A rapid purification of T4 polynucleotide kinase using Blue Dextran-Sepharose chromatography.

A rapid batch procedure is described for purification of T4 polynucleotide kinase (ATP:5'-dephosphopolynucleotide 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.78) to near homogeneity using Blue Dextran-Sepharose chromatography. The enzyme preparation is sufficiently free of contaminating endonuclease and alkaline phosphatase activities to be suitable for radioactively labeling nucleic acids in vitro. Kinetic measurements indicate that the chromophore of Blue Dextran, Cibacron Blue F3GA, inhibits the activity of T4 polynucleotide kinase competitively with respect to single stranded DNA substrate and non-competitively with respect to the rATP substrate.     

Hazards in the use of Cibacron Blue F3GA in studies of proteins.

Cibacron Blue F3GA from several commercial sources is shown to be heterogeneous. This crude dye inactivates both phosphoglycerate kinase and isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. Purification of Cibacron Blue F3GA to homogeneity results in a dramatic decrease in inactivation of these enzymes. The inactivation is shown to be due to covalent modification of phosphoglycerate kinase and probably isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase by a minor component present in crude Cibacron Blue F3GA.     

Pig heart nucleosidediphosphate kinase. Phosphorylation and interaction with Cibacron blue 3GA

The nucleosidediphosphate kinase phosphorylation reaction led to the incorporation of 0.95 +/- 0.1 phosphate groups per enzyme subunit. The equilibrium constant of the phosphorylation reaction was 0.26. The inhibition of the nucleosidediphosphate kinase activity by Cibacron blue 3GA was competitive with respect to ATP, the donor nucleotide (apparent Ki = 0.28 microM) and uncompetitive with respect to 8-bromoinosine 5'-diphosphate, the acceptor nucleotide (apparent Ki = 0.31 microM). By difference spectroscopy it was shown that each enzyme subunit bound one Cibacron blue 3GA molecule, whereas the phosphorylated enzyme had no affinity for the dye. ATP was an effective competitor, being able to displace the dye from its bound state. The complex behaviour noted was taken as evidence for cooperative interaction between the enzyme subunits. The data obtained using polarographic techniques agreed with these results.     

Effect of anthraquinone dyes and evaluation of the kinetic mechanism of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase.

Cibacron Blue 3G-A (CB3G-A, I) was investigated as a ternary complex analogue of lactate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase as had been suggested earlier (Stellwagen, E. (1977) Accts. Chem. Res. 10, 92-98). CB3G-A and Procion Brilliant Blue (PBB, II), a structural isomer of the Cibacron dye without the sulfonated benzoyl moiety, were attached covalently to Sepharose CL-6B. The two enzymes were adsorbed to the columns and then eluted by substrates in various combinations. CB3G-A and PBB interact similarly with the two enzymes in spite of the structural differences between the dyes indicating that the specific structure of CB3G-A is not a ternary complex analogue. Inhibition studies of phosphoglycerate kinase by CB3G-A suggest that 2 molecules of dye bind per monomer and are consistent with multiple substrate binding sites. It is suggested that the kinetic mechanism of phosphoglycerate kinase is best described as steady state random.     

Isoleucyl transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase. Competitive inhibition with respect to transfer ribonucleic acid by blue dextran.

The inhibitory effects of blue dextran and a small dye molecule derived from it (F3GA-OH) on the steady-state reaction catalyzed by Escherichia coli isoleucy-tRNA synthetase have been studied. Blue dextran gave uncompetitive inhibition with respect to Mg.ATP, mixed inhibition with respect to L-isoleucine, and competitive inhibition with respect to tRNA. The small dye molecule (F3GA-OH) was also competitive with respect to tRNA. These inhibition patterns were not consistent with the bi-uni-uni-bi Ping Pong mechanism generally accepted for aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. They were consistent with a mechanism in which a second L-isoleucine is bound after isoleucyl-AMP synthesis and before transfer of the isoleucyl moiety to tRNA. Enzyme-bound L-isoleucine lowered the affinity of the enzyme for blue dextran approximately fivefold, a value comparable to the ninefold lowering of the enzyme's affinity for tRNA upon binding L-isoleucine. The affinity of the synthetase for F3GA-OH (K1 = 1.0 X 10(-7) M) is approximately fivefold higher than its affinity for blue dextran (K1 = 5.3 X 10(-7) M). These results indicate that blue dextran and its derivatives may be useful for kinetic and physical studies of polynucleotide binding sites on proteins as well as NAD and ATP sites.     

