三种草坪草的种带与土传真菌及杀菌剂拌种的防效

以多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)等3种9个草坪草品种为材料,在实验室、温室和田间开展了系列研究.实验室结果表明高羊茅Barlexas品种和草地早熟禾的3个品种,在滤纸苗床发芽率显著高于同样条件下田间土床上的发芽率(P＜0.05).对种带和土传真菌的分离表明,自种子上仅分离获得4种常见种带真菌,而经在田间土壤培养后,分离获得14种真菌,包括早熟禾德氏霉(Drechslera poae)、立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)和数种镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)等.以福美双、甲基硫菌灵和三唑酮对参试品种单独拌种进行温室盆栽试验,播后13～16d,福美双显著提高了多年生黑麦草品种Premier和草地早熟禾品种Platini的出苗率,增幅最高分别为80.6%和45.2%.与对照比,三唑酮拌种显著提高了高羊茅3个品种的出苗率,增幅最高的是Barlexas品种,可达166.7%.福美双、甲基硫菌灵或三唑酮均可提高多年生黑麦草Taya每盆根和茎干重,与对照比,每盆茎干重分别增加47.2%、29.5%和34.7%,福美双和甲基硫菌灵使其根干重分别增加67.7%和97.1%.福美双和三唑酮显著提高了多年生黑麦草Gator Ⅱ每盆茎干重,增幅分别为32.1%和29.6%.甲基硫菌灵拌种使草地早熟禾Platini品种的根与茎干重分别增加230%和100%,参试品种每株幼苗根与茎干重对杀菌剂拌种的反应与每盆重量相似.田间试验结果表明杀菌剂拌种不同程度地提高了草坪草出苗率和田间生物量.经相关与回归分析,参试草坪草在田间与温室盆栽条件下的生物量存在显著的正相关,二者根和茎的相关系数分别为0.81和0.82,回归方程式分别为Y1=13.178+3.5911X1和Y2=0.11803+3.6845X2表示.     

黄土高原土壤紧实度对蚕豆生长的影响

通过盆栽试验、连续 2年的田间小区试验和农户生产试验 ,研究了土壤紧实状况对蚕豆 (Viciafa ba)生长的影响 ,讨论了当地土壤容重较高的原因 ,并提出了改进措施 .结果表明 ,随着 0～ 7cm土层土壤容重的增加 ,蚕豆植株每株的茎与根干重降低 ,根腐病 (Fusariumspp .)引起的死亡率增加 ,种子产量减少 .田间试验条件下 ,与生长于容重为 1.5 5和 1.6 4 g·cm-3 小区内的植株相比 ,生长于容重 1.84 g·cm-3 小区内的植株每株茎与根干重可分别减少 2 7.9%和 30 .8% ,植株累计死亡率增加 2 1.0 %～ 4 8.7% ,种子产量每公顷减少 19.8% .在 8户蚕豆田中进行的多点生产试验表明 ,春季土壤容重与蚕豆幼苗的根与茎干重、秋季土壤容重与种子产量均呈显著负相关     

青霉TS67菌株对大豆根腐病和玉米小斑病的防治效果评价

采用盆栽试验的方法,通过病情指数和防治效率等指标研究青霉TS67菌株的发酵液、发酵上清液和菌体对大豆根腐病及玉米小斑病的影响,实验结果的SPSS统计分析表明,青霉TS67的所有处理均能显著(P<0.01)抑制大豆根腐病及玉米小斑病的发生,其中采用TS67菌株与大豆尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)的混合物进行拌种,对大豆根腐病的防治效果最好,防治效率迭63.98%;在玉米小斑病发病前喷洒TS67菌株的发酵液,对玉米小斑病的防治效果最好,防治效率达到53.34%.此外实验结果还表明用青霉TS67进行大豆拌种能有效促进大豆幼苗生长.     

一种枯草芽孢杆菌B29菌株拌种剂对大豆根腐病的田间防效研究

根腐病是黑龙江省主栽作物大豆的主要病害之一。生防枯草芽孢杆菌B29菌株对引起大豆根腐病的镰刀菌、腐霉菌和立枯丝核菌具有强拮抗作用。以枯草芽孢杆菌为主要成分的微生物拌种剂对大豆根腐病的田间防效结果: 播种后35 d调查, 4种不同处理的平均防效分别为50.2%、60.0%、48.3%、49.4%, 均高于30%多克福种衣剂的防效(44.9%)。第2次(50 d)调查, 处理4的防效(60.7%)明显好于化学种衣剂(48.6%), 处理3的防效与化学种衣剂的防效差异不显著。通过对生长期大豆出苗率、株高、鲜重和根瘤数等各项生理指标的调查, 结果表明枯草芽孢杆菌微生物拌种剂对大豆的生长和发育是安全的。经过黑龙江省6个不同县市的2年田间示范, 微生物拌种剂对大豆根腐病的田间防效达56.3%~89.1%, 增产率为9.4%~24.6%。     

