大麦脂肪酶的研究进展

脂肪酶以其独特的优势在各个领域都有其潜在的应用前景。在高等植物中,种子萌发过程中脂肪酶活性较高,其活性与食品的加工方法有关。应用不同的方法测定大麦脂肪酶酶活力,得到的结果也不同。详细介绍了大麦脂肪酶的部分酶学性质。     

月桂酸生物印迹对脂肪酶酯化活力的影响

生物印迹是改良酶学特性,扩大脂肪酶工业应用领域的新兴技术。本研究结合溶胶-凝胶脂肪酶固定化工艺,以甲基三甲氧基硅烷（MTMS）和四甲氧基硅烷（TMOS）为前驱体,月桂酸为印迹分子,考察了月桂酸生物印迹对脂肪酶PS酯化活力的影响。脂肪酶酯化活力测定及扫描电镜观察表明生物印迹能显著提高脂肪酶的活性及稳定性。印迹体系经正交试验优化获得的最优条件为：水和硅烷摩尔比（R）为12,聚乙二醇（PEG）加入量为120μl,月桂酸加入量为0.15mmol。在最优反应条件下,印迹酶相对于游离酶比活力提高了44.3倍,相对于未印迹固定化酶提高了2.4倍;印迹酶具有较好的热稳定性,在80℃下处理0.5h后,残余酶活分别为58%,而游离酶未检测到活性。     

粘质沙雷氏菌脂肪酶基因的克隆表达和酶学性质的研究

目的:克隆粘质沙雷氏菌脂肪酶基因(lipA)使其在大肠杆菌B121(DE3)中实现高效表达,并对重组酶进行酶学性质研究.方法:以产脂肪酶粘质沙雷氏菌总DNA为模板,PCR扩增脂肪酶基因lipA,构建重组表达载体pET-lipA,并将其导入大肠杆菌进行诱导表达,对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE和酶学性质的测定.结果:经过优化培养条件,脂肪酶活力最高能达到104U/mL.重组脂肪酶的最适反应温度为40～45℃,最适pH为7.0～7.5,在50℃保温1h下仍能保持80%的酶活力,Ca2+、Sr2+、Mn2+和Mg2+对脂肪酶酶活有较强的激活作用,尤其是Ca2+使脂肪酶酶活提高了1倍多,而Ni2+、Fe2+、Fe3+、Cu2+、Zn2+和Al3+对酶活具有较强的抑制作用,尤其是Zn2+和Al3+使酶活力几乎完全丧失.该酶对一些有机溶剂有较好的耐受性,与50%甲醇混合24h,仍能保持84%的酶活力.结论:该脂肪酶具有较好的热稳定性和甲醇耐受力,作为生产生物柴油的催化剂具有很大的应用价值,为基因工程酶法生产生物柴油打下良好的基础.     

十二节杆菌胞外脂肪酶的纯化和性质研究

十二节杆菌发酵得到的胞外脂肪酶,在5L发酵罐经过34h培养,最高酶活可达75 U/mL。通过硫酸铵梯度沉淀和疏水层析纯化,脂肪酶纯化26倍,总得率24.3%。SDS-PAGE显示脂肪酶分子量为33 kD,脂肪酶在40℃和pH 7.0时酶活力最高,同时在24℃经过48h仍保持一半左右的活力。该脂肪酶的酶活受K ,Mg2 激活,而受Zn2 与Co2 的抑制。     

烟色红曲霉耐热解脂酶的形成及特性

烟色红曲霉(Monacus fulginosus)M-101菌株经麦麸固态培养生成耐热脂肪酶和酯酶。产酶的适宜条件为:培养温度30℃,初始pH 3.0—3.5,麸曲初始含水量75％。培养4—5天后,脂肪酶活力可达207u/g,酯酶活力达14.6u/g。粗酶试验表明,脂肪酶和酯酶的最适反应温度为50℃,脂肪酶最适反应pH为6.0。酯酶最适反应pH为6.8。酯酶耐热性略高于脂肪酶,在55℃处理1小时和45℃处理24小时,两种酶活力基本不变。     

