烟草曲茎病毒Y128分离物及伴随卫星的分子鉴定

从云南保山田问表现曲叶症状的烟草植株上分离到病毒分离物Y128,病株在实验室可经烟粉虱（Bemisia tabaci）传播到健康烟草上。分别用针对烟草曲茎病毒（TbCSV）、云南烟草曲叶病毒（TLCYNV）、中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒（TYLCCNV）及泰国番茄黄化曲叶病毒（TYLCTHV）等田间常复合侵染的云南粉虱传双生病毒的特异性引物对Y128 DNA-A进行PCR扩增,结果表明Y128是烟草曲茎病毒（TbCSV）的1个分离物。利用DNAβ的特异性引物1301和1302,在Y128中扩增到卫星DNA分子（Y128β）。对Y128进行DNAβ全序列测定及分析表明,Y128β拿长1350个核苷酸,其互补链上编码1个有功能的ORF（βC1）。Y128β的全序列与TbCSV各个分离物的卫星分子（Y2β、Y35β和Y115β）的同源性最高,分别为85．2％、94．3％和88％;与其它已报道的卫星DNAβ的同源性均低于56．1％。     

中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒DNAβ缺失突变体与异源病毒的互作研究

与一些单组份双生病毒伴随的卫星DNAβ是辅助病毒在自然寄主上引起典型症状所必需的致病相关分子。迄今发现的所有DNAβ分子在互补链上都含有一个位置和大小保守的βC1基因。对中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒的缺失βC1基因的DNAβ突变体(DNAΔC1β)与异源病毒接种后的致病性及稳定性进行了研究。PCR和Southern杂交证实该突变体能利用赛葵黄脉病毒、烟草曲茎病毒、中国胜红蓟黄脉病毒、假马鞭曲叶病毒等多种异源双生病毒复制并系统侵染本氏烟。接种后65 d内的PCR检测和序列分析显示,该突变体与其它辅助双生病毒接种后在寄主细胞中的复制是稳定的。     

烟草曲茎病毒Y128分离物及伴随卫星的分子鉴定*

从云南保山田间表现曲叶症状的烟草植株上分离到病毒分离物Y128,病株在实验室可经烟粉虱(Bemisiatabaci)传播到健康烟草上。分别用针对烟草曲茎病毒(TbCSV)、云南烟草曲叶病毒(TLCYNV)、中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒(TYLCCNV)及泰国番茄黄化曲叶病毒(TYLCTHV)等田间常复合侵染的云南粉虱传双生病毒的特异性引物对Y128DNA-A进行PCR扩增,结果表明Y128是烟草曲茎病毒(TbCSV)的1个分离物。利用DNAβ的特异性引物β01和β02,在Y128中扩增到卫星DNA分     

侵染广西烟草的中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒及其伴随的卫星DNA分子的基因组特征

从中国广西靖西的烟草病株上分离到病毒分离物G102和G103,用双生病毒特异性引物均扩增出约500bp的片段,两者序列同源性达99%。对G102基因组DNA-A全序列测定表明,其全长为2728个核苷酸,与中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒(TYLCCNV)同源性最高,达96.5%。进一步研究发现,G102和G103都伴随有长为1342个核苷酸的卫星DNA分子(DNAβ),这两个DNAβ分子的全序列与TYLCCNV的DNAβ同源性最高,分别为92.9%和93.4%。这是首次明确广西分离的TYLCCNV也伴随有卫星分子。     

绒毛烟斑驳病毒卫星RNA的一种突变体的初步研究

用电泳检测VTMoV88感染绒毛烟后病毒特异性核酸组份,发现核酸的小分子RNA(卫星RNA)组成发生变化。提纯的病毒通过电镜观察及血清学鉴定并与VTMoV加以比较,证明两者在颗粒形态、大小及血清学关系上一致。以克隆的VTMoV—RNA3 cDNA片断为探针检测VTMonV与VTMoV88卫星RNA分子之间的核苷酸序列同源性,结果显示出两种毒源的卫星RNA具有高度同源性。据此,推测VTMoV88可能是卫星RNA发生变异的突变体,并对VTMoV 83卫星RNA突变体形成机制进行了初步探讨。     

