外来人侵害虫——西花蓟马在山东省不同地区主要花卉上的分布

【背景】外来入侵害虫西花蓟马于2003年首次在北京郊区被发现,并逐渐扩散蔓延,目前已在我国局部地区暴发成灾。【方法】于2008～2009年通过定点调查的方法对山东省115个地区258个样点的主要花卉上的蓟马种类进行了分析。【结果】山东省主要花卉上发生的蓟马有11种,包括花蓟马、黄胸蓟马、黄蓟马、西花蓟马、棕榈蓟马、烟蓟马、禾花蓟马、横纹蓟马、腹小头蓟马、黑白纹蓟马、油加律带蓟马等,其优势种为花蓟马。外来入侵害虫西花蓟马在山东省18个地区的花卉上被发现。其中,荣成市区发生最重,占蓟马采集总量的51．86％;德州市区和青岛市区发生次之,分别占蓟马采集总量的34．21％和33．88％;其他地区西花蓟马发生量占采集总量的1．39％～18．75％。【结论与意义】西花蓟马已在山东省定殖并广泛分布,相关部门应做好西花蓟马的预防与控制工作。     

外来入侵害虫——西花蓟马在山东省不同地区主要花卉上的分布

【背景】外来入侵害虫西花蓟马于2003年首次在北京郊区被发现,并逐渐扩散蔓延,目前已在我国局部地区暴发成灾。【方法】于2008～2009年通过定点调查的方法对山东省115个地区258个样点的主要花卉上的蓟马种类进行了分析。【结果】山东省主要花卉上发生的蓟马有11种,包括花蓟马、黄胸蓟马、黄蓟马、西花蓟马、棕榈蓟马、烟蓟马、禾花蓟马、横纹蓟马、腹小头蓟马、黑白纹蓟马、油加律带蓟马等,其优势种为花蓟马。外来入侵害虫西花蓟马在山东省18个地区的花卉上被发现。其中,荣成市区发生最重,占蓟马采集总量的51.86%;德州市区和青岛市区发生次之,分别占蓟马采集总量的34.21%和33.88%;其他地区西花蓟马发生量占采集总量的1.39%～18.75%。【结论与意义】西花蓟马已在山东省定殖并广泛分布,相关部门应做好西花蓟马的预防与控制工作。     

我国新发现外来入侵生物西花蓟马

中国大陆最近发现一种新的外来入侵生物——西花蓟马。由中国农科院科研人员在北京发现的这种昆虫对植物危害性极大 ,日前被确定为危险性外来入侵害虫。近年来 ,蓟马在我国北方栽培作物上突然严重发生 ,并造成明显危害。特别是今年上半年在局部地区爆发成灾 ,其中北京市郊某大棚辣椒植株每朵花上的蓟马成、幼虫数量均在数百头以上 ,单株植株叶和花上蓟马总数则近万头。研究人员指出 ,因繁殖能力很强 ,西花蓟马的蔓延很难被控制 ,在温室内 ,一年可连续发生12～ 15代。此外 ,蓟马个体细小 ,又具隐匿性 ,一般田间防治方法无法完全将其消灭。研…     

北京和云南地区西花蓟马对多杀菌素类药剂产生抗药性

【目的】了解我国西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)对多杀菌素等药剂的抗药性现状,为西花蓟马的有效防治提供参考。【方法】2011—2015年,采用叶管药膜法对北京和云南地区西花蓟马进行了抗药性监测。【结果】与室内敏感品系相比,北京地区西花蓟马田间种群对多杀菌素的抗性倍数达到80~150倍,对乙基多杀菌素抗性倍数高达7 730倍,对乙基多杀菌素的LC50值5年间最高增加了258倍,对甲维盐和噻虫嗪具有中等水平抗性,对阿维菌素和虫螨腈处于敏感或低水平抗性;昆明地区西花蓟马对乙基多杀菌素的抗性水平达到305倍的极高抗水平,对其它药剂相对敏感或处于低水平抗性。【结论】北京和云南地区西花蓟马对多杀菌素类药剂已经产生高水平抗药性,应密切关注抗性发展动态,同时进一步研究其抗性机制。     

