灵光注射液对失血性休克大鼠胃肠粘膜的保护作用

目的　观察灵光注射液 (复方樟柳碱 )对失血性休克再灌注大鼠胃肠粘膜损伤的影响。方法　将 5 6只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分 4组 ,分别设为假休克组 (8只 )、模型组 (16只 )、灵光注射液低剂量组 (16只 )和高剂量组(16只 ) ,除假休克组外 ,大鼠均经历 4kPa ,70min的失血性休克 ,在休克复苏后 6h和 12h各组分别处死半数动物 ,观察大鼠肠道菌移位情况、病理组织学和超微结构变化。结果　灵光注射液对大鼠失血性休克再灌注引起的肠道细菌移位和胃肠粘膜形态损伤有明显的保护作用 ,其治疗机制可能与改善微循环、清除氧自由基作用有关     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤NF-κB和ICAM-1表达的影响

目的:探讨大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤NF-κB和ICAM-1表达情况及NAC的保护作用机制.方法:45只雄性SD大鼠随机分成三组:假手术组(Sham组,n=5);缺血再灌注损伤组(I/R 组,n=20)缺血60min后分别再灌注1、3、6、12h;N-乙酰半胱氨酸组(NAC组,n=20):先自阴茎背静脉给大鼠注射溶于生理盐水的NAC,20min后再按I/R组处理.在各规定的再灌注时间点,分别采用western-blot和免疫组化方法测定肝组织中NF-κB和ICAM-1的表达.结果:I/R组和NAC组再灌注1、3、6、12h后,NF-k B的表达均明显高于Sham组(p＜0.01),于再灌注3h达到高峰;ICAM-1的表达均明显高于Sham组(p＜0.01),于再灌注6h达到高峰.NAC组再灌注1、3、6h与VR组相同时间点比较:NF-k B和ICAM-1的表达均低于I/R组(p＜0.05).NAC组再灌注12h与I/R组相同时间点比较:NF-K B和ICAM一1的表达虽然在数值上有所减少,但统计学上无差异(p＞0.05).结论:大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注后NF-κB和ICAM-1表达增加,NAC可抑制NF-k B激活,减少ICAM-1表达减轻大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤.     

活血化瘀注射液Ⅰ号对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤后P38 MAP kinase的表达情况影响研究

目的:研究活血化淤注射液Ⅰ号(HHI-Ⅰ)对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤后P38 MAP kinase的表达情况影响,为HHI-Ⅰ在临床防治肝缺血再灌注损伤的应用提供理论指导和技术支持。方法:清洁级健康雄性SD大鼠60只,体重250g左右,随机分为3组:假手术对照组(Ⅰ组)、缺血再灌注组(Ⅱ组)、HHI-Ⅰ预处理组(Ⅲ组),每组20只。分别建立大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注模型,免疫组织化学法测定肝脏缺血30min再灌注3h后组织中丝裂原活化蛋白激酶p38(P38 MAP kinase)的表达情况。结果:肝脏组织中P38 MAP kinase的表达Ⅱ、Ⅲ组高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅲ组低于Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。结论:HHI-Ⅰ预处理可抑制P38 MAP kinase的表达,对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用。     

大鼠创伤失血性休克心肌巨噬细胞极化标志蛋白变化规律研究

为了研究基于大鼠创伤失血性休克动物模型的大鼠心肌组织巨噬细胞极化标志蛋白的表达变化规律,选取雄性Wistar大鼠作为研究对象,随机分为对照组、损伤1 h组、损伤2 h组、损伤4 h组、损伤8 h组、损伤16 h组、损伤24 h组和损伤48 h组,每组10只;采用自制重物急性机械损伤法建立大鼠创伤失血性休克动物模型并记录大鼠的行为学变化,脱臼处死大鼠并采集心肌组织,采用免疫组织化学(immunohistochemistry,IHC)染色分别检测心肌巨噬细胞M0、M1和M2型极化标志蛋白CD68、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)和精氨酸酶-1(arginase-1,ARG-1)的表达。结果显示:随着造模后时间的延长,大鼠心肌组织巨噬细胞M0型标志蛋白CD68表达水平显著增加,在24 h达到峰值,随后缓慢降低;造模16 h后,M1型标志蛋白iNOS和M2型标志蛋白ARG-1开始表达;16~48 h,随着时间延长,iNOS表达水平逐渐增加,而ARG-1表达水平迅速增加。研究结果表明,采用急性机械损伤法可成功建立大鼠创伤失血性休克模型,造模后大鼠心肌组织巨噬细胞M1和M2型极化标志蛋白表达水平随着造模时间的增加发生显著变化,为心肌创伤失血性休克的研究提供了重要参考,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