Substrate binding to phosphoglycerate kinase monitored by 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate

The interaction between 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) and yeast phosphoglycerate kinase (ATP:3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.3) and the use of ANS as a probe for studying the structure and function of phosphoglycerate kinase has been investigated. The interaction has been studied by kinetic methods, equilibrium dialysis, and fluorometric titrations. ANS inhibits the activity of the enzyme. More than one inhibitor site exists. ANS is competitive with MgATP and noncompetitive with 3-phosphoglycerate at the first detected inhibitor binding site. The Ki value is 1-2 mM. Several ANS molecules bind to the enzyme. By fluorometric titrations the first detected site has a dissociation constant that is in the same range as Ki or bigger. When ANS interacts with phosphoglycerate kinase its fluorescence is increased and a blue shift occurs. ANS appears to bind to a strongly hydrophobic site. The fluorescence is sensitive to the addition of substrates. ADP, ATP, or combinations of Mg2+ and nucleotide decreases the fluorescence as does free Mg2+. 3-Phosphoglycerate, on the other hand, increases the fluorescence giving evidence for conformational changes upon 3-phosphoglycerate binding.     

A differential scanning calorimetric study of the binding of sulfate ion and of Cibacron blue F3GA to yeast phosphoglycerate kinase

In continuation of earlier work [Hu, C. Q., & Sturtevant, J.M. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 178-182], differential scanning calorimetry has been employed in a study of the effects on the thermal denaturation of yeast phosphoglycerate kinase of two inhibitors of the enzyme, sulfate ion and the dye Cibracron blue F3GA. Sulfate ion, as is usual with ligands that dissociate during unfolding of the host protein, raises t1/2, the temperature of half-completion of the denaturation, has only a modest effect, stemming from the enthalpy of dissociation of the ligand, on the enthalpy of denaturation, and has little or no effect on the heat capacity change resulting from denaturation. In sharp contrast, Cibacron blue F3GA lowers t1/2 and drastically decreases both the enthalpy and heat capacity changes due to denaturation. The DSC results with sulfate ion are consistent with previous kinetic data [Scopes, R. K. (1978) Eur. J. Biochem. 91, 119-129; Khamis, M. H., & Larsson-Raznikiewicz, M. (1981) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 657, 190-194], which indicate two binding sites for sulfate ion at one of which the ligand acts as a competitive inhibitor. The results with Cibacron blue F3GA indicate that the dye induces a major destabilizing structural change in the enzyme in addition to rendering it enzymically inactive.     

Large-scale preparation of phosphoglycerate kinase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae using Cibacron Blue-Sepharose 4B pseudoaffinity chromatography.

A reproducible procedure for the large-scale preparation of phosphoglycerate kinase frombaker's yeast is described. This method includes autolysis of dried yeast in 0.75 m ammonia, heat treatment, ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Cibacron blue 3 G-A-Sepharose 4B pseudoaffinity chromatography, and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. Approximately 1.7 g of homogeneous phosphoglycerate kinase can be obtained from 1 kg of air-dried bakers' yeast (yield 52%, specific activity 890 units/mg at 25°C). In a few cases further purification was achieved by reversible salting out on Sepharose CL-4B, hydroxylapatite chromatography, or ATP-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. Differences in the preparation of phosphoglycerate kinase from yeast with those from pig liver and pig muscle are discussed, especially concerning the interaction of the three enzymes with the chromophores of Cibacron blue- and dextran blue-Sepharose.     

