浅谈果树病虫害综合防治技术研究

在我国的农业生产的过程中,对于果树的病虫害综合防治是农业生产效益的根本保障,我国是一个农业大国,尤其是在我国的北方,果树的栽培更是有着悠久的历史,在近些年中由于技术的进步果树的品种更新的速度也在不断的加快,但是随之而来的就是果树的病虫害的问题,它对于果树的影响非常的大,直接在经济上给果农带来严重的损失,为了能够让果农的经济效益得到保障,对于果树的病虫害防治就显得极为重要。本文主要是对东北地区的果树病虫害的现状进行简要的分析,并对果树病虫害的综合防治技术进行研究找出适当的对策,希望能有所裨益。     

欢迎订阅2023年《果树资源学报》北大核心CSCD

《果树资源学报》由山西农业大学主管,山西农业大学果树研究所主办。本刊辟有专家论坛、研究论文、研究报告、经验技术、专论综述、引选育种、特异资源等栏目,全面介绍果树种质资源的收集保存、鉴定评价及种质创新等领域的研究进展;刊登有关果树资源基础理论研究、应用研究及栽培技术等方面的研究成果;积极开展学科领域内的学术交流与研讨,促进果树资源学科研究的繁荣,推动果树产业可持续发展。     

果树病虫害防治中生物防治方法研究

随着我国社会进步和经济发展,果树产业在我国农业生产地区也得到广泛发展。果树经济的发展满足了我国群众对水果的需求,但是果树病虫害对水果产量、质量的影响也较大,这对社会效益、经济效益均造成了严重影响。以往多对果树进行农药喷洒治理虫害,但是此种方式会导致果实有严重农药残留现象,使得质量较差。本篇文章主要分析了果树病虫害防治中的生物防治方法,以供参考。     

矮砧果树为什么变矮

在果树矮化密植栽培中,有以下几种方法使果树变矮:①利用矮化砧或矮化中间砧;②采用紧凑型品种;③采用致矮的农业技术;④使用生长调节剂。现仅用矮化砧为例,分析一下矮砧果树变矮的原因: 什么是矮化砧木具有矮化作用的砧木,叫矮化砧。矮化砧具有比其接穗细胞渗透势低的生物学特性。由于细胞的渗透势与溶质浓度成反比,所以,矮化砧组织细胞渗透势低而细胞液浓度较高。通过嫁接后,将与其接穗细胞形成浓度的逆生理差。     

美国农业研究中心发现控制果树耐寒基因

最近,美国农部农业研究中心阿巴拉契亚山脉果树研究站的研究人员发现了控制果树休眠的单基因以及由该基因在休眠期表达和积累在树皮内的贮藏蛋白。这一发现使科学家们控制植物抗冻性,调节开花和果实生产所需要的休眠期成为可能。     

《设施果树栽培学》多媒体教学课件的制作

培养高级专门人才是高等学校的根本使命。设施农业科学与工程专业主要为培养从事设施农业及相关领域的高级专门人才,《设施果树栽培学》为该专业的专业基础课。为提高该课程教学与学习效率,本课题组运用Microsoft Word、Photoshop、Author Ware、Powerpoint和Flash等软件制作了该课程的多媒体教学课件。尝试利用多媒体教学来弥补传统教学中的一些不足,促进教学手段现代化,提升教学效果。     

植物微嫁接技术的研究及应用

介绍了影响微嫁接成活的主要因素、微嫁接细胞学研究和微嫁接的生理生化研究进展;另外,对微嫁接技术在农业生产中的应用(主要包括脱除果树病毒,快速繁育无病毒苗木,繁殖保存珍贵的育种材料,试管内快速检测植物病毒、果树检疫、嫁接亲和力的鉴定及亲和力的早期预测等)也作了阐述.     

不同生产力水平苹果园土壤水分空间异质性

为掌握不同生产力水平果园土壤水分的空间分布特征及其变异规律,利用经典统计学及地统计学的原理对黄土高原不同生产力水平果园土壤水分空间异质性进行了对比研究。结果表明:土壤含水量在垂直方向上以果树根系主要分布区为中心向上下两向递增,在水平方向,随着距树干距离的增大而增加;土壤水分稳定性随土层深度的增加及距树干距离的增加而提高。不同生产力水平果园间,土壤水分含量差异达到显著水平,随着果树生产力水平的降低,其对土壤水分的消耗逐渐减少、水分稳定性提高、因空间自相关部分引起的异质性增大,而随机部分引起的空间异质性程度减小。综上可知,进行果树生产力调控能够减少农业生产对资源的过度消耗,减轻对环境的影响。     