桑叶总黄酮预处理对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤心肌抗氧化作用的研究

为研究桑叶总黄酮预处理对缺血再灌注损伤心肌的抗氧化作用,采用结扎左冠状动脉前降支30min,再灌注2h的方法制备大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型。将50只大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注损伤模型组和桑叶总黄酮高、中、低剂量预处理组,每组10只。实验结束后,取动脉血和心脏。测定各组血清生化指标肌酸激酶(CK)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的含量;测定心肌生化指标超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性和丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果显示,与模型组相比,桑叶总黄酮预处理组使血清中的CK、LDH含量明显降低,同时使心肌组织中的SOD活性提高,MDA含量降低。结果表明,桑叶总黄酮预处理对缺血再灌注损伤心肌有明显的保护作用,其机制可能与提高心肌SOD活性、清除自由基、增强抗氧化能力有关。     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤NF-κ B和ICAM-1表达的影响

目的：探讨大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤NF-κB和ICAM-1表达情况及NAC的保护作用机制。方法：45只雄性SD大鼠随机分成三组：假手术组（Sham组,n=5）;缺血再灌注损伤组（I/R组,n=20）缺血60min后分别再灌注1、3、6、12h;N-乙酰半胱氨酸组（NAC组,n=20）：先自阴茎背静脉给大鼠注射溶于生理盐水的NAC,20min后再按I/R组处理。在各规定的再灌注时间点,分别采用western-blot和免疫组化方法测定肝组织中NF-κB和ICAM-1的表达。结果：I/R组和NAC组再灌注1、3、6、12h后,NF-κB的表达均明显高于Sham组（p〈0.01）,于再灌注3h达到高峰;ICAM-1的表达均明显高于Sham组（p〈0.01）,于再灌注6h达到高峰。NAC组再灌注1、3、6h与I/R组相同时间点比较：NF-κB和ICAM-1的表达均低于I/R组（p〈0.05）。NAC组再灌注12h与I/R组相同时间点比较：NF-κB和ICAM-1的表达虽然在数值上有所减少,但统计学上无差异（p〉0.05）。结论：大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注后NF-κB和ICAM-1表达增加,NAC可抑制NF-κB激活,减少ICAM-1表达减轻大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注损伤。     

局部热应激预处理对肝脏缺血/再灌注损伤的防护作用的机制

目的:探讨热应激预处理诱导产生的热休克蛋白70对肝脏缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用的机制.方法:应用pringle,s法制备肝脏缺血/再灌注损伤模型及热应激预处理模型.将实验大鼠随机分为热应激预处理(HP I/R)组与非预处理(I/R)组,对比观察两组动物肝脏缺血/再灌注后0、4、8、12、24 h时肝脏HSP70的表达、SOD活力和MDA的产生量及大鼠血清门冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate transaminase,AST),丙氨酸转氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)的活性与肝脏病理组织学改变.结果:热应激预处理组各时间点肝脏HSP70的表达及SOD的活力均比非预处理组同一时间点高,而血清AST、ALT酶活性及MDA的产生量较非预处理组低,病理损伤也比非预处理组减轻.结论:热应激预处理诱导产生的热休克蛋白70可能通过促进SOD的产生,从而降低氧自由基对肝脏的损害,起到保护肝脏缺血/再灌注损伤的作用.     

