水稻茎秆解剖结构与抗倒伏能力关系的研究

利用石蜡切片法研究了抗倒伏水稻品种南粳44、武运粳7号与不抗倒伏水稻品系宁7412基部茎秆解剖结构及其与水稻抗倒伏能力的关系.结果表明:抗倒伏水稻品种南粳44和武运粳7号基部节间的维管束数目较多,维管束鞘较厚,细胞层数较多,细胞排列紧密、体积较小;而不抗倒伏水稻品系宁7412基部节间的维管束数目偏少,维管束鞘较薄,细胞层数较少,细胞体积大.从解剖结构还可看出,南粳44和武运粳7号茎秆内的贮藏物质明显多于宁7412.这些茎秆解剖结构的差异可用于区分不同水稻品种(系)的抗倒性强弱,可以作为抗倒伏水稻品种的选育指标和筛选依据,为水稻抗倒伏品种的选育提供了理论依据.     

小麦低温种质的器官结构特征

通过对小麦冠层温度的长期观测,发现自然界存在株温持续偏低的低温种质,与其相对应,也有株温持续偏高的高温种质存在。应用光学显微镜和电子显微镜研究了小麦低温种质叶片显微和超微结构,测量统计了叶肉细胞长度、单位面积叶肉细胞数目、单个叶肉细胞中的叶绿体数目、叶肉细胞层数和叶绿体基粒片层数。结果表明,低温小麦种质较高温种质叶肉细胞小,排列紧密,叶肉细胞层数较多;叶绿体数量多,叶绿体基粒片层丰富;叶片维管束密集;随着生育期向成熟趋近,叶肉细胞、叶绿体、籽粒腹沟区有色层细胞等结构衰老缓慢。     

花粒期光照对夏玉米光合特性和叶绿体超微结构的影响

在大田条件下,以夏玉米品种‘登海605’为试验材料,研究花粒期不同光照强度(正常光照、开花至收获期遮阴和开花至收获期增光)对夏玉米叶片光合、荧光性能和叶绿体超微结构的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,花粒期遮阴影响叶绿体排布及内部结构发育,基粒个数和基粒片层数均有不同程度减少,叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量下降,PSⅡ反应中心的实际光化学效率和最大光化学效率降低,非光化学淬灭系数数值增加,导致产量降低;增光后叶绿体结构良好,基粒片层排列紧致、清晰且数量增加,PSⅡ反应中心的实际光化学效率增加,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量上升,叶片光合性能增强,产量增加.即花粒期遮阴破坏了夏玉米叶片叶绿体超微结构,降低了叶片光合能力,产量下降;花粒期增光增加了叶肉细胞中叶绿体的基粒和基粒片层,导致基粒片层排列紧密有序,有利于增加作物产量潜力.     

转PSAG12-ipt基因水稻叶片中叶绿体超微结构的变化

研究了转PSAG12-ipt基因水稻和对照植株发育过程中叶片中的叶绿体结构的变化。发现水稻发育到乳熟期,转基因植株叶片中的叶绿体与对照植株开始出现明显的差别。对照叶绿体中嗜锇体体积增大,数目增多,大部分基粒的类囊体膜膨胀、裂解,片层结构解体。而转基因植株叶片中的叶绿体结构变化不大,嗜锇体相对有所增加,但体积较小,大部分基粒类囊体片层结构仍然排列整齐,少数类囊体垛叠化丧失。     

薯瘟菌对甘薯叶片光合特性及叶绿体结构的影响

为探讨甘薯(Dioscorea esculenta)被薯瘟菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)侵染后的响应,以抗病品种‘湘薯75-55’和感病品种‘胜利百号’为材料,对甘薯叶片的光合特性和叶绿体结构进行了研究。结果表明,薯瘟菌侵染后,‘胜利百号’叶片的细胞膜透性(MP)明显增大,叶绿素(Chl)含量下降,净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)下降,胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)和内源ABA含量急剧升高,且细胞膜完整性被破坏,叶绿体数目减少、膨胀模糊、基粒片层松散解体以及淀粉粒变小;而‘湘薯75-55’的各个指标变化不大,细胞膜结构完整,叶绿体基粒片层排列整齐。因此,薯瘟菌侵染后不同抗病品种甘薯叶片在光合特性和叶绿体结构上表现出显著的差异。     

