柴达木盆地第三系油源的孢粉学证据

记述了青海柴达木盆地上第三系油储原油中萃取出的孢子花粉化石３１属６８种。基于原油中孢粉化石的研究及其与潜在油源岩中孢粉化石的对比,确定了含油区的油源岩。根据孢子花粉母体植物的古生态特征探讨了油源岩的形成环境。研究结果表明,渐新统至下中新统干柴沟组和上中新统至下上新统油砂山组应为盆地西部的油源岩系。研究区油源岩形成于温暖半潮湿和半干燥气候下的湖泊沉积环境。     

新疆塔北隆起原油孢粉集合与油源岩

鉴定了从新疆塔里木盆地塔北隆起含油区原油中萃取出的孢子花粉化石66属135种,基于原油孢粉集合组成特征的研究,确定了该含油区油源岩的时代和层位,并讨论了油气运移的通道、方向、路线。期次等问题。研究结果确认,中三叠统克拉玛依组,上三叠统黄山街组和塔里奇克组;下侏罗统阿合组和阳霞组;中侏罗统克孜勒努尔组和恰克马克组是塔北含油区的重要油源岩系。     

新疆喀什凹陷原油中的孢子花粉

记述了新疆塔里木盆地喀什凹陷原油中萃取出的孢子花粉化石 30属 46种 .基于原油中孢粉化石的研究 ,追朔了该含油区的油源 ,并探讨了石油运移机理 .根据原油孢粉集合的特征 ,下侏罗统康苏组和中侏罗统杨叶组及塔尔尕组应是本区的油源岩系 .原油中来自油源岩系孢粉化石的发现 ,说明微裂隙是石油初次运移的通道 ,裂隙、节理、断层、不整合面等是石油二次运移的通道     

新疆独山子油田原油中的孢子花粉

本文研究了新疆准噶尔盆地独山子油田原油中分离出的孢子花粉35属51种。基于原油中孢子花粉的研究,追溯了该含油区的油源并讨论了油气运移问题。根据原油中找到的孢子花粉化石来判断,准噶尔盆地西南含油区有两套油源岩系,即下一中侏罗统八道湾一头屯河组和渐新统安集海河组。     

南海北部湾涠洲油田原油中的孢子花粉

记述了南海北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷涠洲油田流沙港组下部储油层所储原油中萃取出的孢子花粉化石２８属５８种及藻类化石２属３种。通过对比孢子花粉及藻类化石的油源,确定了含油区的油源岩;并根据各类孢型母体植物的古生态特征探讨了油源岩的形成环境。结果表明,中始新统至下渐新统流沙港组暗色泥质岩是北部湾盆地的主力油源岩,中上渐新统涠洲组暗色泥质岩也是该区的油源岩;该区油源岩形成于亚热带温暖潮湿气候下的湖泊沉积环境。     

新疆库车拗陷原油孢粉集合与油源岩

笔者观察了新疆塔里木盆地库车拗陷原油中分离出的孢子花粉20属28种(型),进一步阐明了原油孢粉集合的概念并对其进行了初步分类。本文还根据原油孢粉集合的特征探讨了该含油区的油源问题。     

甘肃玉门油区原油孢粉集合与油源岩

笔者观察了甘肃西部玉门含油区原油样品中分离出的孢子花粉24属26种(型),提出了原油孢粉集合的概念。本文在孢粉学研究的基础上探讨了本油区的油源岩。本区第三纪石油中发现的孢子花粉可以分为石化程度迥然不同的两类。石化较深的一类主要有枣形莎草蕨孢、奇异金毛狗孢、微小单槽粉和本内苏铁粉;石化较浅的一类包括松、云杉、麻黄、眼子菜、百合、榆、藜、睡莲、山嵛草、小扁豆、白刺、柽柳、蓍、蒿、一枝黄花、鬼针草等属以及禾本科和莎草科的花粉。第三纪原油中的这些孢于花粉是来自早白垩世沉积和来自第三纪沉积的孢子花粉的集合。下新民堡群黑色页岩中所产的早白垩世孢子花粉在第三纪石油中的出现是石油运移所造成的结果,反映着早白垩世沉积可能是本区的油源岩。早白垩世石油中分离出的孢子花粉仅有枣形莎草蕨孢、微小单槽粉、本内苏铁粉和皱球粉等,第三纪孢子花粉完全缺乏。这说明油源岩和贮油岩都应属于产化石的下新民堡群。此外,在贮于志留纪变质岩裂隙中的石油内也有一些单槽粉和皱球粉,它们可能也是在油气运移过程中被油气从下新民堡群带来的。总之,根据原油中发现的孢子花粉来判断,本区油源岩应为早白垩世下新民堡群黑色页岩。     