miR-92a对大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤的抗细胞凋亡作用

为了探讨miR-92a与缺血再灌注损伤肝细胞的相关性,以及miR-92a表达改变对抗细胞凋亡的影响,本研究建立大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注模型,随机将21只大鼠分为7组,每组3只,分别为A:假手术(Sham)组;B:缺血(Model)组(3个时间点,每个时间点3只:6 h,12 h,24 h);C:缺血再灌注(IR)组(3个时间点,每个时间点3只:6 h,12 h,24 h)。缺氧模型建立,分为Control组和IR组。缺氧/复氧模型建立,分为Control组、Mimic组、Inhibitor组。实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)检测miR-92a、MAP2K4 (MKK4)和MAPK8(JNK1)表达,蛋白免疫印迹(Western blotting)检测Bcl-2、active Caspase-3、pJNK1的表达。CCK-8试剂盒检测细胞活性变化情况。研究结果表明,IR处理后大鼠肝组织损伤增加,缺血12 h时损伤最重,同时Bcl-2、active Caspase-3、pJNK1和MKK4表达增加,缺血引起细胞凋亡;IR处理后,大鼠肝组织miR-92a表达水平上升,均显著高于其它组(p0.05)。过表达miR-92a能降低active Caspase-3、IL-1β和IL-18的表达。抑制miR-92a表达,Bcl-2、active Caspase-3、pJNK1、IL-1β和IL-18表达会显著上升,同时诱导细胞凋亡。大鼠肝脏miR-92a的表达能抵抗大鼠肝缺血再灌注引起的细胞损伤和凋亡,与miR-92a调控抗凋亡蛋白、细胞炎症因子的表达及促进细胞增生作用机制有关。     

热休克蛋白质70对大鼠肝脏缺血再灌注后NOS活力的影响

目的为探讨热应激预处理对肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用的机制,采用局部热应激处理诱导热休克蛋白质(HSP70)的表达,检测了HSP70对肝脏缺血再灌注时NOS活力的影响。方法将实验大鼠随机分为热应激预处理组与非预处理组,对比观察两组动物肝脏缺血再灌注后0、4、8、12、24h期间内肝脏HSP70的表达、NOS活力及血清乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)的活性与肝脏组织学改变。结果热应激预处理组HSP70的表达水平均比非预处理组同一时间点高,而NOS活力及血清LDH的活性较非预处理组低。与非预处理组比较,经热应激预处理肝组织损伤较轻。结论热应激预处理诱导产生的热休克蛋白70保护肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的作用途径之一可能是通过抑制NO的产生,从而降低大量自由基对肝脏的损害。     

浅低温对失血性休克早期血清乳酸及肝功能的影响

目的研究人工诱导浅低温对创伤性失血性休克兔早期复苏的影响。方法将SPF级健康新西兰大白兔20只,随机分为2组,浅低温组和常温组,每组10只。予乌拉坦麻醉后,采用肾动脉放血法并行小肠夹伤,建立出血未控制失血性休克兔模型。止血前分别将两组实验动物肛温控制在常温(38℃)或浅低温(34℃),顺序予以限制性液体复苏、止血、常压液体复苏并观察8h。期间在基础点(BL),休克起始点(T0),T120(T1),T240(T2),T360(T3),T480(T4)共6个时间点检测血清乳酸(LACT)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)浓度,以及终点时存活数、总输液量,并进行分析比较。结果 (1)实验终点时,浅低温复苏组存活兔(9/10只,生存时间477min)较常温复苏组(8/10只,生存时间461min)稍高,但无统计学意义(P0.05);(2)浅低温组T1~T4各时间点的血清乳酸ALT、AST均低于常温组(P0.05)。结论创伤性失血性休克早期应用浅低温治疗有利于抑制酸中毒进展及保护肝脏功能,其机制可能与低温能减轻休克导致的缺血再灌注损伤所引起的损害有关。     

Protease activity increases in plasma, peritoneal fluid, and vital organs after hemorrhagic shock in rats