我国新发现外来入侵害虫——西花蓟马

《科学时报》讯　近日 ,中国农科院研究人员在北京发现一种新的外来入侵害虫———西花蓟马。它已经被相关权威专家确定为危险性外来入侵害虫。今年 6月 ,中国农科院蔬菜花卉所研究人员在北京市郊的大棚辣椒植株上发现蓟马严重发生 ,每朵花上蓟马成、幼虫均在数百头以上 ,单株植株叶和花上蓟马总数达近万头。经我国权威的蓟马分类专家中国科学院动物研究所韩运发研究员查阅大量资料后 ,确认该蓟马是西花蓟马Frankliniellaoccidentalis(Pergande) ,为近年传入我国的又一危险性外来入侵害虫。西花蓟马是一种世界著名的危害性害虫 ,原产于北美…     

西花蓟马的鉴别及其与近缘种的区别

西花蓟马是我国2 0 0 3年在北京新发现的外来入侵害虫,因虫体很小鉴定困难。该文提供了西花蓟马详细的形态鉴别特征,同时给出了与西花蓟马相似的烟蓟马、花蓟马和佛罗里达花蓟马共4种花蓟马的鉴定检索表。     

西花蓟马和花蓟马在温度逆境下的存活率比较

以外来入侵害虫西花蓟马(Frankliniella occidentalis)和本地种花蓟马(F.intonsa)为对象,研究了高温和低温逆境下两种蓟马各虫态存活率的差异.结果表明:在36℃～44℃高温下暴露2h和4h,不论是西花蓟马还是花蓟马,各虫态的存活率均随温度的升高而降低,但在相同高温处理条件下,同一虫态西花蓟马的存活率要高于花蓟马;在-2℃～-10℃低温下暴露2h和4h,西花蓟马和花蓟马各虫态的存活率均随随温度的降低而下降;在相同低温处理条件下,同一虫态西花蓟马的存活率也要高于花蓟马.由此表明,2种蓟马对高温和低温的适应能力不同,本地种花蓟马对高温和低温均比较敏感,而外来入侵害虫西花蓟马对极端温度具有较强的适应性.     

不同杀虫剂对西花蓟马的室内毒力及田间药效

【目的】西花蓟马是一种世界性的危险性入侵害虫,筛选防治西花蓟马的有效药剂可为生产中科学用药提供依据。【方法】通过室内毒力测定和田间药效试验,测定了2种化学药剂和8种生物药剂对西花蓟马成虫的致死中浓度(LC_(50))和药后不同时期的防治效果。【结果】室内毒力测定依据LC_(50)值将各药剂对西花蓟马的敏感性由高到低依次排序为乙基多杀菌素(0.1958 mg·L~(-1))、印楝素(0.9399 mg·L~(-1))、苦参碱(1.2483 mg·L~(-1))、阿维菌素(1.8096 mg·L~(-1))、高效氯氰菊酯(4.4458 mg·L~(-1))、藜芦碱(10.7628 mg·L~(-1))、鱼藤酮(18.1898 mg·L~(-1))、吡虫啉(46.3964 mg·L~(-1))、松脂酸钠(131.5214 mg·L~(-1))、苏云金杆菌(446.2318 mg·L~(-1));田间药效试验发现,乙基多杀菌素和吡虫啉防治西花蓟马均表现出较强的速效性和持效性,药后1～14 d的防效分别可达84%和73%以上;其次是藜芦碱,药后1～14 d的防效可达48.15%～61.37%;高效氯氰菊酯的防效较低,药后14 d的防效为46.22%;生物药剂阿维菌素、苏云金杆菌、苦参碱、印楝素的速效性均较低,但防效随施药后时间的延长而逐渐上升;鱼藤酮持效性最低。【结论】乙基多杀菌素和吡虫啉可推荐为生产中防治西花蓟马的首选药剂,植物源药剂藜芦碱和生物药剂阿维菌素可作为交替使用药剂。     

蔬菜花期蓟马的种群动态与空间分布研究

西花蓟马是近年来在我国局部地区暴发成灾的重要外来入侵害虫,有关西花蓟马入侵对本地蓟马种群动态、空间分布及优势种影响的报道较少。对云南省昆明市近郊蔬菜花期的蓟马种群动态和空间分布研究表明,蔬菜上的蓟马种类主要是西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)、花蓟马F.intonsa(Trybom)、棕榈蓟马T.palmi(Karny)和端大蓟马Megalurothrips distalis(Karny);不同蔬菜上的蓟马优势种存在一定差异,其中辣椒和茼蒿上的蓟马优势种为西花蓟马;韭菜、茄子和四季豆上的蓟马优势种分别为花蓟马、棕榈蓟马和端大蓟马。各蔬菜上的蓟马种群数量以花期为多,盛花期达最大值,其中茄子花上的蓟马成虫平均虫口密度最高,为14.93头/朵。利用聚集度指标进行空间分布检测表明,不同蔬菜上蓟马成虫的空间分布型均为聚集分布,且聚集程度随密度的增加而增大。本研究可为深入探讨西花蓟马对本地蓟马的竞争取代机制积累资料,同时为西花蓟马的综合治理奠定理论基础。     