Isolation of chloroplastic phosphoglycerate kinase : kinetics of the two-enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase couple

We report here a method for the isolation of high specific activity phosphoglycerate kinase (EC 2.7.2.3) from chloroplasts. The enzyme has been purified over 200-fold from pea (Pisum sativum L.) stromal extracts to apparent homogeneity with 23% recovery. Negative cooperativity is observed with the two enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase/glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.13) couple restored from the purified enzymes when NADPH is the reducing pyridine nucleotide, consistent with earlier results obtained with crude chloroplastic extracts (J Macioszek, LE Anderson [1987] Biochim Biophys Acta 892: 185-190). Michaelis Menten kinetics are observed when 3-phosphoglycerate is held constant and phosphoglycerate kinase is varied, which suggests that phosphoglycerate kinase-bound 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate may be the preferred substrate for glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase in the chloroplast.     

1H and 51V NMR studies of the interaction of vanadate and 2-vanadio-3-phosphoglycerate with phosphoglycerate mutase.

The formation of complexes of vanadate with 2-phosphoglycerate and 3-phosphoglycerate have been studied using 51V nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Signals attributed to two 2,3-diphosphoglycerate analogues, 2-vanadio-3-phosphoglycerate and 2-phospho-3-vanadioglycerate, were detected but were not fully resolved from signals of inorganic vanadate and the anhydride formed between vanadate and the phosphate ester moieties of the individual phosphoglycerates. Equilibrium constants for formation of the two 2,3-bisphosphate analogues were estimated as 2.5 M-1 for 2-vanadio-3-phosphoglycerate and 0.2 M-1 for 2-phospho-3-vanadioglycerate. The results of the binding study are fully consistent with non-cooperativity in the binding of vanadiophosphoglycerate to the two active sites of phosphoglycerate mutase (PGM). 2-Vanadio-3-phosphoglycerate was found to bind to the dephospho form of phosphoglycerate mutase with a dissociation constant of about 1 x 10(-11) M at pH 7 and 7 x 10(-11) M at pH 8. Three signals attributed to histidine residues were observed in the 1H NMR spectrum of phosphoglycerate mutase. Two of these signals and also an additional signal, tentatively attributed to a tryptophan, underwent a chemical shift change when the vanadiophosphoglycerate complex was bound to the enzyme. The results obtained here are in accord with these vanadate-phosphoglycerate complexes being much more potent inhibitors of phosphoglycerate mutase than either monomeric or dimeric vanadate. The dissociation constant of 10(-11) M for 2-vanadio-3-phosphoglycerate is about 4 orders of magnitude smaller than the Km for PGM, a result in accordance with the vanadiophosphoglycerates being transition state analogues for the phosphorylation of PGM by 2,3-diphosphoglycerate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Cadmium removal from human plasma by Cibacron Blue F3GA and thionein incorporated into polymeric microspheres

Poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate–ethyleneglycoldimethacrylate) [poly(HEMA–EGDMA)] microspheres carrying Cibacron Blue F3GA and/or thionein were prepared and used for the removal of cadmium ions Cd(II) from human plasma. The poly(HEMA–EGDMA) microspheres, in the size range of 150–200 μm in diameter, were produced by a modified suspension copolymerization of HEMA and EGDMA. The reactive triazinyl dye-ligand Cibacron Blue F3GA was then covalently incorporated into the microspheres. The maximum dye incorporation was 16.5 μmol/g. Then, thionein was bound onto the Cibacron Blue F3GA-incorporated microspheres under different conditions. The maximum amount of thionein bound was 14.3 mg/g. The maximum amounts of Cd(II) ions removed from human plasma by poly(HEMA–EGDMA)–Cibacron Blue F3GA and poly(HEMA–EGDMA)–Cibacron Blue F3GA–thionein were of 17.5 mg/g and 38.0 mg/g, respectively. Cd(II) ions could be repeatedly adsorbed and desorbed with both types of microspheres without significant loss in their adsorption capacity.     