从烟草上分离的中国番茄曲叶病毒及其卫星DNA全基因组结构特征

本研究从具有典型曲叶病症状的广西靖西烟草病植株上分离到病毒分离物JX-2,全基因组序列测定结果表明,JX-2 DNA-A 全长2 738个核苷酸,共编码6个开放阅读框架(open reading frames,ORFs),其中病毒链编码AV1 (CP)和AV2两个ORFs,互补链编码AC1、AC2、AC3和AC4 共4个ORFs.BLAST结果表明,JX-2 DNA-A与中国番茄曲叶病毒(Tomato leaf curl China virus,ToLCCNV)各分离物的相似性在93.0%~99.7%之间,其中与ToLCCNV广西番茄分离物ToLCCNV-G32的相似性最高,达99.7%,而与其它双生病毒的同源性均在88.0%以下,表明JX-2是ToLCCNV的一个分离物.基于JX-2和已报道的双生病毒属代表种DNA-A全基因组核苷酸序列构建的系统进化树显示,JX-2与ToLCCNV-G32分离物的亲缘关系最近,并与ToLCCNV其它分离物形成一个分支,而与其它10种双生病毒的亲缘关系均相对较远.利用双生病毒卫星DNAβ的特异性引物β01/β02在JX-2样品中扩增到DNAβ分子(JX-2β),全长为1 341个核苷酸,其互补链编码1个ORF (即βC1),并包含一个富含A序列和一个卫星病毒保守序列.序列分析表明,JX-2β与ToLCCNV伴随的DNAβ的相似性在91.0%~96.1%之间,其中与ToLCCNV-G61DNAβ和ToLCCNV-G18 DNAβ的相似性最高(96.1%),与其它卫星DNAβ的相似性均低于61.8%.基于JX-2β全基因组核苷酸序列构建的系统进化关系树显示,JX-2β与ToLCCNV G61分离物伴随的DNAβ亲缘关系最近,并形成一个独立的分支,再与ToLCCNV 其余两个分离物伴随的DNAβ形成一个较大的分支.这是首次报道从烟草中分离到的中国番茄曲叶病毒及其伴随卫星DNA分子的全基因组结构特征.     

木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒基因重组和缺失产生DNAβ相关的新型小分子

【目的】棉花曲叶病是棉花生产上的一种重要的病毒病害,在巴基斯坦和印度等国家地区大面积流行,造成严重的经济损失。近年在中国广西南宁的棉花田间发现了棉花曲叶病害,在广西的黄秋葵中也发生了曲叶病,二者的病原均为木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒(Cotton Leaf Curl Multan Virus,CLCuMV),为了对这2个病害有更深的了解,本文对该双生病毒伴随的DNA小分子进行测序分析。【方法】分别从广西南宁地区感染CLCuMV的3棵棉花和3棵黄秋葵中提取总DNA,用CLCuMV DNAβ的特异引物进行PCR扩增,将产物分离纯化并克隆测序,进行序列比对分析。【结果】从棉花曲叶病害中分离得到了1384 nt的新型重组DNA分子,以及从黄秋葵曲叶病害中分离得到了754 nt的新型缺失型DNA分子。研究结果表明1384 nt重组分子是由CLCuMV GX1的DNA-A和DNAβ重组而成。重组分子大部分来源于CLCuMV的DNA-A,包含基因间隔区,附近的部分AV2和AC1基因,以及反向互补的部分AC3基因。其余部分来源于伴随的DNAβ,包含A-rich区域。分析拼接片段的附近序列,发现接头部分含有2-3个共同碱基,推测为重组作用发生的位点。与以前报道的在实验室中产生的CLCuMV重组分子进行比较显示,DNA-A的基因间隔区和DNAβ的A-rich区在重组过程中非常保守。另外,754 nt的重组小分子是由CLCuMV Okra1 DNAβ缺失突变产生,缺失了大部分的编码C1蛋白开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame,ORF)以及小部分的A-rich区。【结论】本研究在自然条件下分离到了来源于CLCuMV和卫星DNAβ的重组分子,以及DNAβ缺陷型分子。这2种重组小分子以前未见报道,这也是在中国发现的棉花曲叶病毒中首次发现重组分子。这种基因组变异现象在棉花曲叶病毒的进化和寄主适应过程中可能有重要的意义。     

