblebees.     

Microsatellite analysis supports the existence of three cryptic species within the bumble bee <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bombus lucorum sensu lato</Emphasis>

Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) partial sequences are widely used in taxonomy for species identification. Increasingly, these sequence identities are combined with modelling approaches to delineate species. Yet the validity of species delineation based on such DNA ‘barcodes’ is rarely tested and may be called into question by phenomena such as ancestral polymorphisms in DNA sequences, phylogeographic divergence, mitochondrial introgression and hybridization, or distortion of mitochondrial inheritance through such factors as Wolbachia infection. The common and widespread European bumble bee Bombus lucorum s. lato contains three distinct mitochondrial DNA lineages that are assumed to represent three cryptic species, namely Bombus cryptarum, B. lucorum s. str. and B. magnus. To test whether nuclear gene pools of the three putative species were differentiated, we genotyped 304 sympatric members of the lucorum complex (54 B. cryptarum females, 168 B. lucorum s. str. females and 82 B. magnus females, as defined using mtDNA COI haplotypes) from 11 localities spread across the island of Ireland at seven nuclear microsatellite loci. Multilocus genotypes clustered into three discrete groups that largely corresponded to the three mtDNA lineages: B. cryptarum, B. lucorum s. str. and B. magnus. The good fit of mitochondrial haplotype to nuclear (microsatellite) genotypic data supports the view that these three bumble bee taxa are reproductively isolated species, as well as providing a vindication of species identity using so-called DNA barcodes.     

Senescence of immune defence in Bombus workers

Abstract 1. Senescence in workers of social insects is a particularly intriguing life-history trait as the future fitness of workers relies primarily on age-dependent survival rate. The pattern of senescence of immune defence traits was investigated under laboratory conditions in workers of two bumble bees: Bombus terrestris and B. lucorum .
2. In both species, there was a significant decrease with age in the ability to encapsulate a foreign object (a global measure of the efficiency of immune systems). This pattern of senescence was observed in all colonies in B. terrestris (seven) and B. lucorum (eight) assayed, even though, for the latter, there was some heterogeneity among colonies.
3. In B. terrestris , two other measures of immune defence were taken: the relative percentage of fat body in the abdomen and the concentration of haemocytes (the immune defence cells). The quantity of fat body increased only slightly with age and there was no effect for the concentration of haemocytes. Interestingly, the concentration of haemocytes decreased strongly after an encapsulation response, regardless of the age of workers.
4. The importance of the senescence pattern observed for the immune defence traits is discussed in the context of the social biology of workers.     

Colour patterns do not diagnose species: quantitative evaluation of a DNA barcoded cryptic bumblebee complex

Cryptic diversity within bumblebees (Bombus) has the potential to undermine crucial conservation efforts designed to reverse the observed decline in many bumblebee species worldwide. Central to such efforts is the ability to correctly recognise and diagnose species. The B. lucorum complex (Bombus lucorum, B. cryptarum and B. magnus) comprises one of the most abundant and important group of wild plant and crop pollinators in northern Europe. Although the workers of these species are notoriously difficult to diagnose morphologically, it has been claimed that queens are readily diagnosable from morphological characters. Here we assess the value of colour-pattern characters in species identification of DNA-barcoded queens from the B. lucorum complex. Three distinct molecular operational taxonomic units were identified each representing one species. However, no uniquely diagnostic colour-pattern character state was found for any of these three molecular units and most colour-pattern characters showed continuous variation among the units. All characters previously deemed to be unique and diagnostic for one species were displayed by specimens molecularly identified as a different species. These results presented here raise questions on the reliability of species determinations in previous studies and highlights the benefits of implementing DNA barcoding prior to ecological, taxonomic and conservation studies of these important key pollinators.     