西花蓟马的SCAR分子检测技术

西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis （Pergande）是一种世界性入侵害虫,寄主范围广,危害严重,2003年首次在我国发生危害,并有进一步扩散蔓延的趋势。针对蓟马类害虫虫体微小、形态相似,难以准确快速区分的问题,采用特征序列扩增区域（SCAR）标记技术,以西花蓟马及与之同域发生的其他种类蓟马为对象,筛选出1对西花蓟马特异性引物（FOMF/FOMR）,其扩增片段大小为320 bp。种特异性检测结果显示,该对引物只对西花蓟马的基因组DNA具有扩增能力,对同域发生的花蓟马F. intonsa （Trybom）、禾花蓟马F. tenuicornis （Uzel）、烟蓟马Thrips tabaci L. 等41种蓟马不具有扩增效果。该对引物不仅对不同虫态的西花蓟马具有扩增能力,而且在西花蓟马发生地的寄主植物组织内亦检测到了其卵的存在。同时,该检测技术灵敏度高,对成虫的最低检出阈值为1/160头。本检测技术在口岸检疫以及花卉、蔬菜和种苗调运中的害虫检测和监测中具有重要意义。     

Invasion biology,ecology, and management of Frankliniella occidentalis in China

Frankliniella occidentalis is an economically important invasive pest worldwide, which can damage various horticultural crops and ornamental plants. F. occidentalis was first intercepted in Kunming, Yunnan province in 2000, and first reported to establish a population in Beijing, China in 2003. Since then, this pest is currently distributed across tens of provinces in mainland China and cause increasingly serious damage and loss. To control this pest, invasion biology, monitoring, and integrated pest management have been generally and intensively studied for 15 years in China. Furthermore, western flower thrips (WFT) as an important invasive insect pest, the research achievements on WFT has contributed to the promotion of technological innovation and development for invasive alien species management strategies and techniques in China. This review provides an overview for research on the biology, ecology, prevention, and management of this pest during 15 years in China. Meanwhile, China's “4E action” strategy on F. occidentalis is also discussed in this review.     

入侵害虫西花蓟马的生物学、危害及防治技术

西花蓟马Frankliniellaoccidentalis最早发生于北美地区,现已广泛分布于世界各地,是园艺作物最重要的害虫之一。早在1996年,西花蓟马就被我国农业部列为进境植物检疫潜在的危险性害虫,2003年夏季西花蓟马在北京部分保护地首次发现。该文从分布及危害、寄主植物、生物学特性和防治方法4个方面对该害虫进行了概述。     

Olfactory responses of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) populations to a non‐pheromone lure

Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a major pest of horticultural crops worldwide. The search for alternative pest management techniques has resulted in increasing interest in the use of kairomones and other behaviour‐modifying chemicals to mitigate the impact of this pest. In this study, we determined whether the origin of populations, feeding history, and/or genotype influence the response of WFT to the thrips kairomone lure methyl isonicotinate (MI) in a Y‐tube olfactometer study. Four New Zealand thrips populations were tested: (1) from a commercial glasshouse capsicum crop, (2) from a long‐established laboratory colony (>222 generations) kept on chrysanthemums, (3) from a laboratory colony (6–9 generations) kept on French dwarf beans, and (4) thought to be a separate cryptic non‐pest species from outdoor yellow tree lupins, Lupinus arboreus Sims (Fabaceae). In the laboratory tests, significantly more WFT from all four populations chose the MI‐laden arm of a Y‐tube olfactometer when it contained 1 μl methyl isonicotinate (61.3–73.2%) compared with the blank no‐odour arm. No differences in response to MI were found between the two laboratory and the one glasshouse WFT populations. Both laboratory populations and the greenhouse population belonged to the ‘glasshouse pest’ genotype of WFT. However, the cryptic non‐pest WFT genotype responded more strongly to MI than any of the other populations, although the response was only significantly stronger than that of the long‐established laboratory population. Significant differences were also found among populations in the average time taken for thrips to make a choice to enter either arm of the Y‐tube olfactometer, with the cryptic non‐pest lupin genotype taking the shortest time, followed by thrips from the capsicum glasshouse. The results are discussed with respect to the variability in olfactory perception and olfactory behaviour within a species and the relevance to the use of such a kairomone lure in pest management programmes.     