牦牛瘤胃中产脂肪酶微生物的分离与鉴定

【背景】脂肪酶是一类特殊的酯键水解酶,广泛应用于工业化生产中,微生物是工业脂肪酶的主要来源。瘤胃中微生物种类繁多、数量庞大,已有关于瘤胃微生物产纤维素酶的报道,尚无产脂肪酶瘤胃微生物的分离筛选报道。【目的】从牦牛瘤胃中分离筛选出能够产脂肪酶的微生物,并进行菌株鉴定及其酶学性质的研究。【方法】以橄榄油为唯一碳源,通过中性红油脂平板进行初步筛选后,用改进铜皂-分光光度法测定酶活力进行复筛;再经形态学观察、生理生化实验和16S rRNA基因序列分析进行菌种鉴定;研究3种脂肪酶的最适作用温度、pH值及金属离子、有机溶剂和表面活性剂对酶活力的影响。【结果】筛选出6株酶活力较高的菌株,其中3株为液化沙雷氏菌,2株为白地霉,1株为卷枝毛霉。脂肪酶的酶学性质研究表明:液化沙雷氏菌、白地霉和卷枝毛霉所产脂肪酶的最适作用温度为45、35和40°C;最适pH为8.0、7.0和7.0;Ca2+和Mg2+对3种脂肪酶均有激活作用;Zn2+对3种脂肪酶有不同程度的抑制作用,EDTA、SDS可使3种脂肪酶失活;3种脂肪酶对丙三醇的耐受力较高,卷枝毛霉脂肪酶对甲醇、乙醇、丙酮的耐受力较高。【结论】从牦牛瘤胃中分离出3种产脂肪酶的微生物,且证实瘤胃微生物在脂肪酶研究方面具有较高的价值。     

棘腹蛙消化道脂肪酶的分布及pH和温度对脂肪酶活力的影响

采用聚乙烯醇橄榄油乳化液水解法,测定了棘腹蛙消化道不同部位的脂肪酶活力,研究了pH和温度对脂肪酶活力的影响。结果显示,棘腹蛙消化道不同部位脂肪酶活力依次为回肠>直肠>十二指肠>胃>食道。pH和温度显著影响脂肪酶的活力,二者对脂肪酶活力影响的关系曲线均呈现为单峰型,食道、胃和肠道脂肪酶活力的最适pH值分别为5.0、5.0和7.5,最适温度均为35℃。     

微生物脂肪酶的固定化及其在非水相催化中的应用研究

论述了应用于非水相酶催化反应的脂肪酶的固定化方法,载体与溶剂对固定化脂肪酶活力的影响,以及非水相中固定化脂肪酶催化反应的形式。     

毕赤酵母展示表达南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B

将南极假丝脂肪酶B(CALB)基因N端和C端,分别与酿酒酵母絮凝蛋白(Flo1p)絮凝结构域序列的N端(FS)和C端(FL)融合,构建成脂肪酶毕赤酵母表面展示载体KFS和KFL,并转化毕赤酵母GS115后获得重组子KFS-CALB和KFL-CALB。免疫荧光检测证实脂肪酶已展示于毕赤酵母细胞表面。甲醇诱导120 h后展示酶活性分别达到286 U/g干细胞和182 U/g干细胞。酶的热稳定性较游离酶有较大提高,50℃孵育4 h后KFS-CALB菌株的残留酶活力仍保持初始酶活力70%以上;KFL-CALB在50℃孵育2 h后的酶活力也达到初始酶活力50%,远远高于游离态的CALB,其在50℃孵育0.5 h后仅残留18%的初始酶活力。     

发酵性丝孢酵母胞内脂肪酶与蛋白酶性质的研究

为了探讨发酵性丝孢酵母胞内脂肪酶和蛋白酶的潜在应用,通过超声波破碎细胞获得胞内酶,研究了温度、pH、金属离子、有机溶剂、表面活性剂、蔗糖、淀粉、酪蛋白对粗酶液的酶活力的影响.研究结果表明,两种酶的最适反应条件均为55 ℃、pH中性;5 mmol/L的金属离子Ca2+、Mn2+降低了脂肪酶活力,而提高了蛋白酶的活力;20％ (v/v)甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、正己烷、甲苯对脂肪酶均具有激活作用,其中正己烷激活作用最大;而所试有机溶剂均严重抑制蛋白酶活力;0.01％(v/v) TritonX-100和蔗糖7.5％ (w/v)对脂肪酶和蛋白酶均具有激活作用,0.5％ (w/v)可溶性淀粉和1％ ～2.5％ (w/v)酪蛋白均能提高脂肪酶活力且降低蛋白酶活力.这些特性使发酵性丝孢酵母胞内脂肪酶和蛋白酶应用于洗涤剂具有可能性.     