Hemorrhagic shock (HS) is associated with high mortality. A severe decrease in blood pressure causes the intestine, a major site of digestive enzymes, to become permeable - possibly releasing those enzymes into the circulation and peritoneal space, where they may in turn activate other enzymes, e.g. matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). If uncontrolled, these enzymes may result in pathophysiologic cleavage of receptors or plasma proteins. Our first objective was to determine, in compartments outside of the intestine (plasma, peritoneal fluid, brain, heart, liver, and lung) protease activities and select protease concentrations after hemorrhagic shock (2 hours ischemia, 2 hours reperfusion). Our second objective was to determine whether inhibition of proteases in the intestinal lumen with a serine protease inhibitor (ANGD), a process that improves survival after shock in rats, reduces the protease activities distant from the intestine. To determine the protease activity, plasma and peritoneal fluid were incubated with small peptide substrates for trypsin-, chymotrypsin-, and elastase-like activities or with casein, a substrate cleaved by multiple proteases. Gelatinase activities were determined by gelatin gel zymography and a specific MMP-9 substrate. Immunoblotting was used to confirm elevated pancreatic trypsin in plasma, peritoneal fluid, and lung and MMP-9 concentrations in all samples after hemorrhagic shock. Caseinolytic, trypsin-, chymotrypsin-, elastase-like, and MMP-9 activities were all significantly (p<0.05) upregulated after hemorrhagic shock regardless of enteral pretreatment with ANGD. Pancreatic trypsin was detected by immunoblot in the plasma, peritoneal space, and lungs after hemorrhagic shock. MMP-9 concentrations and activities were significantly upregulated after hemorrhagic shock in plasma, peritoneal fluid, heart, liver, and lung. These results indicate that protease activities, including that of trypsin, increase in sites distant from the intestine after hemorrhagic shock. Proteases, including pancreatic proteases, may be shock mediators and potential targets for therapy in shock.     

TRH reverses the ECG and EEG ischemic changes induced by massive hemorrhage in rats

In a rat model of volume-controlled hemorrhagic shock causing the death of all saline-treated animals within 30 min of treatment, the intravenous bolus injection of thyrotropin- releasing hormone tartrate (TRH-T) at the dose of 4 mg/kg induced the prompt and sustained disappearance of the ECG and EEG signs of heart and brain ischemia, along with the reversal of hypotension and respiratory depression and with 100% survival rate at the end of the 2 h observation period. These data confirm that, in a pre-terminal condition induced by massive hemorrhage, timely treatment with TRH-T will restore heart and brain perfusion to levels compatible with survival and with functional recovery from ischemia and maintain it at those levels for some hours.     

The effects of β-glucan on iron levels and lipid peroxidation in intra-abdominal sepsis in rats

Sepsis is defined as a systemic response of organisms to microorganisms and toxins. Sepsis is associated with the enhanced generation of reactive oxygen metabolites, leading to multiple organ dysfunctions. β-glucan is accepted to be one of the most powerful immune response modifiers. The aim of this study was to investigate the putative protective effect of β-glucan on changes of iron and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in various tissue and blood after experimental sepsis in rats. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) in 32 male Wistar albino rat. To evaluate this, rats were divided into four groups as sham operated, β-glucan treated sham operated, CLP and β-glucan treated CLP. Sixteen hours after operation, rats were decapitated and MDA and iron levels were measured in the liver, kidney, heart, diaphragm tissues and blood. Also, whole tissue histopathology was evaluated by a light microscope. The results demonstrate that sepsis significantly decreased iron levels of all tissues and blood. The decrease in tissue iron levels and the increase MDA levels demonstrate the role of trace elements and free radicals in sepsis-induced tissue damage. Our results indicate that the given dose of β-glucan was probably insufficient to prevent sepsis-induced organ injury.     

