库蠓亚属6种库蠓翅形变化分析及亲缘关系探讨

本研究基于几何形态学测量分析方法对库蠓亚属6种库蠓(渐灰库蠓Culicoides grisescens、光胸库蠓Culicoides impunctatus、日本库蠓Culicoides nipponensis、灰黑库蠓Culicoides pulicaris、刺螫库蠓Culicoides punctatus、天祥库蠓Culicoides tienhsiangensis)的翅脉形态进行定量分析,以探讨6种库蠓种间的亲缘关系。首先对库蠓亚属6种、24头标本翅脉使用几何形态学标点法标记12个地标点,并通过普氏叠加、典型变量分析法、聚类分析法等对6种库蠓翅进行比较分析以及种间亲缘关系探讨。结果显示,翅形变化与亲缘关系结果一致,即6种库蠓的翅形均有显著差异(P<0.05),其中光胸库蠓和渐灰库蠓的翅形变化最小,亲缘关系最近,而日本库蠓与其他5种库蠓的翅形变化最大,亲缘关系最远。初步证实了几何形态学能够做为一种辅助工具对蠓科昆虫进行种间关系及分类研究。     

库蠓的一个新种——蒙古库蠓

库蠓(Culicoides)属乃双翅目(Diptera),长角亚目(Nematocera),蠓科(Heleidae)中的一个属。库蠓在世界上的分布是非常广泛的,据Arnaud氏(1956)报告,库蠓已发现671种,仅在旧北区就有180种以上。 作者于1960年5月,从包头市采集到一种库蠓,经鉴定结果认为系一新种,并定名为蒙古库蠓(Culicoides mongolensis sp.nov.)。今将该种库蠓的形态详细记述如下。     

李拭库蠓的生殖营养环及寄生虫对生殖的影响(双翅目:蠓科)

在重庆地区的自然条件下,观察李拭库蠓血液消化和卵巢发育间的关系及寄生虫感染和卵巢发育间的关系。李拭库蠓雌虫并不滞育,冬季也不发生脂肪的积聚;除了1—2月间较短时期外经常吸血和产卵。在繁殖期内生殖营养环具有二次以上的重复现象。生殖营养协调、失调和生殖营养分解率,各占全年总剖检数的98.063%;1.23%和0.70%。生殖营养失调和分解现象几乎全年均能查见。 李拭库蠓有三种寄生虫感染;它们是体外寄生性螨类,体内寄生的原生动物——小袋纤毛虫和嗜虫性线虫——铁线虫。铁线虫感染,可在雌虫的不同年龄和生理龄期中发生。铁线虫是一种病原体,使雌虫卵巢退化和萎缩,引起昆虫宿主的不育。不育现象不受铁线虫数量、发育期(成虫、幼虫)和性别的影响。     

基于几何形态学的三种库蠓翅的形态变化分析

【目的】基于几何形态学方法定量分析库蠓亚属中3个近似种(刺螫库蠓Culicoides punctatus、灰黑库蠓Culicoides pulicaris和新替库蠓Culicoides newsteadi)翅的形态变化规律,以期进行准确鉴定。【方法】运用几何形态学标点(Landmark)对3种库蠓的翅进行量化分析,并结合主成分分析法(Principal component analysis,PCA)、典型变量分析法(Canonical variate analysis,CVA)、薄片样条(Thin-plate spline,TPS)及聚类分析法对3种库蠓翅进行分析比较,探讨其形态变异。【结果】3种库蠓的翅在翅型、翅脉结构上存在着显著差异,主要发生在径中横脉、径室区,以及翅基部和端部。【结论】几何形态学能够作为一种工具对蠓科昆虫进行种间关系及分类研究。     

五种库蠓脂肪酸的研究

本文用气相色语法分析了不显库蠓(Culicoides obsoletus)、兴安库蠓(C, sinanoensis)、怒江库蠓(C.Nujiangensis)、灰黑库蠓(C.Pulicaris)和刺整库蠓(C.Punctatus)等5种库蠓雌虫脂 肪醛的组成和含量。 结果表明,5种库蠓均含有12-14种主要脂肪酸,并以棕榈油酸(C_16：1)、棕搁酸 (C_16：0)、油酸(C_18：1)、硬脂酸(C_18：0)含量最高,共占脂肪酸总量的70%以上。对主要脂肪酸的含量进行聚类分析,发现不显库蠓种团内任意两种库蠓间的欧氏距离小于不显库蠓种团种类与灰黑库蠓种团种类间的欧氏距离,说明脂肪酸的定性、定量分析结果对库蠓分类有一定的参考价值。     

中国新疆库蠓属一新种描述(双翅目:蠓科 )(英文)