小麦芽依赖于DNA的RNA聚合酶Ⅱ不能转录绒毛烟斑驳病毒及其拟病毒

小麦芽经过匀浆、沉淀、高速及超速离心、透析以及DE_(52)离子交换层析等步骤,纯化小麦芽依赖于DNA的RNA聚合酶。用α-鹅膏蕈碱抑制试验,证明得到RNA聚合酶Ⅱ。用此聚合酶Ⅱ组建的体外转录体系的研究结果表明,绒毛烟斑驳病毒的拟病毒和卫星RNA(黄瓜花叶病毒相关RNA_3)都不能利用该体系进行转录,类病毒PSTV可进行转录,但转录效率明显低于小牛胸腺DNA;α-鹅膏簟碱可抑制类病毒的转录。绒毛烟斑驳病毒拟病毒和卫星RNA都不能被转录,表明他们的复制方法与类病毒不同。     

侵染稀硷的中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒及其卫星DNA全基因组结构特征

从云南红河稀硷上分离到病毒分离物Y64,全序列测定表明,Y64 DNA_A全长2730个核苷酸。基因组比较发现,Y64 DNA_A与中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒Y38分离物（TYLCCNV_［Y38］）同源性最高（99％）,与中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒广西分离物（TYLCCNV）的同源性次之（96％）,而与亚洲地区的其它双生病毒的同源性均在83％以下, 表明稀硷上的分离物Y64是TYLCCNV的1个分离物。利用DNAβ的特异性引物beta01和beta02,在病毒分离物Y64中扩增到卫星DNA分子（Y64β）。序列分析表明,Y64β全长1340个核苷酸,至少在其互补链上编码1个有功能的ORF（C1）。Y64β的全序列与TYLCCNV的各个分离物的卫星分子（Y38β、Y36β和Y8β）的同源性最高,分别为99.5％、99.5％和99.3％;与其它已报道的卫星DNAβ的同源性均低于66.4％。系统关系树研究表明,卫星DNAβ分子与其辅助病毒是共同进化的。     

侵染朱槿的木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒及其卫星DNA全基因组结构特征

从广州朱槿上分离到病毒分离物G6,全序列测定结果表明,G6 DNA-A全长为2 737个核苷酸.序列比较显示,G6 DNA-A与木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒(CLCuMV)各分离物的同源率均大于89%,其中与CLCuMV-[62]的同源率最高(96.1%),与拉贾斯坦棉花曲叶病毒(CLCuRV)的同源率87.1%～89.8%,而与其他菜豆金色花叶病毒属病毒同源率均在87%以下.DNA-A系统进化关系分析显示,G6与CLCuMV各分离物的亲缘关系最近,聚在一起形成一个分支,而与其他几种双生病毒的亲缘关系相对较远.利用DNAβ特异引物β01和β02,从G6中扩增到卫星DNA分子(DNAβ).序列分析结果表明,G6 DNAβ全长1 346个核苷酸,推导其互补链上编码一个ORF(C1).序列比较结果表明,G6 DNAβ与CLCuMV DNAβ的同源率最高(92.1%),与CLCuRV DNAβ的同源率为88.7%,而与其他已报道的DNAβ的同源率均在80%以下.DNAβ系统进化关系分析显示,G6 DNAβ与CLCuMV DNAβ形成一个独立的分支,再与CLCuRV及MYVV-[Y47]的DNAβ形成一个较大分支.从上述研究结果可以得出,侵染广东朱槿的病毒分离物G6应该是CLCuMV一个分离物.     