Fabrication and application of enzyme-incorporated peptide nanotubes

Enzyme engineering is a fast-growing field in the pharmaceutical and food markets. For those applications, various substrates have been examined to immobilize and stabilize enzymes. In this report, we examined peptide nanotubes as supports for enzymes. When a model enzyme, Candida rugosa lipase, was encapsulated in peptide nanotubes, the catalytic activity of nanotube-bound lipases was increased 33% as compared to free-standing lipases at room temperature. At an elevated temperature, 65 degrees C, the activity of lipases inside the nanotubes was 70% higher than free-standing lipases. The activity enhancement of lipases in the peptide nanotubes is likely induced by the conformation change of lipases to the open form (the enzymatically active structure) as lipases are adsorbed on the inner surfaces of peptide nanotubes.     

提高微生物脂肪酶产量、活性和稳定性的方法研究

微生物脂肪酶是一类广泛应用于诸多工业领域的生物催化剂。提高微生物脂肪酶的产量、活性和稳定性,增强产品的市场竞争力,一直是微生物脂肪酶研究的重点和热点。本文从产脂肪酶菌株的改造、脂肪酶基因的改良、脂肪酶发酵工程和脂肪酶后期处理等四个方面概述了提高微生物脂肪酶产量、活性和稳定性的方法,以期为微生物脂肪酶的规模化工业生产提供方法性指导。     

Characterization of neutral lipases revealed the tissue-specific triacylglycerol hydrolytic activity in Nilaparvata lugens

The lipid metabolism plays an essential role in the development and reproduction of insects, and lipases are important enzymes in lipid metabolism. In Nilaparvata lugens, an important insect pest on rice, triacylglycerol hydrolytic activities were different among tissues, with high activity in integument, ovary, and fat body, but low activity in intestine. To figure out the tissue-specific triacylglycerol hydrolytic activity, we identified 43 lipases in N. lugens. Of these 43 lipases, 23 belonged to neutral lipases, so this group was selected to perform further experiments on triacylglycerol hydrolysis. The complete motifs of catalytic triads, β9 loop, and lid motif, are required for the triacylglycerol hydrolytic activity in neutral lipases, which were found in some neutral lipases with high gene expression levels in integument and ovary, but not in intestine. The recombinant proteins of 3 neutral lipases with or without 3 complete motifs were obtained, and the activity determination confirmed the importance of 3 motifs. Silencing XM_022331066.1, which is highly expressed in ovary and with 3 complete motifs, significantly decreased the egg production and hatchability of N. lugens, partially through decline of the lipid metabolism. In summary, at least one-third of important motifs were incomplete in all neutral lipases with high gene expression in intestine, which could partially explain why the lipase activity in intestine was much lower than that in other tissues. The low activity to hydrolyze triacylglycerol in N. lugens intestine might be associated with its food resource and nutrient components, and the ovary-specific neutral lipases were important for N. lugens reproduction.     

A sensitive method for determination of lipase activity from cellulose acetate strips

The agar plate method enables us to locate the enzymatic activity of lipase on the electrophoretic strips and to test it on various substrates. Moreover, it is possible to separate and detect a few lipases which are mixed in a solution and to test their specificity toward various substrates. Finally, this method allows us to locate and rapidly follow lipases with low enzymatic activity.     

华根霉脂肪酶有机相合成酶活的研究

通过比较7种微生物脂肪酶的有机相合成酶活、水相水解酶活及在正庚烷中催化己酸乙酯合成的能力,证明了合成酶活与水解酶活相关性不高,合成酶活比水解酶活更能反映脂肪酶的合成能力。通过比较两株华根霉(Rhizopus chinensis)脂肪酶酶活,发现合成酶活相差较大,表明相同种属微生物的脂肪酶合成酶活存在不同。对．Rhizopus chinensis-2液态发酵产脂肪酶进程研究发现,水解酶活高峰先于合成酶活高峰大约12h。将不同培养时间的Rhizopus chinensis-2全细胞脂肪酶用于催化己酸乙酯合成,具有高合成酶活的全细胞脂肪酶催化己酸乙酯合成反应较快。因此,全细胞脂肪酶用于催化有机相酯合成反应时,具有高脂肪酶合成酶活的菌体具有较好的催化酯合成能力。     

Hydrophobic adsorption in ionic medium improves the catalytic properties of lipases applied in the triacylglycerol hydrolysis by synergism

It is known that lipases may have their catalytic properties improved by the action of some salts or by the adsorption on hydrophobic supports. However, what we present in this work is more than that: we evaluate the combination of these two factors of hyperactivation of lipases from Acremonium-like ROG 2.1.9, a study that has not been done so far. This work proves that a synergistic effect occurs when the lipases are immobilized on hydrophobic supports at the presence of sodium chloride and are applied in triacylglycerol hydrolysis. This assay made it possible to achieve the highest hyperactivation of 500 % with the lipases immobilized on Phenyl-Sepharose and applied with 0.1 M of sodium chloride. Besides this positive effect on enzyme activity, the use of these two factors led to the thermal stability increasing of the immobilized lipases. For this derivative, the recovered activity was approximately 85 % after 6 h incubated at 55 °C and 1.0 M of the sodium chloride against 50 % of the same derivative without this salt. Furthermore, others assays were performed to prove the evidences about the synergistic effect, showing a promising method to improve the catalytic properties of the lipases from Acremonium-like ROG 2.1.9.     

