药物外排泵与生物被膜在微生物耐药机制中的相关性研究进展

生物被膜是介导微生物耐药与多重耐药的一大热点机制,涉及微生物的生长代谢、耐药基因等基因表型改变、群体感应系统的调控及药物外排泵等多重因素。耐药基因、药物外排泵与生物被膜在微生物耐药机制中,具有复杂而密切的相互影响。分别从生物被膜对药物外排泵、耐药基因的影响,药物外排泵对生物被膜的影响,以及药物外排泵和微生物生物被膜共同的调节因素,对近年来的相关研究进展作一综述。     

白念珠菌药物流出泵蛋白质的表达调节及其逆转剂与耐药的关系

白念珠菌Cdr1p和Cdr2p与耐药密切相关,对转运蛋白及其抑制剂的研究,是解决临床耐药的理论基础。该文介绍白念珠菌细胞膜流出泵蛋白的表达调节与耐药的关系,及对蛋向质逆转剂研究的新进展。     

大连市伤寒沙门菌耐药性及耐药基因分析

目的检测多重耐药伤寒沙门菌对抗菌药物的敏感性及其耐药基因携带情况,为伤寒沙门菌引起的腹泻治疗提供科学依据。方法采用微量肉汤稀释的方法测定大连地区临床分离的78株伤寒沙门菌对12种抗生素的敏感性;用PCR方法检测TEM型β内酰胺酶基因、catA和catB氯霉素乙酰基转移酶基因以及cmlA氯霉素外排泵蛋白基因、aac(6′)Ⅰb和aac3Ⅱ型氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因、qacEΔ1sul1耐消毒剂和磺胺基因、多重耐药外排基因acrB等8种耐药基因。结果78株沙门菌对12种药物有不同程度耐药(1.28%~74.35%)。得到9株多重耐药菌株,其中5株检出TEM型β内酰胺酶基因;7株耐氯霉素的伤寒沙门菌菌株中,2株仅检出catA基因,1株仅检出catB基因,1株仅检出cmlA氯霉素外排泵蛋白基因,2株同时检出catA基因和cmlA氯霉素外排泵蛋白基因;2株检出aac(6′)Ⅰb基因,1株检出aac3Ⅱ型氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因;4株检出耐消毒剂和磺胺基因qacEΔ1sul1;6株检出多重耐药外排基因acrB。结论大连地区临床分离的伤寒沙门菌存在严峻的耐药现象,多种耐药基因存在于耐药伤寒沙门菌中,可能是导致菌株对多种抗菌药物耐药的原因。     

乳腺癌耐药蛋白介导多重耐药机制及其逆转

近年发现的乳腺癌耐药蛋白属于ATP结合框转运体家族中的G亚家族,是主要的介导肿瘤细胞多药耐药机制的跨膜转运蛋白之一,在临床抗肿瘤治疗中具有重要的意义。本文综述了乳腺癌耐药蛋白的结构特点、表达特征,及其介导的肿瘤细胞多重耐药机制与逆转等方面的研究进展,并展望了今后的研究方向。     

ABC转运蛋白研究的新进展

ABC转运蛋白主要包括P-糖蛋白、多药耐药相关蛋白和乳腺癌耐药蛋白,它们属于同一家族,具有保守的功能结构域和多样化的生物学功能。ABC转运蛋白部分成员的过表达与肿瘤细胞的多药耐药性（MDR）密切相关,是导致化疗失败的主要原因。随着对MDR机制认识的深入,针对多药耐药蛋白的特异结构域已设计出多种形式的MDR逆转药物。近年来发现,ABC转运蛋白广泛存在于多种正常的组织和器官,参与药物和内、外源毒素的吸收、分布和排泄,行使解毒和防御保护的作用。因此,通过转植ABC转运蛋白基因有可能降低经济鱼类、虾等水产品中有毒污染物的积累。     

药物相关转运蛋白基因多态性的研究进展

药物相关转运蛋白不但与肿瘤多药耐药现象密切相关,而且在人体内广泛参与药物的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄等过程。其编码基因的单核苷酸多态性(singlenucleotidepolymorphism,SNP)位点变异可能与药物转运蛋白的表达、转运功能密切相关,决定了临床常见的个体/群体药物反应差异性。本文主要介绍了近年来有关药物相关转运蛋白SNP位点基因多态性,以及与临床常见表型相关性的研究。     