Interaction between a Nanovirus-like Component and the Tobacco Curly Shoot Virus／Satellite Complex

The biological role of DNA1, a nanovirus-like component shown to be associated with the begomovirus/satellite complex, has not yet been identified. Here, we demonstrated that DNA1 of Tobacco curly shoot virus isolate Y35 (TbCSV-Y35) attenuated leaf-curling symptoms induced by TbCSV-Y35 or TbCSV-Y35 plus Y35 DNAβ in the early stage of symptom development and induced leaf cluster at a later stage of symptom development in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The leaf disc assay demonstrated that TbCSV-Y35 DNA1 replicated autonomously. Southern blot analysis revealed that TbCSV-Y35 DNA1 reduced viral DNA accumulation. Viral DNA accumulation was not reduced when plants were co-inoculated with TbCSV-Y35 DNAβ, but the TbCSV-Y35 DNAβ level was dramatically reduced in the presence of TbCSV-Y35 DNA1. To determine whether the interaction between TbCSV/satellite complex and DNA1 had isolate specificity, DNA1 of TbCSV isolate Y132 was cloned and sequenced. It was found to have 75% nucleotide sequence identity with TbCSV-Y35 DNA1. Infectivity tests showed that TbCSV-Y132 DNA1 had no effect on the symptoms induced by TbCSV-Y35 or TbCSV-Y35 and Y35 DNAβ in N. benthamiana plants, although Y 132 DNA1 could replicate in these plants.     

A modified viral satellite DNA that suppresses gene expression in plants

DNAbeta is a type of single-stranded (ss) circular satellite DNA found in association with monopartite-genome begomoviruses, such as Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus isolate Y10 (TYLCCNV-Y10). Y10 DNAbeta is required for symptom expression in plants but depends on TYLCCNV-Y10 genomic DNA (DNA-A) for replication and encapsidation. When we converted DNAbeta into a gene-silencing vector (modified DNAbeta (DNAmbeta)) by replacing its C1 open-reading frame (ORF) with a multiple cloning site (MCS), it was replicated but no longer induced symptoms in association with TYLCCNV-Y10 DNA-A, so allowing the effects of gene inserts to be recognized easily. Insertion into DNAmbeta of sequences from any of the three host genes (proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), phytoene desaturase (PDS), and sulfur (Su)), or from a transgene (green fluorescent protein (GFP)), resulted in silencing of the cognate gene in Nicotiana benthamiana. The silencing persisted for more than a month and was associated with decreased levels of mRNA of the gene targeted. Although DNAmbeta probably does not enter meristematic tissue, the PCNA gene could be silenced there. DNAmbeta was an effective silencing vector in tested N. glutinosa, N. tabacum Samsun (NN or nn), and Lycopersicon esculentum plants, and was able to silence two genes simultaneously. This satellite DNA vector-based form of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) promises to be applicable to other begomovirus/DNAbeta systems, which are recently reported to occur in several dicotyledonous crop species, thereby providing a powerful approach to gene discovery and the analysis of gene function in these crops.     

Molecular variation of satellite DNA beta molecules associated with Malvastrum yellow vein virus and their role in pathogenicity

Previous studies have found that the diversity of begomovirus-associated DNA beta satellites is related to host and geographical origin. In this study, we have cloned and sequenced 20 different isolates of DNA beta molecules associated with Malvastrum yellow vein virus (MYVV) isolated from Malvastrum coromandelianum plants in different geographical locations of Yunnan Province, China. Analyses of their molecular variation indicate that the satellites are clustered together according to their geographical location but that they have only limited sequence diversity. Infectivity tests using infectious clones of MYVV and its associated DNA beta molecule indicate that MYVV DNA beta is indispensable for symptom induction in Nicotiana benthamiana, N. glutinosa, Petunia hybrida, and M. coromandelianum plants. Furthermore, we showed that MYVV interacts functionally with heterologous DNA beta molecules in N. benthamiana plants.     