Influence of beta,gamma-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate and 2-phosphoglycerate on rat liver phosphoglycerate kinase

The inhibitory action on rat liver phosphoglycerate kinase of structural analogs of the two substrates of this enzyme (beta,gamma- methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate for ATP and 2-phosphoglycerate for 3-phosphoglycerate) was studied. In the direction of ADP utilization, the inhibition patterns obtained with beta,gamma-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate are compatible with the reaction mechanism proposed previously (Lavoinne, A., Marchand, J.C., Chédeville, A. & Matray, F. (1983) Biochimie 65, 211-220). In the direction of ATP utilization, the normally observed nonlinear kinetics were changed into linear kinetics in the presence of these substrate analogs. Our results suggest that saturation of the substrate sites induces a conformational change of the enzyme.     

Interaction of myosin subfragment 1 with Cibacron Blue F3GA

Cibacron Blue F3GA and its immobilized derivatives have been shown before to bind and inhibit nucleotide-dependent enzymes and, among them, myosin subfragment 1. Experiments have been carried out to examine the mechanism of the subfragment 1--dye interaction. Binding of subfragment 1 to immobilized dye (Affi-Gel Blue) does not involve the ATP binding site on myosin. Subfragment 1 hydrolyzes MgATP and CaATP while bound to the Affi-Gel Blue column. Inactivated subfragment 1, which contains [3H]ADP noncovalently trapped at the active site, binds and elutes from the Affi-Gel Blue column in the same manner as unmodified, active protein. Free Cibacron Blue inhibits the ATPase activity of subfragment 1. The inhibition is pH, salt, and time dependent. Complete inhibition correlates with the noncovalent binding of four to five dye molecules per mole of subfragment 1. Three to four of these dye molecules can be preferentially removed from subfragment 1 in the presence of 1 M KCl without relieving the inhibition. This inhibition, which can be traced to one dye molecule per subfragment 1, is reversible and is facilitated in the presence of MgADP and MgATP, suggesting that the dye does not bind at the active site of subfragment 1. Our observations are explained in terms of hydrophobic and electrostatic protein--dye interactions.     

Studies of the structure--function relationships of Neurospora crassa pyruvate kinase: interaction with blue dextran--sepharose and Cibacron blue 3G-A

Blue dextran--Sepharose and Cibacron blue 3G-A interact with pyruvate kinase of Neurospora crassa. The enzyme is readily released from the substituted Sepharose column by elution with 0.17 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.9), or 2 mM fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP), but not with either of the substrates, ADP and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), at 2 mM. Cibacron blue 3G A is a noncompetitive inhibitor of pyruvate kinase with respect to both substrates. It appears to compete with the allosteric effector, FDP, for binding to the enzyme surface. A lack of elution of the enzyme from the immobilized blue dextran matrix by adenine nucleotides and the absence of a difference spectrum in the 650- to 700-nm range suggest that a "dinucleotide-fold" substructure is not implicated in the dye binding sites on pyruvate kiase. The interaction of Cibacron blue 3G-A and this enzyme can be followed fluorometrically; incremental additon of the dye to the enzyme solution results in a progressive decrease in the fluorescence of surface tryptophanyl residues. The quenching of fluorescence of exposed aromatic groups is subject to reversal following addition of FDP to the pyruvte kinase--Cibacron blue complex.     

Human serum albumin chromatography by Cibacron Blue F3GA-derived microporous polyamide hollow-fiber affinity membranes