介导多药耐药的ABC转运蛋白超家族与MTX耐药性的关系研究

细胞耐药性的产生是导致肿瘤化疗失败的重要因素, 尤其是多药耐药是目前研究的一个重点。ABC转运蛋白超家族成员介导药物的外排, 与多药耐药密切相关。为了解该家族成员与MTX耐药的相关性, 进一步探讨MTX的耐药机制, 应用SuperArray基因芯片对MTX耐药前后编码ABC转运蛋白超家族成员的mdr1、mrp1、mrp2、mrp3、mrp5、mrp6和abcg2 7个基因进行检测, 并对MRP1和MRP5蛋白表达进行了验证。结果显示, 与MTX耐药性相关的ABC转运蛋白超家族成员主要为多药耐药相关蛋白, 其中mrp1和mrp5呈现高表达, 并且, 在MTX抗性细胞中, MRP5在mRNA及蛋白水平的表达均明显增强, 提示其在MTX耐药机制中起重要作用, 可能为潜在的药物作用靶点。     

植物蔗糖转运蛋白表达的调控因素与分子机制

植物光合作用的产物主要以蔗糖的形式在植物体内进行从源到库的运输。蔗糖转运蛋白是此过程的重要参与者,其表达和调控与植物中光合作用产物的分配紧密关联,从而调控着植物的生长发育、结果结实、抗逆抗病等性状。蔗糖转运蛋白的表达受到植物发育时期、外界环境条件及激素的影响。蔗糖转运蛋白的调控机制有转录因子的调节、基因内部序列调控、蛋白质的磷酸化、蛋白之间的相互作用及质子转运体的活性调节等。综述了国内外对蔗糖转运蛋白表达与活性的调控因素及机制等最新的研究内容,以期为从多角度上探索植物蔗糖转运蛋白的功能和调控机制提供相关研究信息和思路。     

淋病流行株外排系统与外膜通透性和多重耐药性的关系

探讨外排系统、外膜通透性与淋病流行株多重耐药性的关系。应用K—B法和琼脂稀释法从湛江地区分离出62株淋球菌多重耐药株。利用SDS—PAGE测定淋球菌外膜孔蛋白的表达;应用直接荧光法测定能量抑制剂加入前后淋球菌对抗生素的摄入和积累情况,比较耐药菌与敏感菌内膜泵蛋白表达的差异;利用煮沸法提取细菌DNA,PCR扩增mtrR基因,并对扩增产物测序,比较敏感株与多重耐药株的差异。结果5株多重耐药菌均有外膜孔蛋白表达的缺失或下降,同时伴有外排泵蛋白的表达;5株敏感淋球菌无mtrR的突变,10株多重耐药株均有mtrR基因的突变。表明外排系统、外膜通透性与淋病流行株的多重耐药性密切相关。     

利用CRISPR-Cas系统防控细菌耐药性的研究进展

细菌多重耐药是医药健康、农林牧渔、生态环境等多领域共同面临的全球性挑战.抗生素耐药基因跨物种跨区域传播是导致细菌多重耐药形成的重要原因.然而,目前尚无有效方案解决日益严峻的细菌多重耐药问题.由规律成簇间隔短回文重复序列和与之相关的蛋白组成的CRISPR-Cas系统,可靶向切割进入细菌的外源核酸,具有防控耐药基因转移导致...     

bmr3, a third multidrug transporter gene of Bacillus subtilis.

A third multidrug transporter gene named bmr3 was cloned from Bacillus subtilis. Although Bmr3 shows relatively low homology to Bmr and Blt, the substrate specificities of these three transporters overlap. Northern hybridization analysis showed that expression of the bmr3 gene was dependent on the growth phase.     