大鼠失血性休克后过氧化反应与肠粘膜损伤的关系

目的观察失血性休克后肠道损伤情况与过氧化反应和TNF、IL-6的变化.方法利用太鼠失血性休克模型(30mmHg、70min),在复苏后0、2、6、12、24、和48h检测血液和小肠组织的过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,丙二醛(MDA)、TNF和IL-6含量,以及小肠的病理改变和肠道菌移位情况.结果大鼠血清MDA值在复苏后0～2h升高,SOD活性多数时间点均升高;小肠MDA值在0～24h升高,SOD活性0～12h降低.血清TNF含量在6～48h升高;小肠在0～12h升高.IL～6含量无明显变化.小肠粘膜在复苏后2h有明显的上皮脱落,6～12h,可见细菌侵入粘膜层,6～48h,在肠系膜淋巴结等脏器中检出肠道菌.结论大鼠失血性休克后肠粘膜SOD合成能力的降低或活性抑制可能是加重局部损伤的机制之一.在休克复苏早期TNF值的升高与肠道内该因子的大量释放有关.     

大鼠胰腺炎相关性急性肺损伤模型的探讨

目的研究5%牛磺胆酸钠(TAC)逆行胆胰管注射诱发急性胰腺炎相关肺损伤的大鼠模型。方法采用改进的胆胰管逆行注射TAC造成大鼠急性出血坏死型胰腺炎(AHNP)模型,将大鼠随机分为3组:AHNP组、假手术组、地塞米松(DXM)治疗组。造模成功后,立即静脉注射大剂量DXM(5 mg/kg)。术后于3、6、12 h处死,留取外周血测定血清淀粉酶、脂肪酶,取右肺中叶测定肺湿干比值及作病理切片,计算等级评分评价肺损伤;行支气管肺泡灌洗,以灌洗液白蛋白与血清白蛋白含量比值计算肺指数。结果AHNP组36、、12 h肺通透性指数、湿干比值及病理学评分逐渐增加,经单因素方差分析,61、2 h组高于3 h组(P<0.05),前两者于6、12 h组组内比较差异不显著(P>0.05)。DXM组于术后61、2 h,各项肺损伤指标均低于AHNP组(P<0.05)。结论TAC胆胰管逆行注射造成AHNP模型大鼠于术后6 h即出现明显的肺损伤表现,符合PALI病理改变,与临床AHNP合并急性肺损伤(ALI)的病理过程相似,可于此时相点作为研究AHNP合并肺损伤的模型。     

Induction of Rat Liver Alkaline Phosphatase by Bile Duct Ligation

Bile duct ligation causes a five- to sevenfold increase in the activity of rat liver alkaline phosphatase within 12 hours after ligation and a similar rise in the activity of alkaline phosphatase in serum. The increased serum activity is due entirely to the appearance of a new isoenzyme that has the properties of rat liver alkaline phosphatase. The increase in both serum and liver alkaline phosphatase is prevented by the prior administration of cycloheximide in a dose that inhibits protein synthesis by 70%. Rat liver alkaline phosphatase was then purified to homogeneity. Antibody was raised to purified rat liver alkaline phosphatase in rabbits. The antibody was coupled to sepharose 4B and affinity columns made. ³-H-leucine was then injected into the portal veins of sham operated rats and rats with bile duct ligation four hours after ligation. One hour after injection and five hours after ligation, animals were sacrificed. Liver alkaline phosphatase was purified by means of affinity chromatography and double immunoprecipitation with rabbit antibody to rat liver alkaline phosphatase and goat anti-rabbit gamma globulin. Bile duct ligation increased the incorporation of ³-H-leucine into liver alkaline phosphatase more than threefold compared with sham operated rats, 164 CPM/mg protein vs. 49 CPM/mg protein (p < .001). The data indicate that the increased activity of rat liver alkaline phosphatase after bile duct ligation is due to enzyme induction rather than to activation of a pre-existing, relatively inactive enzyme.     

