基于几何形态学的三种库蠓翅的形态变化分析

【目的】基于几何形态学方法定量分析库蠓亚属中3个近似种(刺螫库蠓Culicoides punctatus、灰黑库蠓Culicoides pulicaris和新替库蠓Culicoides newsteadi)翅的形态变化规律,以期进行准确鉴定。【方法】运用几何形态学标点(Landmark)对3种库蠓的翅进行量化分析,并结合主成分分析法(Principal component analysis,PCA)、典型变量分析法(Canonical variate analysis,CVA)、薄片样条(Thin-plate spline,TPS)及聚类分析法对3种库蠓翅进行分析比较,探讨其形态变异。【结果】3种库蠓的翅在翅型、翅脉结构上存在着显著差异,主要发生在径中横脉、径室区,以及翅基部和端部。【结论】几何形态学能够作为一种工具对蠓科昆虫进行种间关系及分类研究。     

中国新疆库蠓属一新种描述(双翅目:蠓科 )(英文)

中国的库蠓属已知有 1 1个亚属 2 81种。在新疆发现的库蠓属 1新种 :塔合曼库蠓Culicoides (Culi coides)tahemanensissp .nov.,正模♀ ,副模 3♂ ,1♀ ,1 988 0 7 2 0 ,新疆塔什库尔干县塔合曼。本新种与渐灰库蠓CulicoidesgrisescensEdwards相近似 ,但后者雌虫翅面径 5室和臀室淡斑的形状 ,雄虫尾器阳茎中叶端部的形状与本新种明显不相同。本新种雄虫尾器第 9背板的后缘与日本库蠓C .nipponensis相近似 ,但后者雌虫翅面径 5室、中 2室和臀室淡斑的形状 ,雄虫尾器阳茎中叶的形状与本新种有明显区别。模式标本保存在沈阳军区军事医学研究所 ,沈阳 1 1 0 0 3 4。     

内蒙地区库蠓属一新种记述(双翅目:蠓科)

库蠓属(Culicoides Latreille)是蠓科种类最多的一属,约占蠓科全部种类的四分之一。亦为重要的吸血昆虫。1972年夏,我所在内蒙伊克昭盟乌审旗采到本属一新种。 乌审库蠓Culicoides wushenensis新种 雌蠓 两复眼无毛并不连接,复眼间距离约为1小眼面直径,无上、下横缝;下颚须第3节明显扩展,长约为宽的2倍,感觉器聚合于一不太深而大的感觉窝内;触角除端部一节外,各节均有嗅觉窝。 中胸背板灰褐色,后盾区有一对暗色纵斑;翅明斑清楚,翅基部有一不规则形明斑,伸达臀室,翅前缘有3个明斑,第一前缘明斑覆盖径中横脉及第1径室基部,向后延伸达肘脉,再向翅端部伸展,斑呈形带状,伸达臀室和第4中室处,第2前缘明斑近圆形,位     

库蠓的一个新种——蒙古库蠓

库蠓(Culicoides)属乃双翅目(Diptera),长角亚目(Nematocera),蠓科(Heleidae)中的一个属。库蠓在世界上的分布是非常广泛的,据Arnaud氏(1956)报告,库蠓已发现671种,仅在旧北区就有180种以上。 作者于1960年5月,从包头市采集到一种库蠓,经鉴定结果认为系一新种,并定名为蒙古库蠓(Culicoides mongolensis sp.nov.)。今将该种库蠓的形态详细记述如下。     

西藏库蠓一新种(双翅目:蠓科)

1976年我所在西藏昌都地区采到蠓科(Ceratopogonidae)库蠓属(Culicoides)一新种。模式标本保藏于中国科学院动物研究所。点库蠓Culicoides stagetus Lee,新种     

广西库蠓属吉林亚属—新种 (双翅 :蠓科 )(英文)