An affinity dye ligand, Cibacron Blue F3GA was covalently attached onto commercially available microporous polyamide hollow-fibre membranes for human serum albumin (HSA) adsorption from both aqueous solutions and human plasma. Different amounts of Cibacron Blue F3GA were incorporated on the polyamide hollow-fibres by changing the dye attachment conditions, i.e. initial dye concentration, addition of sodium carbonate and sodium chloride. The maximum amount of Cibacron Blue F3GA attachment was obtained at 42.5 μmol g⁻¹ when the hollow-fibres were treated with 3 M HCl for 30 min before performing the dye attachment. HSA adsorption onto unmodified and Cibacron Blue F3GA-derived polyamide hollow-fibre membranes was investigated batchwise. The non-specific adsorption of HSA was very low (6.0 mg g⁻¹ hollow-fibre). Cibacron Blue F3GA attachment onto the hollow-fibres significantly increased the HSA adsorption (147 mg g⁻¹ hollow-fibre). The maximum HSA adsorption was observed at pH 5.0. Higher HSA adsorption was observed from human plasma (230 mg HSA g⁻¹ hollow-fibre). Desorption of HSA from Cibacron Blue F3GA derived hollow-fibres was obtained using 0.1 M Tris–HCl buffer containing 0.5 M NaSCN or 1.0 M NaCl. High desorption ratios (up to 98% of the adsorbed HSA) were observed. It was possible to reuse Cibacron Blue F3GA derived polyamide hollow-fibre without significant decreases in the adsorption capacities.     

Inactivation of rabbit muscle phosphoglycerate mutase by limited proteolysis with thermolysin.

Rabbit muscle phosphoglycerate mutase is inactivated by proteolysis with thermolysin. Inactivation is correlated with the breakage of one (or a few) bond(s) near one end of the polypeptide chain. There is no change in the overall conformation, quaternary structure or binding to Cibacron Blue on proteolysis. The possible analogy with the existence of a flexible tail in the yeast enzyme is discussed.     

Kinetic investigation of the interaction of cibacron blue F3G-A with phosphofructokinase from yeast.

Yeast phosphofructokinase is strongly inhibited by Cibacron Blue F3G-A. The inhibition is competitive in respect to the phosphate donor. Fructose 6-phosphate and ATP are able to abolish the dye-inhibition. Replacement of the strong inhibitor ATP by ITP as phosphate donor gives qualitatively analogous effects. The influence of Cibacron Blue F3G-A on the kinetic pattern of yeast phosphofructokinase can be described in terms of the kinetic model of Freyer et al. [8] if one assumes that the dye binds to the ATP-binding sites in a competitive manner.     

Rapid purification of mitochondrial hexokinase from rat brain by a single affinity chromatography step on Affi-Gel blue

The mitochondrial hexokinase from rat brain, selectively released from mitochondria by the action of glucose 6-phosphate, can be purified to greater than 90% homogeneity by a single affinity chromatography step on Affi-Gel Blue; the Cibacron Blue F3GA ligand bound to this matrix serves as an analog of ATP, the normal substrate for the enzyme, and selective elution is accomplished using glucose 6-phosphate which is a competitive ligand vs. ATP. With this and other modifications to the previously described procedure highly purified enzyme is readily obtained in good yield and with retention of the ability to rebind to mitochondria.     

Separation of polypeptide chains of ricin and the interaction of the A chain with Cibacron Blue F3GA

From ricin bound to the galactomannan guar gum in a column, the nonbinding toxic A chain could be eluted by reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol and later the B chain by lactose. The presence of a nucleotide-binding domain on the toxic chain A could be demonstrated from its interaction with the blue dye Cibacron Blue F3GA.     

Analytical evaluation of the purity of commercial preparations of Cibacron Blue F3GA and related dyes

The composition and purity of three commercial preparations of the widely used affinity chromatography ligand Cibacron Blue F3GA have been evaluated by TLC and by paired-ion reversed-phase HPLC and were found to contain several chromophoric species. Stepwise synthesis of the reported dye structure showed that only one commercial preparation contained any actual Cibacron Blue F3GA, and that it was present only in minor amounts. In all three preparations the major component appears to be the dichlorotriazinyl precursor of Cibacron Blue F3GA. Commercial samples of the related dyes Procion Blue MX-3G and Procion Blue MX-R are also highly heterogeneous. In addition, our experiments suggest that TLC results must be evaluated carefully to ensure that catalytic surface activity of alumina and silica has not created ghost bands.