中国的库蠓属已知有 1 1个亚属 2 81种。在新疆发现的库蠓属 1新种 :塔合曼库蠓Culicoides (Culi coides)tahemanensissp .nov.,正模♀ ,副模 3♂ ,1♀ ,1 988 0 7 2 0 ,新疆塔什库尔干县塔合曼。本新种与渐灰库蠓CulicoidesgrisescensEdwards相近似 ,但后者雌虫翅面径 5室和臀室淡斑的形状 ,雄虫尾器阳茎中叶端部的形状与本新种明显不相同。本新种雄虫尾器第 9背板的后缘与日本库蠓C .nipponensis相近似 ,但后者雌虫翅面径 5室、中 2室和臀室淡斑的形状 ,雄虫尾器阳茎中叶的形状与本新种有明显区别。模式标本保存在沈阳军区军事医学研究所 ,沈阳 1 1 0 0 3 4。     

基于线粒体细胞色素b基因序列进行库蠓二囊亚属近缘种的分子鉴定

为了更快速、准确地鉴别库蠓近缘种以及弥补传统形态学在种类鉴定中存在的操作繁琐、难度大等不足,采用DNA测序的方法获得白带库蠓Culicoides albifascia、凹缘库蠓Culicoides holcus、无害库蠓Culicoides innoxius、连斑库蠓Culicoides jacobsoni、长喙库蠓Culicoides longirostris和南山库蠓Culicoides lansangensis等6种库蠓部分线粒体细胞色素b (Mitochondrial Cytochrome b,mt-Cytb)序列,并对其进行分子鉴定;基于Kimura-2-parameter(K2P)模型分析遗传距离,同时采用邻接法、最大简约法和贝叶斯法以荒川库蠓Culicoides arakawai为外群分别构建系统发育树。上述7种库蠓Cytb序列经比对和人工校对后长度为490 bp;遗传距离在种内和种间具显著差异(P﹤0. 05);在3种系统发育树中不同库蠓种类均各自构成单系(群),同种类不同地理种群聚为一支。本研究初步证实了线粒体Cytb序列可用于进行库蠓近缘种的分子鉴定。     

西藏库蠓和印度库蠓雄蠓的发现与描述(双翅目：蠓科)

西藏库蠓和印度库蠓雄蠓的发现与描述（双翅目：蠓科）翟逢伊（第二军医大学寄生虫学教研室上海２００４３３）王绪勇,邓成玉（成都军区军事医学研究所成都６１００６１）西藏库檬和印度库嫁的雄檬迄今尚无描述报道,作者在整理鉴定１９８９年采自西藏的螳类标本中发现上...     

中国库蠓属二新亚属二新种(双翅目:蠓科)

库蠓属(Culicoides)是蠓科(Ceratopogonidae)昆虫中数量众多的一大类群,目前已知近1000种,以往不少学者对其分类系统进行了研究。本文回顾了库蠓属的属下分类概况,根据我国已知标本材料,对其中三囊类群进行了整理,描述了二新亚属及二新种。模式标本全部保存于上海第二军医大学寄生虫学教研室。     

气象条件对日本库蠓夜间活动的影响

日本库蠓是我国广泛分布的吸血蠓种之一,主要嗜吸畜血,但也叮吸人血,侵扰人群。因此,了解日本库蠓的活动习性及其影响因素,对除害灭病具有重要意义。丸山和高木(1977)、陈亢川和蔡连来(1980)、瞿逢伊和宋关鸿(1980)等曾调查过日本库蠓成虫的季节消长、吸血习性和吸血活动时间。本文使用紫外光诱虫器、电子计算机技术和多元逐步回归方法探讨日本库蠓在不同月相夜诱捕数量的变化规律,以及温度、相对湿度、风速和光照度等气象条件对它的影响。     

Laboratory and field evaluation of insect repellents as larvicides against the mosquitoes Aedes albopictus and Anopheles albimanus

Acute toxicity and persistence of three insect repellents, deet and two piperidines (AI3-35765 and AI3-37220), were evaluated against mosquito larvae of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann (Diptera: Culicidae) in the laboratory, and against natural populations of Ae. albopictus in the field. In laboratory studies, the LC50 values of the repellents for first instars ranged between 0.005 and 0.021% (Ae. albopictus) and between 0.01 and 0.014% (An. albimanus) and, for fourth instars, between 0.019 and 0.034% (Ae. albopictus) and between 0.015 and 0.024% (An. albimanus). A 0.1% concentration of deet caused 90-100% mortality in first-instar Ae. albopictus for 4 weeks, whereas AI3-35765 and AI3-37220 at the same concentration killed 95-100% of larvae for 12 weeks and 98-100% of larvae for 33 weeks post-treatment, respectively. Deet and AI3-35765 at 0.1 % concentration resulted in complete mortality of first-instar An. albimanus for 3 weeks post-treatment, whereas AI3-37220 resulted in 91-99% larval mortalities for 35 weeks post-treatment. A 0.1% concentration of A13-37220 provided 77-98% larval mortality for 20 weeks and 63-97% larval mortality for 12 weeks post-treatment, respectively, against fourth-instar Ae. albopictus and An. albimanus.In the field, in artificial containers, the reduction of Ae. albopictus larvae caused by deet, AI3-35765 and AI3-37220 was 88-95% for 3-4 weeks, 98-100% for 7 weeks, and 82-100% for 13 weeks post-treatment, respectively. In used tyres, the same concentration of the repellents resulted in 100% reduction of Ae. albopictus larvae for 2 weeks (deet), 4 weeks (AI3-35765) and 5 weeks (AI3-37220) post-treatment. In cemetery flower vases, Aedes spp. larvae were eliminated for 4 weeks (deet) and 6 weeks post-treatment by both A13-35765 and AI3-37220. These topical repellents (particularly AI3-37220) have good potential for development and use in the management of container-inhabiting mosquitoes because they deter oviposition and kill larvae.     