Efficient virus-induced gene silencing in plants using a modified geminivirus DNA1 component

Virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) is currently recognized as a powerful reverse genetics tool for application in functional genomics. DNA1, a satellite‐like and single‐stranded DNA molecule associated with begomoviruses (Family Geminiviridae), has been shown to replicate autonomously but requires the helper virus for its dissemination. We developed a VIGS vector based on the DNA1 component of tobacco curly shoot virus (TbCSV), a monopartite begomovirus, by inserting a multiple cloning site between the replication‐associated protein open reading frame and the A‐rich region for subsequent insertion of DNA fragments of genes targeted for silencing. When a host gene (sulphur, Su) or transgene (green fluorescent protein, GFP) was inserted into the modified DNA1 vector and co‐agroinoculated with TbCSV, efficient silencing of the cognate gene was observed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. More interestingly, we demonstrated that this modified DNA1 could effectively suppress GFP in transgenic N. benthamiana or endogenous Su in tobacco plants when co‐agroinoculated with tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV), another monopartite begomovirus that does not induce any viral symptoms. A gene‐silencing system in Nicotiana spp., Solanum lycopersicum and Petunia hybrida plants was then established using TYLCCNV and the modified DNA1 vector. The system can be used to silence genes involved in meristem and flower development. The modified DNA1 vector was used to silence the AtTOM homologous genes (NbTOM1 and NbTOM3) in N. benthamiana. Silencing of NbTOM1 or NbTOM3 can reduce tobamovirus multiplication to a lower level, and silencing of both genes simultaneously can completely inhibit tobamovirus multiplication. Previous studies have reported that DNA1 is associated with both monopartite and bipartite begomoviruses, as well as curtoviruses. This vector system can therefore be applied for the study, analysis and discovery of gene function in a variety of important crop plants.     

A Begomovirus DNAbeta-encoded protein binds DNA, functions as a suppressor of RNA silencing, and targets the cell nucleus

Our previous results demonstrated that the DNAbeta satellite (Y10beta) associated with Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus Y10 isolate (TYLCCNV-Y10) is essential for induction of leaf curl symptoms in plants and that transgenic expression of its betaC1 gene in Nicotiana plants induces virus-like symptoms. In the present study, in vitro DNA binding activity of the betaC1 proteins of Y10beta and DNAbeta (Y35beta) found in the Tobacco curly shoot virus Y35 isolate (TbCSV-Y35) were studied following their expression as six-His fusion proteins in Escherichia coli. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and UV cross-linking experiments revealed that betaC1 proteins could bind both single-stranded and double-stranded DNA without size or sequence specificity. Suppression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene silencing was observed with the new leaves of GFP-expressing Nicotiana benthamiana plants coinoculated by TYLCCNV-Y10 plus Y10beta or by TbCSV-Y35 plus Y35beta. In a patch agroinfiltration assay, the transiently expressed betaC1 gene of Y10beta or Y35beta was able to suppress host RNA silencing activities and permitted the accumulation of high levels of GFP mRNA in the infiltrated leaf patches of GFP transgenic N. benthamiana plants. The betaC1 protein of Y10beta accumulated primarily in the nuclei of plant and insect cells when fused with beta-glucuronidase or GFP and immunogold labeling showed that the betaC1 protein is present in the nuclei of infected N. benthamiana plants. A mutant version of Y10beta carrying the mutations within the putative nuclear localization sequence of the Y10 betaC1 protein failed to induce disease symptoms, suppress RNA silencing, or accumulate in the nucleus, suggesting that nuclear localization of the betaC1 protein is a key requirement for symptom induction and silencing suppression.     