寄主植物接种番茄斑萎病毒对西花蓟马种群的影响

【目的】西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)是一种入侵我国的重要害虫, 而番茄斑萎病毒是以西花蓟马传播为主的一种极具危害性的世界性病毒, 通过研究西花蓟马与番茄斑萎病毒之间的互作将有助于进一步深入理解西花蓟马以及番茄斑萎病毒的发生与猖獗机制, 同时也将为制定合理、可持续的控制西花蓟马及其传播的植物病毒防控策略提供理论依据。【方法】利用应用特定年龄-龄期及两性生命表方法, 研究了西花蓟马在辣椒3种处理（健康CK、机械损伤MD、机械接种番茄斑萎病毒MI）叶片上的生长发育、存活及种群增长。【结果】健康、机械损伤和机械接毒叶片上的发育历期依次为12.45, 11.97和11.18 d。雌雄成虫寿命和雌虫产卵量在不同处理植株叶片上差异显著(P<0.05), 在机械接毒叶片上寿命最长(雌13.51 d, 雄12.69 d); 繁殖能力最强, 产子代数高达33.01头1龄若虫/雌。健康、机械损伤和机械接毒叶片上西花蓟马内禀增长率分别为-0.009, 0.153和0.190 d-1, 净生殖率依次为0.84, 14.54和21.79。【结论】番茄斑萎病毒诱导寄主植物辣椒反应使西花蓟马发育历期缩短, 成虫寿命延长, 繁殖能力提高, 种群增长加速。     

Decision-making tools for Frankliniella occidentalis management in strawberry: consideration of target markets

The western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a cosmopolitan pest of many crops, is considered a major pest of low tunnel and greenhouse strawberries. The extent of damage to strawberry is unclear because different studies have produced contradictory results. Also, economic thresholds published for WFT in strawberry vary greatly, and most fail to incorporate economic factors. This study was aimed at developing a decision‐making tool for WFT management in strawberries in Israel. Toward this end, economic injury levels (EIL) and economic thresholds were calculated, based on target markets (export vs. domestic). Results indicate that serious infestation of ripe berries may cause a dull, rough appearance, and the fruit may be soft and have a reduced shelf life, rendering it unsuitable for export. Most fruit damage occurred at green and turning‐red stages of development. Two decision‐making tools were developed, one for winter, when WFT populations increase slowly but crop value is high (export market); and the second for spring, when the pest increases rapidly but crop value is low (local markets). Economic thresholds of 10 and 24 WFT/flower were calculated for winter and spring strawberries, respectively, based on direct thrips damage to fruit. This calculation does not take into account the recorded WFT damage to flowers, or its role in facilitating Botrytis cinerea fruit infection. Western flower thrips has proved only an occasional economic pest in Israeli strawberries, and no routine control measures are warranted. Furthermore, augmentative releases of Orius laevigatus or Neoseilus cucumeris against WFT are not justified in this system, because Orius colonizes strawberry fields spontaneously in high numbers when no broad spectrum insecticides are used.     

Thermal tolerance of Frankliniella occidentalis: Effects of temperature, exposure time, and gender

Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis, is an invasive worldwide pest that causes great economic loss. Temperature plays an important role in shaping insect distributions. In this study, we report the survival rates of 3-day-old WFT exposed to rapid changes in extreme high and low temperatures. Temperature, exposure time, and gender all significantly affected the survival of adult WFT, with the lowest survival associated with more extreme temperatures and/or longer exposures. The temperature required to kill 50% of exposed WFT individuals (LT₅₀) decreased with extended exposure time, but females were more tolerant to extreme temperature than males. Investigation of rapid cold or heat hardening suggested that a short prior exposure to a sub-lethal low or high temperature increased WFT survival during a subsequent exposure to a lethal temperature. Tolerance of extreme temperatures and an ability to undergo rapid hardening are of great ecological relevance in determining the geographic distribution of WFT, allowing it to survive better in temporary bouts of extreme temperature stress. Our findings provide useful information on the environmental limits on the distribution of WFT, which have implications for control of this pest.     