湖南大围山和八面山香果树种群的年龄结构和演替动态比较

选取湖南大围山和八面山3处典型的香果树(Emmenopterys henryi)群落,通过分析香果树种群的重要值、物种多样性、年龄结构,绘制生命表和生存曲线图,并与其他不同地区3处香果树群落进行比较,探讨不同纬度、不同立地生境对香果树种群的年龄结构和演替动态的影响。结果表明:(1)大围山上游香果树群落的优势种群为多脉榆(Ulmus castaneifolia)、香果树和青钱柳(Cyclocaryapaliuru);大围山下游香果树群落的优势种群为黄檀(Dalbergia hupeana)、香果树和油茶(Camellia oleifera);八面山香果树群落的优势种群为野核桃(Juglans cathayensis)、香果树和小叶青冈(Cyclobalanopsis myrsinifolia)。(2)大围山上游香果树群落共有维管植物60科96属118种,大围山下游香果树群落共有维管植物76科120属163种,大围山上游和下游香果树群落地理成分均表现为温带成分高于热带成分;八面山香果树群落共有维管植物61科95属108种,地理成分表明热带成分高于温带成分。(3)根据年龄结构和生存分析,香果树种群在不同的群落中所处演替阶段不同,大围山上游为衰退型种群,大围山下游为稳定型种群,八面山为增长型种群,均具有代表性。(4)经分析对比,纬度位置、岩石裸露度、郁闭度、群落内优势种群的生长状况和人为破坏程度等是影响香果树种群生长趋势的因素,建议对大围山的2个香果树群落应加强后续监测,并参照八面山的香果树种群生存状况针对岩石裸露度、郁闭度等进行适当人工干扰和管理,以保障香果树种群的健康生长。     

植物生长调节剂在柑桔生产上的应用

植物生长调节剂是调节植物生长发育的重要物质,在农业和园艺生产上,具有广泛的应用价值和发展前景。近20年来,随着高科技和化学工业的发展,生长调节剂在果树上的应用日益受到重视,已成为当前科学栽培果树,提高果实商品性,增加经济效益的重要技术措施。现就植物生长调节剂在柑桔生产中的应用情况综述如下:     

Nutritional consequences of a change in diet from native to agricultural fruits for the Samoan fruit bat

The Samoan fruit bat Pteropus samoensis Peak, an endemic flying fox that inhabits the Samoan archipelago, prefers to forage on native fruit species. This species has recently been subjected to extreme population threats including hunting and severe storms, as well as large-scale habitat degradation. If habitat destruction continues at its present rate, P. samoensis may be forced to forage more within an agricultural matrix. In this study, we analyzed sixteen species of native fruits and four species of agricultural fruits for five organic components and eight minerals to test whether native fruits provided a higher quality diet or more varied diet than agricultural fruits. Within native fruits, we also focused on four species of figs, because these fruits are often considered an important food item for tropical frugivores. Overall, native fruits provided more variation and had higher average values for several nutrients than agricultural fruits. Native fruits were especially high in biologically important minerals (calcium, iron, and sodium), and provided up to 5 times more calcium, 10.5 times more iron, and 8 times more sodium than agricultural fruits. Figs were found to be an especially rich source of many nutrients, particularly for calcium. Thus. P. samoensis. a sequential specialist, may be better able to adjust its diet to obtain higher levels of minerals when consuming a variety of native fruits than when restricted to the consumption of only agricultural fruits. These findings suggest a need to preserve native habitat and to create parks to sustain the long term health and viability of P. samoensis.     

全球气候变化对我国西北地区农业的影响

在比较系统总结全球气候变化对我国西北地区农业影响的主要研究成果的基础上,揭示了我国西北地区现代气候变化对全球气候变暖响应的基本特征,阐述了现代气候变化对土壤水分、地表蒸发和作物气候生产力的影响规律;并且比较全面地概括了西北地区冬、春小麦、玉米、马铃薯、冬油菜、棉花、胡麻、牧草、葡萄等9种主要农作物的生长发育、病虫害、种植面积、气候产量以及畜牧业活动等对气候变化的响应特征,发现气候变化对农业生产过程的影响利弊皆存,而且不同农作物对气候变化的响应特征差异较大.研究对西北地区农业生产具有比较重要的科学指导意见.     