Molecular characterization of tomato leaf curl China virus, infecting tomato plants in China, and functional analyses of its associated betasatellite

A novel tomato-infecting begomovirus from Guangxi province, China, was identified and characterized, for which the name Tomato leaf curl China virus (ToLCCNV) was proposed. Phylogenetic and recombination analyses of the virus genomic sequences suggested that ToLCCNV may have arisen by recombination among Tomato leaf curl Vietnam virus (ToLCVV), Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus (ToLCGV), and an unknown virus. A betasatellite molecule was found to be associated with ToLCCNV (ToLCCNB), and its complete nucleotide sequences were determined. Infectious clones of ToLCCNV and ToLCCNB were constructed and then used for agro-inoculation of plants; ToLCCNV alone infected Nicotiana benthamiana, Nicotiana glutinosa, Petunia hybrida, and Solanum lycopersicum plants, but no symptoms were induced. ToLCCNB was required for induction of leaf curl disease in these hosts. The βC1 protein of ToLCCNB was identified as a suppressor of RNA silencing and accumulated primarily in the nucleus. Deletion mutagenesis of βC1 showed that the central part of βC1 (amino acids 44 to 74) was responsible for both the suppressor activity and nuclear localization.     

黄瓜花叶病毒卫星RNA XJs1侵染性cDNA克隆构建及其生物学功能初步研究

利用RT_PCR的方法,获得了黄瓜花叶病毒卫星RNA XJs1的全长侵染性cDNA克隆pMSC20。序列分析显示,XJs1全长384nt(GenBank登录号:DQ070748),比较XJs1与具有代表性的CMV卫星RNA的序列结构表明,在XJs1核苷酸序列的325nt~350nt间,具有典型的坏死型卫星RNA保守序列。通过体外转录,将XJs1与不含卫星RNA的辅助病毒分离物CMV_AH组合接种普通烟和心叶烟并进行检测。初步研究结果表明,XJs1为一致弱卫星RNA。     

A spontaneous mutation in the movement protein gene of brome mosaic virus modulates symptom phenotype in Nicotiana benthamiana.

Brome mosaic virus (BMV) is a positive-strand RNA virus with a multipartite genome that causes symptomless infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. We have isolated and characterized a strain of BMV that produced uniform vein chlorosis in systemically infected N. benthamiana. Analysis of pseudorecombinants constructed by exchanging RNA 1 and 2 and RNA 3 components between wild-type (non-symptom-inducing) and vein chlorosis-inducing strains of BMV indicated that the genetic determinant for the induction of the chlorotic phenotype is located on RNA 3. Sequence analysis of progeny RNA 3 recovered from symptomatic N. benthamiana plants revealed that vein chlorosis is due to the single nucleotide transition 887G-->887A, which changes the codon for Val-266 to Ile-266 in the movement protein gene. The mutation had no detectable effect on the accumulation of virus in either inoculated or systematically infected leaves of N. benthamiana. The vein chlorosis phenotype is the manifestation of the substitution of Ile-266 for Val-266 in the movement protein gene, since additional alterations in this region (a silent mutation, i.e., 887GUU889-->GUC, and an alteration of valine to phenylalanine, i.e., 887GUU889-->887UUU889) resulted in symptomless infections on N. benthamiana. The modulation of the symptom phenotype by the substitution of Ile-266 for Val-266 is specific for N. benthamiana, since neither movement nor the symptom phenotype in barley plants was affected.     

Prokaryotic expression of pathogenesis related protein 1 gene from Nicotiana benthamiana: antifungal activity and preparation of its polyclonal antibody

The nucleotide sequence of the pathogenesis-related protein 1(PR-1) gene was obtained from Nicotiana benthamiana using RT-PCR. Restriction enzyme cutting sites of EcoRI and NotI were introduced to the ORF fragments of PR-1, they were then linked together with pET-30a (+) and transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3). The target protein was induced by 1.5?mM IPTG, at 37°C for 4?h. The expressed protein was purified by Ni-NTA and an anti-NbPR-1 polyclonal antibody was prepared using rabbits. The antibody could detect the expression of PR-1 in N. benthamiana and other Nicotiana plants. NbPR-1 protein has four α-helices and two β-sheets by homology modeling. Furthermore, the purified NbPR-1 protein exhibited a broad-spectrum antifungal activity.