中国库蠓属吉林亚属已知有 2种。在广西发现的库蠓属吉林亚属一新种 :Culicoides (Jilinocoides)guanxien sissp .nov . ,正模♀ ,1974 0 8 2 9,广西壮族自治区凭祥市 ,郝宝善采。本新种与犍为库蠓CulicoidesqianweiensisYu 1982相近似 ,但后者触角第 7、9节有嗅觉器 ,触须第 3节无感觉器窝 ,大颚齿 14枚 ,翅基淡斑和径中淡斑的形状与本新种明显不同。模式标本保存在沈阳军区军事医学研究所 ,沈阳 110 0 34。     

中国库蠓属屋室亚属一新种(双翅目,蠓科)(英文)

记述了采自新疆的库蠓属屋室亚Culicoides (Oecacta)1新种,巴里坤库蠓Culicoides (Oecacta) balikunensis sp.nov.,新种模式标本保存在沈阳军区疾病预防控制中心。     

黑龙江省库蠓属屋室亚属一新种（双翅目：蠓科）

报道采自黑龙江省库蠓属屋室亚属一新种;无齿库蠓Culicoides(Oecacta)un-dentaris,sp.nov,模式标本保存于沈阳军区军事医学研究所。     

基于线粒体细胞色素b基因序列进行库蠓二囊亚属近缘种的分子鉴定

为了更快速、准确地鉴别库蠓近缘种以及弥补传统形态学在种类鉴定中存在的操作繁琐、难度大等不足,采用DNA测序的方法获得白带库蠓Culicoides albifascia、凹缘库蠓Culicoides holcus、无害库蠓Culicoides innoxius、连斑库蠓Culicoides jacobsoni、长喙库蠓Culicoides longirostris和南山库蠓Culicoides lansangensis等6种库蠓部分线粒体细胞色素b (Mitochondrial Cytochrome b,mt-Cytb)序列,并对其进行分子鉴定;基于Kimura-2-parameter(K2P)模型分析遗传距离,同时采用邻接法、最大简约法和贝叶斯法以荒川库蠓Culicoides arakawai为外群分别构建系统发育树。上述7种库蠓Cytb序列经比对和人工校对后长度为490 bp;遗传距离在种内和种间具显著差异(P﹤0. 05);在3种系统发育树中不同库蠓种类均各自构成单系(群),同种类不同地理种群聚为一支。本研究初步证实了线粒体Cytb序列可用于进行库蠓近缘种的分子鉴定。     

横断山库蠓一新种(双翅目:蠓科)

1981年我所在横断山考察中,釆得库蠓属(Culicoides)一新种,记述于下。新种模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。 横断山库蠓 Culicoides hengduanshanensis,新种(图1) 雌蠓 头部:两复眼分离并有上横缝,复眼间距离约为1.5个小眼面直径,复眼小眼     

Heterogeneity of ITS1 sequences in the biting midge Culicoides impunctatus (Goetghebuer) suggests a population in Argyll, Scotland, may be genetically distinct.

Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) is a useful genomic region for understanding evolutionary and genetic relationships. In the current study, variation in ITS1 from eight Culicoides species was analysed by PCR, DNA restriction analysis, cloning, and sequencing. ITS1 variants were essentially homogenized within a species, as sequences were identical or closely related. However, Culicoides impunctatus ITS1 sequences derived from one (Argyll) of five populations contained considerable genomic diversity. The secondary structure of each ITS1 was computed. The structure aided the production of an accurate alignment and the identification of a large indel. A phylogenetic analysis was performed. Some of the sequences from the diverse Argyll C. impunctatus population were more related to Culicoides imicola, a vector of animal pathogens in the Old World, than they were to the other C. impunctatus sequences. Thus, the rDNA ITS1 regions of individuals in the Argyll C. impunctatus population were not conforming to the general theory of rDNA homogenization through molecular drive.     

A morphological investigation of Culicoides spp. biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the Caribbean.