小麦黄化突变体叶绿体超微结构研究

利用透射电镜对小麦自然黄化突变体及其突变亲本(西农1718)叶片细胞叶绿体的数目、形态及超微结构进行比较分析。结果发现:(1)3种不同黄化程度突变体的叶绿体分布、数目、形状及大小与突变亲本无明显差异;(2)突变体叶绿素含量为野生型58%的黄绿植株与其突变亲本叶绿体超微结构无明显差异,基质类囊体与基粒类囊体高度分化,基粒数目以及基粒片层数目较多;(3)突变体金黄和绿黄植株的叶绿素含量分别为野生型的17%、24%,其叶绿体超微结构与突变亲本明显不同,突变体的叶绿体发育存在明显缺陷,其中突变体金黄植株的叶绿体内无基粒、基质片层清晰可见,有淀粉粒,嗜锇颗粒较多,而突变体绿黄植株的叶绿体内有基粒,但明显少于突变亲本,且基粒片层较少,基质类囊体较发达。结果表明该黄化突变体叶绿体超微结构的改变,是由于叶绿素含量降低造成,推测,该黄化突变是由于叶绿素合成受阻导致的。     

糜子不同生育时期不同叶位叶片超微结构研究

对糜子不同生育时期、不同叶位叶片进行电镜观察.结果显示:(1)在籽粒灌浆中期以前,叶肉细胞排列整齐,细胞间隙小,细胞中叶绿体、线粒体等细胞器含量多.叶绿体、线粒体基质含量浓厚,高基粒片层数增加,胞问连丝畅通;(2)在籽粒灌浆中期以后,叶片迅速衰老,细胞解体,细胞间出现间隙,叶绿体减少,叶绿体基粒片层、基质片层解体.嗜锇颗粒变大增多.胞间连丝受到阻碍.(3)不同生育时期不同叶位叶绿体的高基粒片层数差异较大,其中在灌浆中期各叶位叶绿体高基粒片层数最高,在各生育时期旗叶的为最大.     

短期夜间低温后番茄光合作用及叶绿体超微结构的恢复效应

为明确短期夜间低温后番茄光合作用在常温下的恢复效应,研究了番茄幼苗经夜间15 ℃（对照）、12 ℃、9 ℃和6 ℃处理7 d后植株光合作用和叶绿体超微结构的变化.结果表明：短期夜间低温处理有利于恢复期番茄叶片的光合作用;12 ℃和9 ℃处理叶片叶绿素含量均可恢复至对照水平,6 ℃处理叶绿素含量则不可恢复;夜间低温处理并未严重抑制叶片气孔的形成,相反刺激了恢复期叶片气孔的形成与发育;6 ℃处理后叶绿体基粒片层排列较松散,片层数减少.恢复7 d时,夜间处理温度越低,叶绿体中淀粉粒越小、数量越少,基粒片层排列越整齐致密.另外,短期夜间低温处理促进了番茄植株叶片在恢复期的光合产物运输.     

弱光胁迫对花生功能叶片RuBP羧化酶活性及叶绿体超微结构的影响

间作套种是我国主要的花生(Arachis hypogaea)种植方式之一。然而, 与单作相比, 在间作套种体系中, 花生截获的光能较少, 生长发育差, 产量低, 研究不同品种耐阴机理对选择适宜间作套种的花生品种具有重要意义。该研究用耐阴性不同的两个花生品种‘花育22号’ (强耐阴性)和‘白沙1016’ (弱耐阴性)为材料, 在大田条件下采用不同透光率遮阴网设置50%自然光强(中度弱光胁迫)和15%自然光强(严重弱光胁迫) 2个弱光处理, 从出苗期开始遮阴40天, 以自然光强为对照, 研究了弱光胁迫对花生功能叶片RuBP羧化酶活性和叶绿体超微结构的影响。结果表明: 光强为自然光照50%和15%的处理, ‘花育22号’ RuBP羧化酶活性与对照相比虽有降低, 但差异不显著, 而‘白沙1016’分别比对照低40.1%和59.4%, 显著低于对照。与对照相比, 50%自然光强下‘花育22号’叶绿体数不变, 叶绿体基粒数和基粒片层数显著增多, 叶绿体变长且发育完好, 15%自然光强下, 叶绿体数、基粒数和淀粉粒数显著减少, 叶绿体膜和基粒片层出现破损, 但叶绿体变长, 基粒片层数增加; ‘白沙1016’在50%自然光强下, 叶绿体数目和超微结构变化同‘花育22号’相似, 在15%自然光强下叶绿体变圆, 基粒数的降幅和基粒片层破损程度大于‘花育22号’且基粒片层数减少, 淀粉粒数增多。因此, 弱光胁迫特别是严重弱光胁迫条件下, 功能叶RuBP羧化酶活性降低幅度小、叶绿体超微结构受损程度低是‘花育22号’耐阴的光合生理基础。     