Exploring the patterns and causes of land use changes in south-west Sweden

To study the causes of agricultural declines in south-west Sweden, a multi-proxy study including pollen analysis, bog surface wetness indicators and aeolian sediment influx reconstructions was carried out on the Store Mosse Bog, situated on the coastal plain of Halland. Patterns of agricultural changes during the past 6,000 years from this study were compared to one additional site on the coastal plain (Undarsmosse Bog) and to four sites in the forested upland region. First, we compared land use activity on the coastal plain and in upland regions of south-west Sweden. Three periods with reduced agricultural activities were observed, primarily in records from the coastal plain. Next, the causes for these declines were studied by comparing land use indicators in the pollen records from the Store Mosse and Undarsmosse peat bogs to independent climatic reconstructions based on the same core material (past storm activity based on aeolian sediment influx onto the peat bogs; bog surface wetness reconstructed from organic bulk density measurements). Since the climatic reconstructions and pollen analysis were carried out on the same peat cores, a direct comparison between the timing of climatic events and land use changes was possible. Results indicate that climatic perturbations prior to ca. 1,000 years ago contributed to or possibly caused agricultural declines. The agricultural expansions near the Store Mosse and Undarsmosse bogs from 3000 to 2600 cal. yrs b.p. ended at the time when climatic proxy indicators recorded climatic instability (from ca 2600 to 2200 cal. yrs b.p.). The same sequence of events was recorded around 1500 cal. yrs b.p. and from 1200 to 1000 cal. yrs b.p., suggesting a climatic cause for these agricultural declines as well. The well-known climatic perturbations associated with the Little Ice Age, however, did not have a visible impact on agricultural activities. By this time, advances in land use knowledge and technology may have drastically diminished society’s sensitivity to climatic changes.     

Fruit color and fruit size of bird-disseminated plants in Japan

Fruit color, fruit size and phenology of bird-disseminated plants were examined in different climatic zones of Japan and the relationships between the plants and frugivorous birds were disscussed.Black fruit was the most common in warm-temperate areas and red was the most common in cool-temperate and subarctic zones. Red was more dominant in the lower layer of the forests in all climatic zones. Bicolor fruits were frequent in trees and were not found in herbs. Both in warm- and cool-temperate zones conspicuous fruits which are red and bicolored display were more frequent in summer than in winter.The diameter of most fruits were 4–11 mm. Fruits in warm-temperate were somewhat bigger than those in cooltemperate zone. In forest strata the fruits of shrubs were smaller than those of trees and herbs in width. However I found no relationships between fruit size and fruit color.The frugivorous birds could have influenced not only the evolution of seasonal differences in the proportion of fruit color between warm-temperate and cool-temperate region, but also affect the fruit size.     

Reconstructing changes in the genotype,phenotype, and climatic niche of an introduced species

An introduced species must contend with enormous environmental variation in its introduced range. In this study, we use niche models and ordination analyses to reconstruct changes in genotype, phenotype, and climatic niche of Johnsongrass Sorghum halepense, which is regarded as one of the world's most threatening invasive plants. In the United States, Johnsongrass has rapidly evolved within‐ and among‐population genetic diversity; our results show that genetic differentiation in expanding Johnsongrass populations has resulted in phenotypic variation that is consistent with habitat and climatic variation encountered during its expansion. Moreover, Johnsongrass expanded from agricultural to non‐agricultural habitat, and now, despite occupying overlapping ranges, extant agricultural and non‐agricultural populations are genetically and phenotypically distinct and manifest different plastic responses when encountering environmental variation. Non‐agricultural accessions are broadly distributed in climatic and geographic space and their fitness traits demonstrate plastic responses to common garden conditions that are consistent with local specialization. In contrast, agricultural accessions demonstrate ‘general purpose’ plastic responses and have more restricted climatic niches and geographic distributions. They also grow much larger than non‐agricultural accessions. If these differences are adaptive, our results suggest that adaptation to local habitat variation plays a crucial role in the ecology of this invader. Further, its success relates to its ability to succeed on dual fronts, by responding simultaneously to habitat and climate variability and by capitalizing on differential responses to these factors during its range expansion.     