Resuscitation affects microcirculatory polymorphonuclear leukocyte behavior after hemorrhagic shock: role of hypertonic saline and pentoxifylline

We have previously shown that lung injury following fluid resuscitation either with hypertonic saline (HS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) plus pentoxifylline (PTX) attenuated acute lung injury when compared with LR resuscitation. The objective of the present study is to determine whether our previous observations are accompanied by changes in polymorphonu-clear leukocyte (PMN) behavior. To study this, PMN-endothelial cell interactions, microcirculatory blood flow, lung histology, lung PMN infiltration (MPO, Myeloperoxidase), and lung intra-cellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression were assessed in a controlled hemorrhagic shock model followed by LR, HS, and LR+PTX resuscitation in rodents. Rats (240-300 g) were bled to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 35 mm Hg for 1 hr and then randomized into three groups: HS (7.5% NaCl, 4 ml/kg); LR (3x shed blood); and LR+PTX (25 mg/kg). Additionally, total shed blood was reinfused. A sham group underwent no shock and no treatment. The internal spermatic fascia was exteriorized and the microcirculation was observed by closed-circuit TV coupled to a microscope, 2 and 6 hrs after treatment. The number of leukocytes sticking to the venular endothelium was determined 2 hrs after fluid resuscitation. Microcirculatory blood flow was measured by an optical Doppler velocimeter. Lung histology and lung MPO immunostaining were assessed at 6 hrs, and lung ICAM-1 expression was determined by immunostaining at 2 hrs following fluid resuscitation. Two hours after treatment, HS (1.4 +/- 0.4), LR+PTX (1.7 +/- 0.3), and sham (0.4 +/- 0.2) groups presented significant reductions in leukocyte adherence (cells/100 microm venule length), compared with the LR group (4.0 +/- 0.9, P < 0.05). No differences were observed 6 hrs after treatment on leukocyte adherence and microcirculatory blood flow. ICAM-1 expression was significantly higher in LR-treated animals compared with the HS, LR+PTX, and sham groups (P < 0.01). PMN infiltration and overall lung injury were significantly attenuated by HS and LR+PTX. These results support earlier studies that indicated the potential application of HS and PTX in shock therapy and the increase in PMN-endothelial cell interaction and lung injury after LR resuscitation.     

不同液体复苏方式对失血性休克大鼠血流动力学的影响

目的:探讨不同液体复苏对失血性休克大鼠血流动力学的影响及机制。方法:Wistar大鼠40只,随机分为5组:假手术组、休克组、乳酸林格液(RL)复苏组、羟乙基淀粉(HES)复苏组、自身血液(BL)复苏组,每组8只,建立失血性休克大鼠模型。在失血性休克大鼠模型复制成功后1h给予对应液体复苏2h。观察并记录各组大鼠的血流动力学变化:收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、呼吸频率(RR)和心率(HR)。结果:三组液体复苏组休克时的SBP、DBP、MAP均较休克前低,HR、RR较休克前明显加快(P<0.05)。RL复苏组各时间点SBP、DBP、MAP明显低于休克前(P<0.05)。HES组、BL组复苏各时间点SBP、DBP、MAP与休克前相近(P>0.05),但明显高于RL组。RL组各时间点RR明显快于休克前(P<0.05),HES组、BL组复苏各时间点RR与休克前相近(P>0.05),但明显低于RL组。RL组复苏60min、90min、120min的HR明显快于休克前(P<0.05),HES组、BL组苏各时间点HR同休克前相近(P>0.05),但60min、90min、120min的HR明显低于R...     

A new model of severe hemorrhagic shock in rats

We here introduce a fixed-pressure model of hemorrhagic shock in rats that maximizes effects on mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) during shock and yet maintains high reproducibility and controllability. The MAP of rats was adjusted to 25 to 30 mm Hg by blood withdrawals during 30 min. After a shock period of 60 min, rats were resuscitated either with lactated Ringer solution (LR) only or with the collected blood 3-fold diluted with LR (LR + blood) and monitored for further 150 min. Throughout the experiment, vital parameters and plasma marker enzyme activities and creatinine concentration were assessed. Thereafter, liver, kidneys, small intestine, heart, and lung were harvested and evaluated histopathologically. Vital parameters, plasma marker enzyme activities, creatinine concentration, and histopathology indicated pronounced but reliable and reproducible systemic effects and marked organ damage due to hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. In contrast to rats that received LR + blood, which survived the postresuscitation period, rats receiving LR only invariably died shortly after resuscitation. The hemorrhagic shock model we present here maximally affects MAP and yet is highly reproducible in rats, allowing the study of various aspects of hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation under clinically relevant conditions.