不同光合特性大豆叶的比较解剖研究

本研究选取不同光合速率的品种‘黑农26’（高产低光效）、‘黑农40’、‘黑农41’（高产高光效）为材料,于大豆开花后的不同生育时期,对大豆的功能叶片、叶柄解剖学进行了研究。结果表明：（1）不同类型大豆的叶肉结构有明显区别。叶片厚度依次为‘黑农40’>‘黑农41’>‘黑农26’。各期的基本趋势是一致的。栅栏组织的厚度和层数与叶片的厚度趋势一致。（2）各品种栅栏组织中的叶绿体数目均多于海绵组织,且高光效类型多于低光效类型。局部观察不 同品种间,叶绿体内的基粒和间质片层结构高光效的也明显优于低光效的品种。（3）气孔包含数量和大小两个因素,气孔大小基本一致,下表皮数量>上表皮,高光效类型>低光效类型。（4）各品种主脉维管束中木质部的导管数目依次为‘黑农41’>‘黑农40’>‘黑农26’。     

Seasonal continuity of chloroplasts in white pine and Rhododendron

Summary White pine and Rhododendron leaf chloroplasts were observed with the electron microscope in late as well as in mid-winter. It was clear that even in late winter there was no indication of chloroplast disintegration, fractionation, or retrogression.Intergrana lamellae often showed close approximation as in grana lamellae, a situation now apparently considered normal. A slight space was observed between closely appressed grana lamellae where two thylakoids approached one another. This is also apparently normal in functioning chloroplasts.Vesicles were sometimes seen in pine chloroplasts, suggesting chloroplast disintegration, but this was only rarely seen, and seems to be atypical. Invagination of the inner layer of the chloroplast envelope in winter chloroplasts suggested, however, they were still in a developing stage.Fixation and embedding was much more successful in winter than in summer. Summer fixation and embedding was improved by the addition of 1 % sucrose to the KMnO₄.     

Localization and Characterization of Photosystem II in Grana and Stroma Lamellae

Attempts have been made to identify intramembranous particles observed in freeze-fracture electron microscopy as specific functional components of the membrane. The intramembranous particles of the exoplasmic fracture (EF) face of freeze-fractured pea (Pisum sativum) chloroplast lamellae are nonuniformly distributed along the membrane. Approximately 20% of the particles are in unpaired membrane regions whereas 80% are localized in regions of stacked lamellae (grana partitions). The EF particles within the grana regions of the chloroplast membrane are of a larger average size than those in stroma lamellae.     

不同海拔火绒草叶绿体超微结构的比较

利用透射电镜对生长于青藏高原东北部3个不同海拔地区(2300m、2700m和3800m)的火绒草叶绿体超微结构进行了比较观察。结果发现,随着海拔的升高,叶绿体结构差异明显。海拔2300m处,叶绿体呈扁船形,沿细胞壁分布,基粒片层排列整齐,片层可达32层;海拔2700m处,叶绿体呈扁船形,沿细胞壁分布,基粒片层排列不规则,片层下降到十几层,类囊体出现轻微膨大;海拔3800m处,叶绿体呈圆形,位于细胞中央,基粒片层则严重扭曲,片层只有几层,类囊体膨大严重,出现脂质小球。研究表明,火绒草叶绿体结构的变化是对逆境的一种适应,是青藏高原特殊生态条件长期胁迫的结果。     

RECONSTRUCTIONS OF THE GRANA-FRETWORK SYSTEM OF A CHLOROPLAST

The grana-fretwork system was reconstructed from serial sections representing 0.5 μm slice, in profile view, from the midregion of a chloroplast of Nicotiana tabacum. Reconstructions show grana in multiple strata. The fretwork integrates the grana in all three dimensions. Large grana are visualized as complex structures consisting of two or more eccentrically stacked solids that vary in height and diameter. The close spacing and overlapping positions of grana in the plastid explain why phase microscopy cannot be used to demonstrate adequately the numerous strata of grana within a chloroplast. The grana are not far enough apart to allow for successful optical sectioning of a plastid in face view. In profile view no distinct grana can be resolved because the grana-fretwork system has the aspect of a “honeycomb.” Thus, observations with a light microscope are not adequate to determine the arrangement of grana in a chloroplast, and the recently-proposed model showing all grana of a plastid to be arranged in a single spiral ribbon must be rejected as incompatible with properties of real plastids.     