新疆塔里木盆地中侏罗世塔尔尕组孢粉植物群及地层和古地理意义

新疆塔里木盆地侏罗系分布广泛,在库车凹陷和塔西南区发育最好。目前对库车凹陷的三叠纪和侏罗纪孢粉植物群研究较为深入,而对塔西南区侏罗纪孢粉化石专题研究不多,尚未建立孢粉组合。作者基于塔西南区乌恰中侏罗统塔尔尕组发现的孢子花粉33属48种的研究,建立了塔尔尕组孢粉组合。该组合以掌鳞杉科花粉Classopollis的优势和真蕨目桫椤科孢子Cyathidites的繁盛为特征,并含有丰富多样且颇具侏罗纪色彩的孢子花粉化石类型。该组合与西欧和俄罗斯巴柔期至巴通期孢粉组合以及北美和澳大利亚巴柔期至卡洛夫期孢粉组合可以进行对比;与我国新疆库车恰克马克组、陕西延安直罗组和湖北兴山沙溪庙组等孢粉组合也可对比。根据孢粉学证据,塔尔尕组的时代应属于中侏罗世晚期(巴通期至卡洛夫期)。当前孢粉植物群支持我国侏罗纪南北植物地理区系之西端分界之划分方案,即塔西南乌恰处于界线以南,而库车处于分界以北。     

青海省下三叠统巴颜喀拉山群下亚群的孢粉组合

首次对青海中部下三叠统巴颜喀拉山群下亚群孢粉组合进行综合研究。共发现孢粉:下岩组59属89种(包括1新种),按在组合中百分含量的平均值,蕨类植物孢子占55.71%,裸子植物花粉占36.3%,疑源类9属2种占7.36%,称之为Lundbladispora-Cycadopites-Veryhachium组合;上岩组86属119种(包括3新种),蕨类植物孢子占46.03%,裸子植物花粉占31.91%,疑源类13属16种占21.64%,称之为Limatulasporites?Cycadop-tes?Tubermonocolpites-Micrhystridium组合。上述孢粉组合特征,大体可与国内外早三叠世孢粉组合对比,因此,巴颜喀拉山群下亚群的时代应属早三叠世。     

河北中侏罗统下花园组孢子花粉及其地层意义

河北省侏罗系分布广泛,为一套复杂的陆相沉积——火山岩建造。中侏罗统下花园组是重要的含煤地层,形成具有工业价值的中—大型矿床。本组的地质时代长期存有争议,地层工作者多与京西门头沟煤系对比,划为下侏罗统或下至中侏罗统。笔者先后对下花园煤矿和蔚县煤田进行了孢粉采样分析,所得孢粉保存清晰,内容丰富,是确定下花园组地质时代的重要依据。     

Spores and Pollen from Crude Oil of Kashi Depression,Xinjiang

Forty-six species of fossil spores and pollen referred to 30 genera extracted from the crude oil samples collected from the Kashi Depression of the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang were recorded . Based on the investigations of the palynomorphs in crude oil. the petroleum source of the petroliferous region was traced and the petroleum migration mechanism is discussed. The fossil spores and pollen found from crude oil of the Neogene reservoir of the Kelatuo Oilfield of the Kashi Depression comprised mainly Deltoidospora lineata, Cyathidites australis, C. minor, Gleicheniidites rousei, Dictyophyllidites harrisii, Cibothtmspora paradoxa, Todisporites major, Granulatisporites minor, Leptolepidites major, Klukisporites variegatus, Murospora jurassica, M. minor, Paleoconiferus asaccatus, Vi!reisporites jurassicus, V. shouldicei, V. jansonii, Alisporites thomasii, A. lowoodensis, Podocarpidites florinii, P. langii, P. multicinus, P. multesimus. Quadraeculina limbata, Protopinus scanicus. Protopicea exiliolides, Piceites expositus. P. latens, Pinuspollenites labdacus. Piceaepollenites alatus, Cedripites minor, Chasmatosporites major, C. elegans, C. canadensis, Cycadopites nitidus, C. typicus, Ephedripites tertiarius, CerebropoUenites carlylensis, Classopollis classoides, C. annulatus, Caryapollenites simplex, Chenopodipollis multiplex, Artemisiaepollenes sellularis, etc. According to the characteristics of the petroleum sporo-pollen assemblage, the Lower Jurassic Kangsu Formation and the Middle Jurassic Yangye and Taerga Formations should be the petroleum source rock series of the Kashi Depression. Judging from the palynomorphs of the source rocks found in crude oil. It might be concluded that the fossil spores and pollen together with oil beads must have been expelled from the source rocks along microfissure avenuses during the primary migration along fissures, joints faults, and unconformity planes during the secondary migration.     