韩国赫坎按蚊复合体3成员种核糖体DNA内转录间隔2区的比较(英文)

本文对韩国中华按蚊、雷氏按蚊和八代按蚊核糖体DNA (rDNA)内转录间隔 2区 (ITS2 )序列进行了比较研究。用PCR扩增的rDNA ITS2片段直接测序 ,每种蚊测定 3个个体 ,结果显示 :韩国中华按蚊、雷氏按蚊和八代按蚊的rDNA ITS2序列长度分别为 4 6 8bp、 4 51bp和 4 53bp ,GC含量分别为 4 4 .87%、 4 6 .2 %和 4 5.7% ,3种按蚊序列差异范围为 12 .16 %— 30 .74 %。研究表明 ,rDNA ITS2序列差异可用于韩国中华按蚊、雷氏按蚊和八代按蚊的分子鉴别。     

DIFFERENCES IN SEQUENCES OF RIBOSOMAL DNA SECOND INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER AMONG THREE MEMBERS OF ANOPHELES HYRCANUS COMPLEX FROM THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA

Abstract  Differences in sequences of ribosomal DNA second internal transcribed spacer (ITS) among Anopheles sinensis, An. lesteri and An. yatsushiroensis from Korea were compared. The PCR amplified rDNA-ITS2 fragments were sequenced directly. Three samples of each species were individually determined.
Lengths of the ITS2 regions were 468bp in An sinensis , 451bp in An lesteri and 453bp in An yatsushiroenesis and GC contents were 44.87 % 46.2 % and 45.7 % respectively. Variations of the sequences ranged from 12.16 % to 30.7 % among the three species. The differences of the rDNA-ITS2 sequences would be useful for molecular identification of the three members of Anopheles hycanus complex from Korea.     

The Anopheles albimanus white gene: molecular characterization of the gene and a spontaneous white gene mutation

We have cloned and characterized the white gene of Anopheles albimanus. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of this white gene with its homologs from six species of Diptera show that the An. albimanus gene is most similar to the white gene of An. gambiae (92% identity). A spontaneous white-eyed mutant An. albimanus was caused by an approximately 10 kb insertion into a CT dinucleotide repeat region of intron 2 of the white locus. The flanks of this insertion are long (at least 400 bp), nearly perfect inverted terminal repeat sequences. This cloned white gene should be useful as a marker for germ line transformation of An. albimanus. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Heterogeneity of ITS1 sequences in the biting midge Culicoides impunctatus (Goetghebuer) suggests a population in Argyll, Scotland, may be genetically distinct.

Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) is a useful genomic region for understanding evolutionary and genetic relationships. In the current study, variation in ITS1 from eight Culicoides species was analysed by PCR, DNA restriction analysis, cloning, and sequencing. ITS1 variants were essentially homogenized within a species, as sequences were identical or closely related. However, Culicoides impunctatus ITS1 sequences derived from one (Argyll) of five populations contained considerable genomic diversity. The secondary structure of each ITS1 was computed. The structure aided the production of an accurate alignment and the identification of a large indel. A phylogenetic analysis was performed. Some of the sequences from the diverse Argyll C. impunctatus population were more related to Culicoides imicola, a vector of animal pathogens in the Old World, than they were to the other C. impunctatus sequences. Thus, the rDNA ITS1 regions of individuals in the Argyll C. impunctatus population were not conforming to the general theory of rDNA homogenization through molecular drive.     