The Ultrastructure of Chloroplasts in Mineral-deficient Maize Leaves

The ultrastructure of mesophyll chloroplasts in full-nutrient and mineral-deficient maize (Zea mays) leaves was examined by electron microscopy after glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide fixation. Nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur deficiencies were induced by growing the plants in nutrient culture. Distinctive chloroplast types were observed with each deficiency. Chloroplasts from nitrogen-deficient plants were reduced in size and had prominent osmiophilic globules and large grana stacks. Magnesium deficiency was characterized by the accumulation of osmiophilic globules and the progressive disruption of the chloroplast membranes. In calcium deficiency, the chloroplast envelope was often ruptured. Chloroplasts from potassium- or phosphorus-deficient plants possessed an extensive system of stroma lamellae. Sulfur deficiency resulted in a pronounced decrease of stroma lamellae, an increase in grana stacking, and the frequent occurrence of long projections extending from the body of the chloroplast. These morphological changes were correlated with functional alterations in the chloroplasts as measured by photosystem I and II activities. In chloroplasts of the nitrogen- and sulfur-deficient plants an increase in grana stacking was associated with an increase in photosystem II activity.     

Chloroplasts in Living Cells and the String-of-Grana Concept of Chloroplast Structure Revisited

In 1980, Wildman et al. (Bot Gaz 141: 24-36) proposed a three-dimensional model for chloroplast structure whereby the grana were arranged in non-overlapping rows, like beads on a string. This string-of-grana model was developed from phase microscope analysis of living cells and partially disrupted, isolated chloroplasts. However, models based on analyses by various electron microscope (EM) techniques (which inevitably encompass a relatively small fraction of the whole chloroplast) indicated that grana are interconnected in all directions by intergranal lamellae and not just along a single 'string.' Hence the string-of-grana model was not widely accepted. Recently, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of both living and fixed cells, which gives views of the three-dimensional disposition of grana by imaging Photosystem II fluorescence over much larger sample volumes, that is, the entire chloroplast, has revealed that, although many grana are apparently not in any discernible arrangement, some are indeed present in strings of varying lengths in a range of taxa. The topic therefore warrants revisiting, using techniques, for example, such as EM tomography to assess the degree of variation in the geometry of intergranal connections in whole chloroplasts, and its possible functional consequences and developmental origins.     

遮荫对南美蟛蜞菊、蟛蜞菊及其自然杂交种叶片显微结构及叶绿体超微结构的影响

利用JSM-6360LV型扫描电镜和JEM-1010型透射电镜,观察了南美蟛蜞菊、蟛蜞菊及其自然杂交种新近成熟和老熟叶片的解剖结构及叶绿体超微结构。结果表明:遮荫后该杂交种与其亲本新近成熟叶片均表现为上下表皮气孔密度、叶片总厚度及上下表皮厚度、栅栏组织、海绵组织厚度减小,叶绿体肿胀变形,基粒片层垛叠程度增加,淀粉粒增多变大;遮荫后杂交种老熟叶片总厚度及上表皮、栅栏组织、海绵组织厚度增加,入侵种的下表皮厚度及本地种的上表皮厚度增加,叶绿体超微结构在遮荫后均出现严重损伤,基粒片层类囊体结构边缘溶解等。说明三种蟛蜞菊属物种及各物种不同叶龄叶片对弱光条件的响应存在差异;杂交种叶片显微及超微结构在不同光照下的变化介于亲本之间,对遮荫环境能较好适应。     

Characterization of Triazine-Resistant and -Susceptible Isolines of Canola (Brassica napus L.)

Morphometric, electrophoretic, and immunological procedures were used to probe the structural and physiological differences between triazine-resistant (R) and susceptible (S) isolines of canola (Brassica napus L.). The R biotype exhibited increased grana stacking and decreased amounts of starch compared to the S biotype. Likewise, characters associated with an increase in grana stacking (lower chlorophyll a/b ratio, increased chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting complex, and relatively lower amounts of the P700 chlorophyll a protein and chloroplast coupling factor) were all observed in the R isoline of canola. Proteins which occur with approximately equal frequency in grana and stroma lamellae (plastocyanin, cutochrome f) or present only in the stroma (ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) were not quantitatively different in the two biotypes. Gross anatomical parameters (volume of epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, and air space) were similar in the two isolines. Thus, the triazine-resistance mutation does not confer a shade-type anatomy despite the chloroplast changes that are characteristic of shade biotypes or shade adaptions. These data indicate that the differences in chloroplast structure noted previously in comparisons of nonisonuclear R and S weed biotypes reflect differences in the triazineresistance factor rather than characters unrelated to triazine resistance.