11种常用农药对地熊蜂工蜂的毒性和风险评估

【目的】评估常用农药对地熊蜂Bombus terrestris的生态风险,为设施大棚合理施用农药提供科学依据。【方法】分别采用饲喂法和接触法测定了6种杀虫剂(虫螨腈、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氟吡呋喃酮、螺虫乙酯、异丙威和除虫脲)、3种杀螨剂(丁氟螨酯、唑螨酯和联苯肼酯)及2种杀菌剂(春雷霉素和啶酰菌胺)共11种常用农药对地熊蜂成年工蜂的急性经口和急性接触毒性,并评估其生态风险性。【结果】11种农药经饲喂法测定,对地熊蜂工蜂的急性经口毒性除高效氯氟氰菊酯、异丙威和虫螨腈为高毒,氟吡呋喃酮和唑螨酯为中毒外,其余药物均为低毒。经接触法测定,对地熊工蜂的急性接触毒性除高效氯氟氰菊酯和异丙威为高毒,虫螨腈为中毒外,其余药物均为低毒。生态风险评估表明,对地熊蜂工蜂而言,异丙威和高效氯氟氰菊酯的经口与接触毒性为中风险,氟吡呋喃酮、啶酰菌胺、除虫脲、唑螨酯、联苯肼酯、螺虫乙酯、春雷霉素、丁氟螨酯的经口与接触毒性为低风险;虫螨腈的经口毒性为中风险,接触毒性为低风险。【结论】在设施作物花期使用地熊蜂授粉时,建议禁用异丙威、高效氯氟氰菊酯和虫螨腈这3种存在中风险的农药,慎重使用氟吡呋喃酮和唑螨酯这2种农药,以避免对地熊蜂造成危害,而另外6种低毒农药可根据田间情况合理施用,并可采取通风晾晒、设置间隔期等方式降低农药对地熊蜂的生态风险。     

Relationships between densities of previous and simultaneous foragers and the foraging behaviour of three bumblebee species

1. The local insect composition may be as important as the local floral composition for bumblebees' foraging behaviour. However, little is known about how the local abundance of insects affects the foraging patterns of individuals. 2. Using field observations, we studied the relationships between the local density of previous and simultaneous foragers and the local foraging behaviour of Bombus pascuorum, Bombus lucorum/B. terrestris and Bombus lapidarius while pollinating Centaurea jacea. 3. The number of bumblebees foraging in the plots was positively related to the number of new individuals arriving at these plots. The number of inflorescences contacted and the duration of visits were negatively related to the number of simultaneous foragers, but only in B. lucorum/B. terrestris. The effects of previous foragers on the behaviour of other bumblebees were species‐specific and variable in their direction. Such contrasting effects can be explained in terms of bumblebee species' abundances and functional similarity. In some cases, the effect of previous foragers increased with Centaurea density. 4. The local abundance of previous and simultaneous foragers affected the foraging behaviour of particular bumblebee individuals in complex ways. Future studies on local foraging behaviour might benefit from including the abundance of co‐foragers.     

北京梨园绿盲蝽及其天敌的种群动态

【目的】调查研究梨园绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür)及其天敌的种群动态, 为梨园绿盲蝽的预测预报和科学防治提供理论依据。【方法】2012-2013年利用色板诱集法和目测法, 对北京市农林科学院林业果树研究所梨园的绿盲蝽及其天敌的种群动态进行了系统调查和分析。【结果】绿板调查结果显示, 绿盲蝽在梨园的发生有2个高峰期, 第1个峰值远高于第2个峰值, 主要发生高峰期为5月下旬至6月中旬。目测调查结果显示, 2012年, 绿盲蝽有两个发生高峰期, 5月中旬达到第1个峰值, 5月下旬达到第2个峰值; 2013年, 绿盲蝽仅有5月下旬一个发生高峰期。2012和2013年天敌主要发生高峰期均为6月上旬至下旬。梨园调查到的天敌主要为捕食类天敌, 包括蜘蛛和天敌昆虫, 其中天敌昆虫有7种隶属3目3科。天敌的优势种类为蜘蛛、 龟纹瓢虫、 异色瓢虫、 中华草蛉。【结论】天敌的发生与绿盲蝽有明显的时间和数量跟随关系。