Sequence analysis of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 2 from populations of Anopheles nuneztovari (Diptera: Culicidae)

Sequence variation of the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) was examined for populations of the malaria vector Anopheles nuneztovari collected in Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Suriname, and Brazil. Mosquitoes from Colombia and Venezuela had identical ITS2 sequences and were distinguished from sequences in other populations by three insertion/deletion events (indels) and by one transversion. The length of the ITS2 was 363-369 bp, and it had a G+C content of 55.3%- 55.7%. Variation in the length of the ITS2 between and within populations was due to indels in simple repeats. ITS2 consensus sequences were similar or identical for samples from the following three groups: (1) Colombia, Bolivia, and Venezuela; (2) Suriname and northern Brazil; and (3) eastern and central Brazil. The presence of two different consensus sequences from a single location near Manaus, Brazil, suggests that populations from eastern Brazil and those from Suriname converge in this region of the Amazon Basin. These data show that putative cryptic species of An. nuneztovari are distinguished by very minor differences in DNA sequence of the ITS2 region.      

Seasonal distribution and species composition of daytime biting mosquitoes

Adults and immatures of Aedes mosquito populations were collected at temperatures between 40 and 44°C (summer), while larvae were collected at 0°C (winter). Major mosquito activities were observed from February to mid-December at various collection sites that yielded high populations of Aedes spp. from May to September, and high populations of Culex spp. and Anopheles spp. from March to September. In June to July, mosquito activity was suspended because the relative humidity was high (70%); a result of the monsoon rains. In August, with temperature ranging from 38 to 42°C, the populations of Culex , Anopheles and Aedes began to increase (36.8, 32.1 and 26.3%, respectively). Population estimates (through standard prototype Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Biogents (BG)-sentinel) and species composition of Aedes in forest habitats indicated a rapid increase in the populations of Ae. albopictus (52.3%), Ae. aegypti (19.1%) and Ae. vittatus (28.5%) following the rainy season in July. Areas positive for Ae. albopictus had identical population levels and distribution ranges of Ae. vittatus , however, there were no Ae. aegypti in Ae. albopictus areas from August to September. The population level, seasonal distribution, habitat and areas of adult activity marked by global positioning system (GPS) coordinates are being used for reference and for species composition data of Anopheles spp. (2), Culex spp. (10) and Aedes spp. (5) in addition to associated temperature, relative humidity and physico-chemical factors of larval habitat. Global meteorological changes have caused an expansion of the active period, leading to the mosquito's possibility of being a vector of disease increasing, resulting in the spread of dengue fever.     

Effect of Novaluron (Rimon 10 EC) on the mosquitoes Anopheles albimanus, Anopheles pseudopunctipennis, Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus from Chiapas, Mexico

Dengue fever is a serious problem in Mexico and vector control has not been effective enough at preventing outbreaks. Malaria is largely under control, but it is important that new control measures continue to be developed. Novaluron, a novel host-specific insect growth regulator and chitin synthesis inhibitor, has proved to be effective against agricultural pests, but its efficacy against larval mosquito vectors under field conditions remains unknown. In accordance with the World Health Organization Pesticide Evaluation Scheme, phase I, II and III studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy and residual effect of Novaluron (Rimon 10 EC, Makhteshim, Beer-Sheva, Israel) on the malaria vectors Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann (Diptera: Culicidae) and Anopheles pseudopunctipennis Theobald, the dengue vectors Aedes aegypti (L) and Aedes albopictus Skuse and the nuisance mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Laboratory susceptibility tests yielded diagnostic concentrations for all five target species. Field trials to identify the optimum field dosage of Novaluron against Anopheles mosquitoes were carried out under semi-natural conditions in artificial plots and in vessels with wild mosquitoes. Efficacy was measured by monitoring mortality of larvae and pupae and the percentage of inhibition of emergence from floating cages. Dosages of Novaluron for field tests were based on pupal LC(99) (lethal concentration 99%) of An. pseudopunctipennis (0.166 mg/L) in plots and average pupal LC(99) of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus (0.55 mg/L). At all dosages tested, Novaluron significantly reduced larval populations of An. albimanus, Culex coronator Dyar & Knab, Ae. albopictus and Cx. quinquefasciatus by approximately 90%, inhibited adult emergence of An. albimanus and An. pseudopunctipennis by approximately 97% for almost 4 months in experimental plots, and inhibited adult emergence of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus by approximately 97% for up to 14 weeks. Recommended dosages of Novaluron for non-container breeding and container breeding mosquitoes are 0.166 mg/L and 0.55 mg/L, respectively. Overall, the residual effect was more sustained than that of temephos. The lowest dosage of Novaluron had less of an impact on non-target organisms than did temephos. Small-scale field trials in natural breeding sites treated with Novaluron at 0.6 L/ha eliminated adult emergence of An. albimanus and Cx. coronator for 8 weeks. For phase III studies, Novaluron was tested at the local and village levels, applying the optimum field rate to all natural breeding habitats within 1 km of a pair of neighbouring villages. Village-scale trials of Novaluron at 0.6 L/ha reduced An. albimanus larval populations for at least 8 weeks and, more importantly, sharply reduced the densities of adult host-seeking mosquitoes approaching houses. We conclude that Novaluron is effective and environmentally safer than temephos.