Spores and Pollens from Crude Oil of Turpan Basin,Xinjiang

Sixty-eight species of fossil spores and pollens referred to 39 genera extracted from the crude oil samples collected from the Turpan Basin of Xinjiang are recorded in this paper. Based on the investigations of fossil spores and pollens in petroleum, the questions on petroleum migration and source rocks are discussed. It is expounded and proved theoretically and practically that the phenomenon that the crude oil samples usually contain the fossil spores and pollen grains with different geological ages from reservoir rocks should result from petroleum migration, but not from resedimentation. The fossil spores and pollens in crude oil of the Middle Jurassic reservoir of the Qiktim Oil-Field of the Turpan Basin comprise mainly Leiotriletes pflugi, Deltoidospora gradata, D. magna, Cyathidites australir, C. minor, Biretisporites cf. potoniaei, Dictyophyllidites harrisii. Cibotiumspora paradoxa, C. jurienensis, Gleicheniidites rousei, G. conflexus, Undulatisporites concavus, U. pflugii, Granulatisporites arenaster, G. minor, Todisporites minor, Osmundacidites wellmanii, dpiculatisporis variabilis, Leptolepidites major, Aratrisporites scabratus Cycadopites nitidus, C. typicus, C. subgranulosus, Chasmatosporites elegans, Classopollis classoides, C. itunen- sis, C. annulatus, C. qiyangensis, Callialarporites dampieri, C. radius, lnaperturopollenites det- tmannii, Protoconiferus funarius, Paleoconiferus asaccatus, CaytonipoUenites pallidus, Vitreis- porites jurassicus, V. jansonii, Pseudowalchia ovalis, P. landesii, P. biangulina, Podocarpidites unicus, P. major, P. multicinus, P. multesimus, P. rousei, P. wapellaensis, Platysaccus lopsinensis, Ovalipollis enigmatica, O. minor, O. canadensis, Pteruchipollenites thomasii, Alisporites grandis, A. bilateralis, Pityosporites similis, P. divulgatus, Piceites expos us, P. podocarpoides, P. latens, Protopicea exilioides, Pseudopicea variabitifornus, Piceaepollenites complanatiformus, Abietineaepollenites dunrobinensis, A. microalatus, A. minimus, Cedripites minor, Eucommiidites troedssonii, etc. Some of the species are also found from the crude oil sampls taken from the Middle Jurassic reservoir of the Shengjinkou Oil-Field of the Turpan Basin. The above mentioned species of spores and pollens are widely distributed in the Lower to Middle Jurassic sediments of North America, Europe, Australia and China. They have also been found from the Lower to Middle Jurassic sediments of the Turpan Basin. Judging from the spores and pollen in petroleum, it may be concluded that the Lower Jurassic Badaowan-Sangonhe Formation and the Middle Jurassic Xishanyao-Toudenhe Formation should contain the favorable petroleum source rocks in the basin. As to petroleum migration mechanism, it is considered that petroleum must have migrated for comparatively short distances to accumulate into petroleum pools in this region.     

