栽培荒漠肉苁蓉化学成分研究

从荒漠肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola Y．C．Ma)栽培品中分离得到7个化合物,通过理化常数和波谱分析鉴定为甘露醇(1)、β-谷甾醇(2)、甜菜碱(3)、2′-乙酰基麦角甾甙(4)、麦角甾甙(5)、肉苁蓉甙A(6)和海胆甙(7)。本研究表明,栽培肉苁蓉与已报道的野生肉苁蓉主要成分一致。     

盐生肉苁蓉寄主植物种类鉴定及分布区域分析

盐生肉苁蓉（Cistanche salsa (C. A. Mey.) G. Beck）为列当科肉苁蓉属寄生性草本植物,为目前已知寄主植物种类最多的肉苁蓉属物种,也是我国西北地区传统常用中药材。为探明我国盐生肉苁蓉寄主植物种类及分布区域,本研究结合DNA条形码鉴定和形态鉴别技术,对采集到的66份带有寄主根的盐生肉苁蓉样品进行分布区域分析和寄主植物种类鉴定。结果表明盐生肉苁蓉在新疆及宁夏等地区海拔400～2000 m的区域分布广泛。新疆塔城地区裕民县盐生肉苁蓉寄主植物为菊科绢蒿属聚头绢蒿（Seriphidium compactum (Fisch. ex DC.) Poljakov）和苋科滨藜属疣苞滨藜（Atriplex verrucifera Marsch. von Bieb.）,塔城市盐生肉苁蓉寄主植物为苋科盐爪爪属里海盐爪爪（Kalidium cuspidatum Ung.-Sternb.）、疣苞滨藜和驼绒藜属驼绒藜（Krascheninnikovia ceratoides (L.) Gueldenst.）,该地区优势寄主植物为疣苞滨藜。新疆阿勒泰地区哈巴河县寄主植物为聚头绢蒿、苋科驼...     

内蒙古肉苁蓉属肉苁蓉一新变种——扇形肉苁蓉

报道并描述了肉苁蓉属(列当科)一新变种——扇形肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola Ma var.flabellata R.Cao & Q.Ma).该变种与肉苁蓉相比,其茎为扇形,扁平;下部的鳞片状叶线形或线状披针形,长12～15 mm,宽1～3 mm.标本存放于内蒙古大学植物标本馆(HIMC).     

基于化学成分及分子特征中药材肉苁蓉生态型研究

中药材生态型多样性是道地药材研究的重要组成部分.道地药材—"沙漠人参"肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola)是中国最具特色的干旱区濒危药用植物和关键物种,新疆和内蒙古是其重要主产区和传统道地产区.前期研究表明,内蒙古阿拉善高原和新疆北疆是肉苁蓉两大生态适宜生产集中区(两类生态型),本文进一步对两大产区肉苁蓉化学成分、分子地理标识及生态因子进行考察.应用UPLC-QTOF/MS技术对肉苁蓉苯乙醇苷及环烯醚萜苷类成分进行分析;基于psbA-trnH序列对不同产地肉苁蓉进行分子鉴别及分析;通过"中国气象科学数据共享服务网",获得两大产区包括温度、水分、光照等生态因子数据;运用生物统计、数量分类等分析方法,对肉苁蓉进行生态型划分.UPLC-QTOF/MS分析表明,内蒙古与新疆产肉苁蓉明显不同,鉴定出16种成分,其中2′-乙酰毛蕊花糖苷可作为区分两大产地肉苁蓉的指标成分;psbA-trnH序列比对分析发现,肉苁蓉不同产地间序列位点存在差异,新疆产肉苁蓉在191位点为G,内蒙古产则为A,NJ tree分析表明,肉苁蓉两个产地明显分为两支,差异显著;生态因子数据亦表明,肉苁蓉的两大气候地理分布格局.本文为研究不同生态区域中药生态型及品质变异的生物学本质提供了一种新思路,也为深化道地药材理论研究奠定重要基础.     

肉苁蓉中苯乙醇甙类成分的分离和鉴定

从列当科药用植物肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola)中分得四个苯乙醇甙类成分,经光谱分析,确定这四个成分是海胆甙(echinacoside),肉苁蓉甙A(cistanoside A),麦角甾甙(acteoside)和2＇-乙酰麦角甾甙(2＇-acetylacteoside)。以上成分在该植物中属首次分得。     

基于叶绿体rps16基因和核基因ITS片段研究肉苁蓉属系统位置

在前人对列当科系统发育研究的基础上,追加了肉苁蓉属(Cistanche)的基因序列数据,运用最大简约法、最大似然法和贝叶斯推断方法探讨了其在列当科中的系统位置及列当科中属间关系.基于rps16基因序列及rps16+ ITS联合序列建立了列当科系统发育树,结果显示,肉苁蓉属、列当属(Orobanche)以及草苁蓉属(Boschniakia)聚在同一进化枝内,肉苁蓉属和列当属表现出最近亲缘关系;列当科中的全寄生类群、半寄生类群和非寄生类群分属在3个不同分支中.     