Can semiochemicals attract both western flower thrips and their anthocorid predators?

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) (western flower thrips, WFT) is a key pest in a range of crops worldwide. Anthocorid species (Hemiptera) are important natural enemies of thrips. Several experiments were undertaken to determine whether a thrips lure, methyl isonicotinate (MI), affected the behaviour of WFT and anthocorids found in outdoor crops. Currently, this volatile compound is used in conjunction with sticky traps for monitoring thrips predominantly in greenhouses in Northern Europe. In the present study, in a nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) (Rosaceae)] orchard and an outdoor capsicum [Capsicum annuum L. (Solanaceae)] crop in Spain, blue sticky and white water traps with MI caught significantly more WFT than traps without MI. The volatile compound also significantly increased both blue sticky and white water trap capture of anthocorids – predominantly Orius laevigatus (Fieber) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) – in the capsicum crop. These results indicate that the behaviour of both WFT and O. laevigatus were altered by the presence of the compound and suggest there is potential to develop novel tools based on MI in conjunction with biological control strategies for thrips management.     

西花蓟马表皮碳氢化合物成份分析

西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)是一种重要的世界性害虫。为了明确西花蓟马表皮碳氢化合物的主要成分,本文采用改进的进样技术,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对西花蓟马成虫和若虫表皮碳氢化合物进行分析。经NIST数据库检索,并与标准图谱比较,应用色谱峰面积归一法测定各种成分及其相对含量,实验结果表明,西花蓟马成虫和若虫表皮中的主要成分为C25～C29的直链和支链饱和烷烃;成虫表皮中含有9种碳氢化合物,若虫表皮中有8种碳氢化合物;9-甲基二十五烷是其成虫特有的,其它8种碳氢化合物是成虫与若虫共有的,但其含量略有差异。     

Biological Attributes of the Nematode, Thripinema nicklewoodi, a Potential Biological Control Agent of Western Flower Thrips

Western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is the most important insect pest for greenhouse flower crops, but chemical control is often difficult because of the thrips' location in flowers and buds. Thripinema nicklewoodi (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae) is an entomoparasitic nematode that attacks and sterilizes WFT, but its biology and impact on WFT are poorly understood. Methods to propagate and study T. nicklewoodi with a microscope slide arena for observation and a rolled bean leaf arena for rearing were developed. On average, 21.4 nematodes were excreted per day by a parasitized female WFT. The sex ratio of the excreted nematodes was 6.0/1.0 (female/male). After dissection of adult WFT, a maximum of 11 ovoid-shaped first-generation nematodes in a female thrips and 6 in a male thrips were found. There were more second-generation nematodes in the adult female WFT (192.6) than in the adult male WFT (93.7). When 50 healthy first instar WFT were exposed to 4 parasitized female WFT in a rolled bean leaf, a 75.3% mean parasitization rate in the adult stage of the thrips was obtained. In contrast to previous reports, male WFT can be parasitized as readily as females. Parasitism reduced the longevity of both adult female and adult male WFT, and the degree of reduction was higher in adult male WFT. T. nicklewoodi, when presented with various WFT life stages (first instar, second instar, prepupa, pupa, adult female, and adult male), achieved the highest attack rate in first and second instars and prepupa. The free-living nematodes excreted by the hosts actively migrated to a trichome on leaf disks in the observation arena and moved up this structure. Then, the nematode actively waved the anterior part of its body while attaching itself to the trichome with the posterior part of its body. After a nematode contacted the leg of a thrips, the nematode immediately moved up along the leg toward the abdomen of the host. Increased understanding of the biology of T. nicklewoodi is important to better assess its potential for biological control of WFT.     

入侵害虫扶桑绵粉蚧在中国的风险分析

2008年12月16日调查发现,扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley在广州市的扶桑(Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)树上多点发生。采用GARP生态位模型分析预测该虫在中国的潜在地理分布,并参照国际上有害生物危险性分析方法,对扶桑绵粉蚧在中国的危险性作出综合评价。结果表明:中国海南、广东、广西、福建、台湾、浙江、江西、湖南、贵州、云南、重庆、湖北、安徽、上海、江苏、山东、河南等17省区的大部分区域,新疆、四川、甘肃、宁夏、陕西、山西、河北、北京、天津、辽宁、内蒙古等11省区的部分地区,都是该虫的适生区。危险性综合评价值为0.886,在中国的危害风险性很大。