Petroleum Sporo-Pollen Assemblages and Oil Source Rock of Kuche Seg in Xinjiang

Twenty-eight species (or forms) of fossil pollen and spores referred to 20 genera extracted from the crude oil samples collected from the Kuche Seg of the Talimu Basin in Xinjiang are observed. The conception of the petroleum sporopouen assemblage is further expounded and the classification of the petroleum sporo-pollen assemblage is also tentatively proposed. According to the characteristics of the assemblages, the problem on oil source of the mentioned oil-bearing region is discussed in this paper. The petroleum sporo-pollen assemblage of Jurassic reservoir of Kucbe Seg is composed of Deltoidospora perpusilla, D. gradata, Cyathidites minor, Hymenophyllumsporites deltoidus, Cingulatisporites problematicus, Cibotiumspora paradoxa, Osmundacidites ap., Cycadopites typicus, C. nitidus, Podocarpidites multesimus, Alisporites grandis, Alisporites bilateralis, Parvisaccites sp., Abietineaepollenites microalatus, A. minimus, PinuspoRenites sp., Piceaepollenites sp., etc. These species of spores and pollen have been found from the Jurassic deposits in this region or in the adjacent regions. The petroleum sporo-pollen assemblage only contains the spores and pollen which coincide with those of the reservoir in age. There is not any spore or pollen older or younger than the reservoir. Consequently, it may be referred to a monotonous type of petroleum sporo-pollen assemblage. The petroleum sporo-pollen assemblage of Cretaceous reservoir of this region consists of Deltoidospora perpusilla, Cryathidites minor, Cibotiumspora paradoxa, Schizaeoisporites zizyphinus, Osmundacidites sp., Crcadopites typicus, C. nitidus, Parvisaccites sp., Cedripites cretaceus, Abietineaepollenites microalatus, A. minimus, Pinuspollenites sp., etc. All these species distribute either in the Jurassic deposits or in the Cretaceous deposits in this region or in the adjacent regions. The distribution of Schizaeoisporites zizyphinus and Cedripites cretaceus is usually limited to the Cretaceous deposits. Both the Cretaceous species and the Jurassic species are comprised in the assemblage, so it may be referred to a composite type of petroleum sporo-pollen assemblage. The petroleum sporo-pollen assemblage of Tertiary reservoir comprises Deltoidospora perpusilla, Cyathidites minor, Cibotiumspora paradoxa, Schizaeoisporites zizyphinus, Poly-podiaceaesporites sp., Cycadopites nitidus, Podocarpidites multesimus, Parvisaccites sp., Abietineaepollenites mininus, Pinuspollenites labdacus, Piceaepollenites alatus, Cedripites ovatus, Ephedripites fusiformis, Quercoidites microhenrici, Chenopodipollis multiporatus, C. microporatus, Artemisiaepollenites sdlularis, etc. Besides the Tertiary pollen and spores, the assemblage contains the Jurassic species and the Cretaceous species, and therefore it belongs to a composite type of petroleum sporo-pollen assemblage. The monotonous type of petroleum sporo-pollen assemblage reflects that the oil source rock is coincident with the reservoir rock in age, and the composite type of petroleum sporopollen assemblage shows that the oil source rock is generally older than the reservoir rock. Based on the investigation of the petroleum sporo-pollen assemblages, the oil source rock of the Kuche Seg is considered to be Jurassic Period in age, and the Lower Jurassic Yangxia Formation and the Middle Jurassic Kuzilenuer Formation are considered to be favorable source rock. The conclusion is supported by the result of the organic geochemical investigation.     

Petroleum Sporo-Pollen Assemblage and Oil Source Rock of Yecheng Seg in Xinjiang

Forty-seven species of fossil pollens and spores referred to 33 genera extracted from the crude oil samples collected from the Yecheng Seg of the Talimu Basin in Xinjiang were observed. Based on the investigation of the characteristics of the petroleum sporo-pollen assemblage, the problem on petroleum source of this oil-bearing region is discussed. The principle and method to judge source rock from petroleum sporo-pollen assemblage are specially explained in this paper. The petroleum sporo-pollen assemblage of the Neogene reservoir of the Yecheng Seg consists of Deltoidospora perpusila, Deltoidospora gradata, Cyathidites australis, Cyathidites minor, Biretisporites potoniaei, Dictyophyllidites harrisii, Dictyophyllum rugosum, Cibotiumspora paradoxa, Gleicheniidites senonicus, Gleicheniidites rousei, Undula- tisporites concave, Lycopodiumsporites sp., Osmundacidites wellmanii, Leptolepidites major, Apiculatisporis ovalis, Bennettiteaepollenites lucifer, Cycadopites typicus, Cyeadopites nitidus, Cycadopites minimus, Cycadopites carpentieri, Cycadopites follicularis, Chasmatosporites elegans, Classopollis classoides, Classopollis annulatus, Podocarpidites multesimus, Podocarpidites major, Parvisaccites enigmatus, Quadraeeulina limbata, Caytonipollenites pallidus, PteruchipoUenites thomasii, Alisporites grandis, Alisporites bilateralis, AbietineaepoUenites microalatus, Abietineaepollenites minimus, Pinuspollenites sp., Piceaepollenites sp., Cedripites st)., Ephedripites sp., Eucommiidites troedssonii, Magnolipollis neogenicus, Quercoidites microhenrici, Chenopodipollis multiplex, Artemisiae-pollenites sellularis, etc . This is a typical composite type of petroleum sporo-pollen assemblage, which eomprises the Jurassic species, the Cretaceous species, the Eogene species and the Neogene species of spores an, d pollen. In accordance with the characteristics of the above mentioned petroleum sporopollen assemblage, the source rock of the Yecheng Seg is considered to be Jurassic Period in age, and the black shales and mudstones of the Middle Jurassic Yangye-Taerga Formation are judged to be the most favorable source rocks in the region.     