Features of the antennae, maxillary palps, and mouthparts of the females of seven species of Culicoides spp. biting midges collected from a montane rainforest site in Trinidad, West Indies, were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. Comparisons were made with two British species, Culicoides impunctatus and Culicoides nubeculosus. Species-specific differences were demonstrated in the camber and pitch of mandibular teeth, the size and shape of the subapical labral sensilla, the size and depth of the palpal sensory pit, and the number and shape of heads of the palpal sensilla. Counts of sensilla coeloconica and palpal sensilla were suggested as being contributory features for the prediction of host preference, indicating that Culicoides darlingtonae, Culicoides glabellus, Culicoides insinuatus, Culicoides paraensis, and Culicoides pseudodiabolicus were probably mammalophilic species. The host preferences of Culicoides heliconiae and Culicoides flavivenula could not be determined accurately.     

Impacts of climate, host and landscape factors on Culicoides species in Scotland

Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) vector a wide variety of internationally important arboviral pathogens of livestock and represent a widespread biting nuisance. This study investigated the influence of landscape, host and remotely-sensed climate factors on local abundance of livestock-associated species in Scotland, within a hierarchical generalized linear model framework. The Culicoides obsoletus group and the Culicoides pulicaris group accounted for 56% and 41%, respectively, of adult females trapped. Culicoides impunctatus Goetghebuer and C. pulicaris s.s. Linnaeus were the most abundant and widespread species in the C. pulicaris group (accounting for 29% and 10%, respectively, of females trapped). Abundance models performed well for C. impunctatus, Culicoides deltus Edwards and Culicoides punctatus Meigen (adjusted R(2) : 0.59-0.70), but not for C. pulicaris s.s. (adjusted R(2) : 0.36) and the C. obsoletus group (adjusted R(2) : 0.08). Local-scale abundance patterns were best explained by models combining host, landscape and climate factors. The abundance of C. impunctatus was negatively associated with cattle density, but positively associated with pasture cover, consistent with this species' preference in the larval stage for lightly grazed, wet rush pasture. Predicted abundances of this species varied widely among farms even over short distances (less than a few km). Modelling approaches that may facilitate the more accurate prediction of local abundance patterns for a wider range of Culicoides species are discussed.     

Diel flight periodicity of the biting midge Culicoides impunctatus and the effects of meteorological conditions

Abstract The hourly flight periodicity of adults of the biting midge Culicoides impunctatus was sampled at a site in Western Scotland, using suction traps over 18 days in July/August 1994. In addition, meteorological conditions were logged continuously. Female but not male C. impunctatus had a bimodal pattern of activity, with peaks at dawn and dusk. The dawn peak (05.00–07.00 hours) was most distinct. Correlation analysis revealed significantly positive relationships between catches of female midges and both relative humidity and rainfall, and negative relationships with wind velocity. The calculation of partial correlation coefficients reinforced the influence of relative humidity on female activity, and highlighted a further positive relationship with air temperature. Male C.impunctatus activity was negatively correlated with air temperature, although the total male catch was relatively small (15% of total trap catches) and further data would be required to confirm this result. Overall, the results help to clarify previous confusion as to whether C.impunctatus has a circadian rhythm of activity, with the data matching closely predictions of a bimodal pattern. Clearly, this pattern will be damped by meteorological conditions, which may vary greatly on a local scale.     

Field studies on efficacy of host odour baits for the biting midge Culicoides impunctatus in Scotland

The efficacy of some putative attractants for the biting midge Culicoides impunctatus (Goetghebuer) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) was assessed using odour-baited 'delta traps' and suction traps. 1-octen-3-ol was confirmed as a potent olfactory attractant for C. impunctatus when released at 0.06mg/h. Acetone (23mg/h) and a mix of six phenolic compounds (phenol, 3-ethylphenol, 4-ethylphenol, 3-methylphenol, 4-methylphenol and 4-propylphenol), at undetermined release rate, also significantly increased delta trap catches compared to unbaited controls. When tested in combination, there was evidence of synergism between CO2 (0.2L/min) and acetone, 1-octen-3-ol or cow urine, trap catches being, respectively, 4.7, 6.2 and 9.3-fold greater than for CO2 alone. Highest catches were obtained with triple bait combinations comprising cow urine + acetone + CO2 or cow urine + 1-octen-3-ol+CO2, which increased trap catches by X 22 and X 24, respectively, compared to CO2 alone. Culicoides impunctatus was found to be extremely sensitive to CO2 and responses, gauged over two field seasons, showed a significant dose-dependent increase in catch across the entire range of release rates (0.2-2.5 L/min). Responses to these release rates, ranging from small to large mammal equivalents, emphasized the important role of CO2 in host location by C. impunctatus. Uses of olfactory attractants for monitoring and control of Culicoides are reviewed on the basis of these results.     