管花肉苁蓉资源、贸易与人工培植的调查与分析

管花肉苁蓉(Cistanche tubulosa)属列当科肉苁蓉属多年生寄生草本植物,别名红柳大芸,为名贵中草药,享有“沙漠人参”的美誉.由于野生肉苁蓉的数量迅速减少,2000年,经我国提议并在第十一届缔约国大会通过,肉苁蓉被列为《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约(CITES)》附录Ⅱ物种.新疆为管花肉苁蓉与寄主柽柳的主要天然分布区域,而和田地区是开展人工培植管花肉苁蓉成效卓然的区域,因此做好管花肉苁蓉与寄主柽柳资源现状的调查和贸易评估工作显得尤为重要.通过野外调查和资料收集,获得了柽柳、管花肉苁蓉的天然分布幅度、人工培植推广管花肉苁蓉区域以及企业生产、加工、贸易现状.调查结果显示:柽柳在新疆天然分布面积达4 312 022hm2,管花肉苁蓉80 457.735 hm2;人工种植柽柳面积达16 586.5 hm2,人工培植管花肉苁蓉12 840.533 hm2,产量6 028.38 t,以及调查了企业在人工培植管花肉苁蓉生产、加工、销售、产值等贸易状况.调查分析了管花肉苁蓉人工培植和资源开发的过程中存在的问题,提出了建立规范化、规模化、集约化的人工培育管花肉苁蓉药材基地的同时要建立完善管花肉苁蓉种子园;掌握我区管花肉苁蓉的野外资源贮量、人工培植资源面积、产量、资源利用等状况,也是对防止国际贸易遭禁,切实维护国家利益,对保护生态环境、地区性经济具有深远影响和非常重要的意义.     

一种刺激肉苁蓉种子萌发和吸器发育的方法

以3种肉苁蓉属(Cistanche)植物种子为材料, 研究了氟啶酮对肉苁蓉种子萌发和吸器发育的影响。结果表明: 氟啶酮处理10天后种子开始萌发, 然后, 胚根顶端膨大, 发育出吸器。管花肉苁蓉种子萌发率最高, 达到82%; 盐生肉苁蓉吸器诱导率最高, 达到52%; 对照处理的种子不萌发。这说明氟啶酮是有效刺激肉苁蓉种子萌发和吸器发育的信号物质。     

肉苁蓉寄生生长形态发育

肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola)是一种沙牛根寄生濒危药用植物.利用光镜和电镜手段,采用人工培养和诱导等方法详细观察并研究了肉苁蓉寄牛牛长过程中种子萌发、吸器产生以及植物体形态发育的过程.结果表明:(1)人工可以诱导肉苁蓉的种子萌发.肉苁蓉种胚具有明显的极性,珠孔端细胞小于合点端,珠孔端细胞分化、生长并产生白色的类胚根状结构.(2)有些化学物质可以诱导初生吸器的产生.用2,6二甲氧基-对苯醌培养肉苁蓉24-26小时后,其先端膨大并产生突起,形成类似根毛状的结构,即初生吸器.(3)肉从蓉属于主动寄生植物,其在初生吸器与寄主幼根黏连后产生次生吸器.肉苁蓉与寄主梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)共培养,其初生吸器主动与寄主幼根(0.1 mm左右)黏连,穿过寄主根表皮和皮层后与维管束连通形成次生吸器,肉苁蓉植物体分化、发育的基本组织形成.被寄生后的寄主根横向发育加快,同时肉从蓉植物体开始分化和发育.(4)肉苁蓉可以寄生在寄主幼根(0.1 mm左右)的任意部位.     

肉苁蓉寄生生长形态发育

肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola)是一种沙生根寄生濒危药用植物。利用光镜和电镜手段, 采用人工培养和诱导等方法详细观察并研究了肉苁蓉寄生生长过程中种子萌发、吸器产生以及植物体形态发育的过程。结果表明: (1)人工可以诱导肉苁蓉的种子萌发。肉苁蓉种胚具有明显的极性, 珠孔端细胞小于合点端, 珠孔端细胞分化、生长并产生白色的类胚根状结构。(2)有些化学物质可以诱导初生吸器的产生。用2, 6二甲氧基-对苯醌培养肉苁蓉24-26小时后, 其先端膨大并产生突起, 形成类似根毛状的结构, 即初生吸器。(3) 肉苁蓉属于主动寄生植物, 其在初生吸器与寄主幼根黏连后产生次生吸器。肉苁蓉与寄主梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)共培养, 其初生吸器主动与寄主幼根(0.1 mm左右)黏连, 穿过寄主根表皮和皮层后与维管束连通形成次生吸器, 肉苁蓉植物体分化、发育的基本组织形成。被寄生后的寄主根横向发育加快, 同时肉苁蓉植物体开始分化和发育。(4)肉苁蓉可以寄生在寄主幼根(0.1 mm左右)的任意部位。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.