Petroleum Sporo-Pollen Assemblages and Oil Source Rock of Yumen Oil bearing Region in Gansu

Twenty-six species (or forms) of fossil pollen and spores referred to 24 genera extracted from the crude oil samples collected from the Yumen oil-bearing region in West Gansu are observed and the definition of the petroleum sporo-pollen assemblage is given by the authors. On the basis of palynological investigation, the oil source rock of this oil-bearing region is tentatively discussed in this paper. The fossil pollen and spores found from the Tertiary petroleum in this region may be divided into two groups, because they are extremely different in fossilized state. The group of spores and pollen with higher fossilized state is mainly consisted of Schizaeoisporites zizyphinus, Gibotiumspora paradoxa, Monosulcites minimus and Bennettiteaepollenites sp. The other group comprises Pinus, Picea, Ephedra, Potamogeton, Lilium, Ulmus, Chenopodium, Nymphaea, Eutrema, Lens, Nitraria, Tamarix, Achillea, Artemisia, Solidago, Bidens, Graminidites, Cypheraceaepollis, etc. The above mentioned petroleum sporo-pollen assemblage of the tertiary oil reservoir rock is a gathering of fossil pollen and spores brought from the Lower Cretaceous deposits and the tertiary deposits respectively. The appearance of the Early Cretaceous pollen and spores bearing in the black shales of the Lower Xinminbu Formation in the tertiary petroleum may be considered to be a result of petroleum migration. And it reflects that the oil source rock might belong to Early Cretaceous Series. The fossil pollen and spores extracted from the Early Cretaceous petroleum in this region contain merely Schizaeoisporites zizyphinus, Monosulcites minimus, Bennettiteaepollenites sp., Psophosphaera, etc. The tertiary pollen and spores are completely absent there. So it indicates that both the oil source rock and the oil reservoir rock should belong to the fossil-bearing Lower Xinminbu Formation. In addition, there are some pollen of Monosulcites and Psophosphaera in the petroleum reserved in the fissures of the Silurian metamorphic rock. They are also probably brought from the Lower Xinminbu Formation by oil and gas in the process of their migration. In any case, judging from the pollen and spores found from the crude oil, the oil source rock of this oil-bearing region is deduced to be the black shales of the Lower Xinminbu Formation referred to as Early Cretaceous Epoch.     

Pollen and Spores Extracted from Petroleum of Liaohe oil-Field and Their Significance

Twenty-nine species (or forms) of fossil pollen and spores referred to 23 genera extracted from the petroleum samples taken from the Liaohe oil-field are investigated in this paper. Using the above plant microfossils as indicators, the oil source rock of this oil-field are traced. The spores and pollen extracted from the petroleum reserved in the Shahejie Fomation of the Liaohe oil-field are as follows: Pterisisporites undulatus, Osmundacidites wcllmanii, Plicifera decora, Pinuspollenites labdacus f. minor, Abietineaepolle- nites cembraeformis, A. microsibiricus, Cedripites diversus, Keteleeria dubia, Ephcd- ripites cheganicus, Graminidites sp., Liliacidites sp., Quercoiditcs asper, Retitricolporites sp., Chenopodipollis microporatus, Compositoipollenites sp, etc. The following spores and pollen are extracted from the crude oil reserved in the Dongying Formation of the present oil-field: Osmundacidites wellmanii, Plicifera decora, Pinuspollenites labdacus f. minor, Sparganiaccaepollenites sp., Graminidites sp., Liliacidites sp., Chenopodipollis multiporatus, Compositoipollenites sp., Artemisiaepol- lenites sp., etc. Some Fossil Fungi and Algae are observed from the above mentioned petroleum samples. Comparing the spores and pollen extracted from the petroleum of the Shahejie Formation with those of the sporo-pollen complex of the Shahejie Formation, it may be decided that they all came from the deposits of the Shahejie Formation. This character indicates that the oil source rock should coincide with the oil reservoir rock, and both of them belong to the Shahejie Formation which is referred to Early Tertiary Period. By comparison with the sporo-pollen complexes of the Dongying Formation and the Shahejie Formation, most of the pollen and spores found from the petroleum of the Dongying Formation may be found to come from the Dongying Formation, and the rest of them from the underlying Shahejie Formation. Thus it implies that the petroleum reserved in the Dongying Formation should also originate from the Shahejie Formation.