Characterization of novel Brown midrib 6 mutations affecting lignin biosynthesis in sorghum

The presence of lignin reduces the quality of lignocellulosic biomass for forage materials and feedstock for biofuels. In C4 grasses,the brown midrib phenotype has been linked to mutations to genes in the monolignol biosynthesis pathway. For example,the Bmr6 gene in sorghum(Sorghum bicolor) has been previously shown to encode cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase(CAD),which catalyzes the final step of the monolignol biosynthesis pathway. Mutations in this gene have been shown to reduce the abundance of lignin,enhance digestibility,and improve saccharification efficiencies and ethanol yields. Nine sorghum lines harboring five different bmr6 alleles were identified in an EMS-mutagenized TILLING population. DNA sequencing of Bmr6 revealed that the majority of the mutations impacted evolutionarily conserved amino acids while three-dimensional structural modeling predicted that all of these alleles interfered with the enzyme's ability to bind with its NADPH cofactor. All of the new alleles reduced in vitro CAD activity levels and enhanced glucose yields following saccharification. Further,many of these lines were associated with higher reductions in acid detergent lignin compared to lines harboring the previously characterized bmr6-ref allele. These bmr6 lines represent new breeding tools for manipulating biomass composition to enhance forage and feedstock quality.     

Identification and Characterization of Four Missense Mutations in Brown midrib 12 (Bmr12), the Caffeic O-Methyltranferase (COMT) of Sorghum

Modifying lignin content and composition are targets to improve bioenergy crops for cellulosic conversion to biofuels. In sorghum and other C4 grasses, the brown midrib mutants have been shown to reduce lignin content and alter its composition. Bmr12 encodes the sorghum caffeic O-methyltransferase, which catalyzes the penultimate step in monolignol biosynthesis. From an EMS-mutagenized TILLING population, four bmr12 mutants were isolated. DNA sequencing identified the four missense mutations in the Bmr12 coding region, which changed evolutionarily conserved amino acids Ala71Val, Pro150Leu, Gly225Asp, and Gly325Ser. The previously characterized bmr12 mutants all contain premature stop codons. These newly identified mutants, along with the previously characterized bmr12-ref, represent the first allelic series of bmr12 mutants available in the same genetic background. The impacts of these newly identified mutations on protein accumulation, enzyme activity, Klason lignin content, lignin subunit composition, and saccharification yield were determined. Gly225Asp mutant greatly reduced protein accumulation, and Pro150Leu and Gly325Ser greatly impaired enzyme activity compared to wild type (WT). All four mutants significantly reduced Klason lignin content and altered lignin composition resulting in a significantly reduced S/G ratio relative to WT, but the overall impact of these mutations was less severe than bmr12-ref. Except for Gly325Ser, which is a hypomorphic mutant, all mutants increased the saccharification yield relative to WT. These mutants represent new tools to decrease lignin content and S/G ratio, possibly leading toward the ability to tailor lignin content and composition in the bioenergy grass sorghum.     

Brown midrib2 (Bmr2) encodes the major 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase involved in lignin biosynthesis in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)

Successful modification of plant cell-wall composition without compromising plant integrity is dependent on being able to modify the expression of specific genes, but this can be very challenging when the target genes are members of multigene families. 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL) catalyzes the formation of 4-coumaroyl CoA, a precursor of both flavonoids and monolignols, and is an attractive target for transgenic down-regulation aimed at improving agro-industrial properties. Inconsistent phenotypes of transgenic plants have been attributed to variable levels of down-regulation of multiple 4CL genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the sorghum genome revealed 24 4CL(-like) proteins, five of which cluster with bona fide 4CLs from other species. Using a map-based cloning approach and analysis of two independent mutant alleles, the sorghum brown midrib2 (bmr2) locus was shown to encode 4CL. In vitro enzyme assays indicated that its preferred substrate is 4-coumarate. Missense mutations in the two bmr2 alleles result in loss of 4CL activity, probably as a result of improper folding as indicated by molecular modeling. Bmr2 is the most highly expressed 4CL in sorghum stems, leaves and roots, both at the seedling stage and in pre-flowering plants, but the products of several paralogs also display 4CL activity and compensate for some of the lost activity. The contribution of the paralogs varies between developmental stages and tissues. Gene expression assays indicated that Bmr2 is under auto-regulatory control, as reduced 4CL activity results in over-expression of the defective gene. Several 4CL paralogs are also up-regulated in response to the mutation.