Evolutionary relationships of wing venation and wing size and shape in Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

We explored evolutionary changes in wing venation and wing size and shape in Aphidiinae, one of the well-known groups of parasitic wasps from the family Braconidae. Forewings of 53 species from 12 genera were examined, for which a molecular phylogeny was constructed on the basis of the mitochondrial barcoding gene COI. By covering all types of wing venation within the subfamily Aphidiinae and by using landmark-based geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods, we tested whether evolutionary changes in wing shape correlate to the changes in wing venation and if both changes relate to wing size. The relationship between wing morphology and host specificity has been also investigated. We found that six types of wing venation, with different degree of vein reduction, could be recognized. Wing venation type is largely genus specific, except in the case of maximal reduction of wing venation which could be found across examined Aphidiinae taxa. The reconstruction of evolutionary changes in wing venation indicates that evolutionary changes in wing shape are related to the changes in wing size, indicating that miniaturization play a role in evolution of wing morphology while host specialization does not affect the wing shape within the subfamily Aphidiinae.     

Identification of bloodmeals of the Scottish biting midge, Culicoides impunctatus, by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Abstract. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed to identify the bloodmeal sources of Culicoides impunctatus Goetghebuer. Nightly light trapping in Scotland, between April and September 1992, caught a total of 344 blood-engorged female C. impunctatus , all in May, June and July. The insects were stored in 70% ethanol and tested 5–7 months later. Bloodmeal sources were positively identified for 246 (71.5%). Bovine hosts were most common (38.4%), followed by deer (23.0%) and sheep (9.9%). Only one midge had fed on human blood. Relatively freshly fed (<24h), fully engorged females gave the clearest results. The wider applications of the technique to the study of Culicoides host preferences is discussed.     

Culicoides midge trap enhancement with animal odour baits in Scotland

Examples of the commercial trap Mosquito Magnet Pro (MMP emitting attractant 1-octen-3-ol in carbon dioxide 500 mL/min generated from propane fuel), were run 24 h/day on the Isle of Skye, Scotland, during June-August 2001 and evaluated for catching Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). From 30 days trapping, the catch averaged 2626 +/- 1358 Culicoides females/trap/day (mean +/- SE, range 558 +/- 139 to 6088 +/- 3597, for five sets of six consecutive nights), predominantly the pest Culicoides impunctatus Goetghebuer (68% overall), plus C. vexans (Staeger) > C. delta Edwards > C. pulicaris (L.) > C. lupicaris Downs & Kettle > C. albicans (Winnertz) > other Culicoides spp. Attempts were made to enhance the odour baiting system by adding hexane-extracts (2.1 mg/day) of hair samples from large host animals, resulting in the following effects on Culicoides collections: sheep - 53 %, red deer - 26 %, calf + 20%, pony + 40%, water buffalo + 262%, with greatest increases for C. impunctatus and C. pulicaris. Serial concentrations of these animal extracts (10(-1) - 10(-3) x 2.2 g/mL) were assayed on parous female C. impunctatus response in a Y-tube olfactometer (air-flow 150 mL/min), and by electroantennogram (EAG) on Culicoides nubeculosus Meigen laboratory-reared parous females. Positive behavioural responses to host odours were dose-dependent: the water buffalo extract being most active (threshold 0.22 g/mL), similar to deer, whereas other host extracts were > or = 10-fold less active. Correspondingly, the EAG threshold was lowest for water buffalo, 10-fold greater for deer, calf and pony, but not detected for sheep. If the active component(s) of these host extracts can be identified and synthesized, they might be employed to improve the capture of Culicoides midges for local control by removal trapping.