低温脂肪酶的研究现状与应用前景

低温脂肪酶在低温下仍保持高酶活,因此在应用中有着中温脂肪酶无法取代的优越性,而具有高活性的低温脂肪酶因其具有理论和应用上的双重意义成为了近年来的研究热点。本文从描述产低温脂肪酶的低温微生物特征入手,系统阐述了低温脂肪酶的来源、分类、特征、研究方法及最新进展,并简述了低温脂肪酶在食品、洗涤、制药以及低温环境修复等工业上的应用前景。     

Substrate specificity,regioselectivity and hydrolytic activity of lipases activated from Geotrichum sp.

Substrate specificity (typoselectivity), regioselectivity and hydrolytic activity of induced lipases from three strains (4012, 4013, 4166) of Geotrichum candidum and that of Geotrichum ludwigii (48) were investigated. The lipases were induced in two types of culture media, of which the medium containing peptone as nitrogen source was proved to give better results. Olive oil was employed as inductor for the lipase activity. Activated lipases represented mostly extracelullar lipases, which penetrated through cellular membrane into medium. The activity of cell-bound lipase was also determined. Most of lipases belong to the group of specific lipases able to hydrolyse ester bonds in the positions sn-1 and sn-3 ester of triacylglycerols (1,3-selective lipases) and display specificity to saturated fatty acids. All activated lipases from Geotrichum sp., extracellular and cell-bound, were used as biocatalyst in the blackcurrant oil hydrolysis.     

Proteolytic Activity in Commercial Triacylglycerol Hydrolase Preparations

The proteolytic activity of 34 commercial lipase preparations (CLP) was determined using a labeled casein substrate. Only three CLP were free from proteolytic activity. Porcine pancreatic lipases exhibited levels of proteolytic activity comparable to or greater than that of a reference porcine trypsin. Bacterial lipases contained up to 10% of the proteolytic activity of commercial trypsin. Proteolytic activities in lipases from fungal species were present at low levels (<1% of the activity in trypsin). Among preparations of fungal origin, lipases from Aspergillus niger and Mucor javanicus were highest in proteolytic activity; Aspergillus oryzae and Pseudomonas cepacia lipases were lowest. Proteins in CLP were separated by non-denaturing PAGE; between 4 and 17 protein bands in the range &#104 6.5- &#83 200 kDa were observed. With the exception of a single pair of Rhizomucor miehei lipases, the distribution of apparent molecular weights (AMW) was unique to each preparation. Bands of caseinolytic activity in commercial lipases were visualized by applying a zymographic technique. CLP contained between 0 (P. cepacia lipases) and 6 (porcine pancreas lipase and Rhizopus oryzae lipase) discrete proteolytic bands. Common themes of proteolytic AMW emerged, including 21-23 kDa and 30-35 kDa bands.     

Enhanced activity of intracellular lipases from Rhizomucor miehei and Yarrowia lipolytica by immobilization on biomass support particles

The aim of this investigation was to obtain an efficiently immobilized intracellular lipase from Rhizomucor miehei and Yarrowia lipolytica. The activity of intracellular lipases from R. miehei and Y. lipolytica was enhanced by the addition of waste fats (beef tallow or poultry fat) to the medium and by cell immobilization on biomass support particles (BSPs, cubic particle of polypropylene or polyurethane foams). The highest intracellular activity of lipases was obtained after adding 20 and 50 BSPs to the medium of R. miehei (130.5 U) and Y. lipolytica (90.3 U), respectively. The best carrier for immobilizing intracellular lipases was polyurethane foam and the lipolytic activity of immobilized lipases was 2.1–4.3-times higher than the activity of lipases obtained from free biomass. The properties of the immobilized enzymes were very similar to the free enzymes but the immobilized intracellular lipases were more useful for the hydrolysis of waste fats. The highest reaction ratio (72%) and content of free fatty acids (68% (w/w)) in the reaction mixture was obtained after 72 h for beef tallow hydrolysis in a batch reaction with the immobilized lipases from R. miehei.