Scale and macroecological patterns in seed dispersal mutualisms

Although some studies of seed dispersal mutualisms have documented adaptive relationships between fruits and frugivores, others have shown that adaptive patterns are constrained by phylogenetic, historical or climatic effects. Variable results among studies have thwarted attempts to find a paradigm to unite the field and direct research. Two recent studies in Global Ecology and Biogeography exemplify this dichotomy. One paper reported adaptive relationships between abundances of birds and fruits, while the other study found that bird‐fruit abundance patterns were constrained by climatic effects. Almost paradoxically, both studies were conducted at the same locale. However, they focused on different spatio‐temporal scales. These results are surprisingly consistent with several other recent studies that have taken a macroecological approach. They also indicate that mutualistic relationships between fruits and frugivores are scale dependent. When viewed together, recent work suggests that the conflicting results of previous studies may result from spatio‐temporal variability of mutualistic relationships. This paper briefly reviews the emerging field of seed dispersal macroecology. A growing appreciation for scale appears to be leading the field in a new direction.     

近40a甘肃省气候生产潜力时空变化特征

根据甘肃省69个气象站1971-2007年温度和降水资料,采用Miami模型、Thornthwaite Memorial模型计算了全省温度生产潜力、降水生产潜力和气候生产潜力,分析了影响气候生产潜力的气候驱动力,用经验正交函数(EOF)分析其时空变化特征。结果表明:温度生产潜力显著增加,降水生产潜力略有减少,平均气候生产潜力为733.86 kg · hm^-2 · a^-1,呈逐渐减少趋势。区域差异性明显,呈东南-西北递减,陇南山区＞陇东高原＞陇中高原＞甘南草原＞河西走廊,气候生产潜力以1997年为转型年。增湿和增温均有利于气候生产潜力的增加,但增湿增益更为显著,另气候的暖干化趋势是研究区气候生产潜力减少的重要原因。     

White-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari,Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae) diet and fruit availability in a Costa Rican rain forest

We studied fruit availability, diet and habitat use by white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) in Corcovado National Park, southwest Costa Rica, from July 1996 to April 1997. The results show that the availability of important fruits for the white-lipped peccary differs between habitats and climatic seasons. Fruit availability was highest in the primary forest than secondary and coastal forest. There was a period of shortage of fruits to ends of the wet season, during which the consumption of not seasonal resources like leaves and shafts increased. The important fruits during this period of shortage were Ficus sp and Licania operculipetala. The several types of forest were used according to the fruit availability, and it was a direct relation between the consumption and the fruit availability.     

OAK CATKINS,LEAVES AND FRUITS FROM THE OLIGOCENE CATAHOULA FORMATION AND THEIR EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE

Remains of staminate inflorescences, leaves, and fruits of Quercus from the Oligocene Catahoula Formation show striking similarity to modern subgenera Erythrobalanus (catkins and leaves) and Lepidobalanus (fruits). The appearance of modern subgenera in the Oligocene, only a short period of time after the first occurrences of Quercus in the fossil, record suggest a period of rapid evolution resulting in the modernization of Quercus. It is suggested that this period of relatively rapid evolution was in response to global climatic changes initiated at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary that may have been exaggerated by an Oligocene global lowstand of sea level. The climatic deterioration induced by these events may have allowed Paleogene Quercus to enter new adaptive zones through migration and hybridization culminating in the final major modernization of the oaks.     

Forecasting the Effects of Land Use Scenarios on Farmland Birds Reveal a Potential Mitigation of Climate Change Impacts

Climate and land use changes are key drivers of current biodiversity trends, but interactions between these drivers are poorly modeled, even though they could amplify or mitigate negative impacts of climate change. Here, we attempt to predict the impacts of different agricultural change scenarios on common breeding birds within farmland included in the potential future climatic suitable areas for these species. We used the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) to integrate likely changes in species climatic suitability, based on species distribution models, and changes in area of farmland, based on the IMAGE model, inside future climatic suitable areas. We also developed six farmland cover scenarios, based on expert opinion, which cover a wide spectrum of potential changes in livestock farming and cropping patterns by 2050. We ran generalized linear mixed models to calibrate the effects of farmland cover and climate change on bird specific abundance within 386 small agricultural regions. We used model outputs to predict potential changes in bird populations on the basis of predicted changes in regional farmland cover, in area of farmland and in species climatic suitability. We then examined the species sensitivity according to their habitat requirements. A scenario based on extensification of agricultural systems (i.e., low-intensity agriculture) showed the greatest potential to reduce reverse current declines in breeding birds. To meet ecological requirements of a larger number of species, agricultural policies accounting for regional disparities and landscape structure appear more efficient than global policies uniformly implemented at national scale. Interestingly, we also found evidence that farmland cover changes can mitigate the negative effect of climate change. Here, we confirm that there is a potential for countering negative effects of climate change by adaptive management of landscape. We argue that such studies will help inform sustainable agricultural policies for the future.