无公害水稻生产的病虫草调控技术及其效应的研究

利用无公害农药和农业措施防治水稻主要病虫草试验结果表明,井·腊芽、井冈霉素和多抗霉素在水稻分蘖末期和孕穗末期各喷施1次,对纹枯病防效达75.16%～94.27%,优于化学杀菌剂三唑酮;春雷霉素和灭瘟素在叶瘟病发生初期及破肚期、齐穗期各喷施1次,对叶瘟防效为50.54%～72.67%,穗瘟为76.66%～87.42%,与化学杀菌剂三环唑相当.3种无公害农药在二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟1～2龄幼虫期使用,苏云金杆菌防效优于化学杀虫剂杀虫双,皂素·烟碱和苦参碱与杀虫双相当;皂素·烟碱和苦参碱在稻飞虱1～2龄若虫期使用,药后3～30d防效均在70%以上,低于化学杀虫剂吡虫啉.在水稻移栽前耕地2次,再配合施用适量的未腐熟有机质或人工除草,能控制杂草发生和提高产量.采用无公害农药和农业措施防治水稻病虫草,产量较常规化防区略有增加,稻谷中农药残留量较化防区低,符合绿色食品卫生指标要求.     

农用杀菌剂对魔芋软腐病菌的抑制效果研究

魔芋软腐病能导致魔芋产量损失严重,甚至绝收,而目前在生产上还未找到防止该病的特效药剂。采用皿内拮抗法测定苯醚甲环唑、甲基硫菌灵、硫酸链霉素、甲霜.噁霉灵、叶枯唑可湿性粉剂、代森锰锌和灰霉1号杀菌剂等七种农用杀菌剂对魔芋软腐病菌的抑制作用。研究结果表明:供试杀菌剂对魔芋软腐病菌均有一定的抑制作用,不同杀菌剂抑菌作用差别较大,80%的甲基硫菌灵和72%的硫酸链霉素对魔芋软腐病病菌有较好的抑制效果。     

多效抗旱驱鼠剂对田间小麦促长增产效果研究

通过多效抗旱驱鼠剂浸种与拌种的田间试验,对小麦12个生长和产量构成因素进行了测定与多元统计分析。结果表明,RPA浓度是决定促长与增产效果的关键。药剂A的700倍水溶液浸种或30-50倍液拌种对苗期促长作用最好;与对照相比,除B的700倍水溶液浸种处理小麦种子,小麦产量比对照降低2.79%,其它处理均有增产作用,增产率为4.79%-98.67%。其中以药剂A的70倍水溶液拌种和C的600倍液浸种,增产效果最为显著,增产幅度达98.49%-98.67%;对11个影响产量因子的通径分析表明,单位面积的有效穗数是决定产量增长率的首要因素。     

三氟苯嘧啶不同种子处理方式对稻飞虱的控制效应

为探明三氟苯嘧啶不同种子处理方式对稻飞虱的田间防治效果、防治时长以及对稻田蜘蛛和水稻的安全性,为该药剂种子处理防治稻飞虱提供科学依据,本研究设置10％三氟苯嘧啶悬浮剂按不同浓度(0.375、0.75、1.125和1.5 g a.i./kg种子)对水稻种子分别以干种子拌种(干拌)、清水浸种后拌种(湿拌)和药剂浸种3种方式,清水处理作为空白对照.结果表明,3种处理方式下的水稻发芽率和出苗率均与空白对照间无显著差异,播种后100 d,各浓度对稻飞虱的防治效果均在90％以上;当药剂浓度相同时,干拌与湿拌防治时长要优于药剂浸种;不同浓度三氟苯嘧啶药剂处理在3种方式下稻田蜘蛛种群数量均略低于空白对照田蜘蛛数量.因此,水稻生产中使用三氟苯嘧啶0.375～1.5 g a.i./kg种子干拌或湿拌处理,可有效降低田间稻飞虱种群数量,对天敌蜘蛛影响较小,对水稻种子发芽、出苗安全,可在水稻生产中推广使用.     

不同类型拌种剂对花生及其根际微生物的影响

拌种处理对于花生一播全苗和稳定高产非常重要.选用不同类型的4种拌种剂即哈茨木霉菌剂(真菌拮抗剂)、甲基托布津(杀真菌剂)、适乐时(杀真菌剂)、好安威(化学杀虫剂)处理花生种子,通过测定花生农艺性状、品质指标、根际土壤微生物动态等来评价其对花生和环境的综合效应.结果表明:1)各种杀菌剂拌种均能提高花生成苗率,而好安威略差;各拌种剂促进花生株高、叶绿素含量,而单株叶片数适乐时增多,好安威减少,单株分枝数盛花期有所增多(好安威除外),结果期均略减少;单株烂、虫、芽果数均减少,单株秕果数增加,单株饱果数降低(好安威除外),百果重和百仁重提高(哈茨木霉除外),而饱满度降低;最终荚果产量除哈茨木霉略低,其余拌种剂增产效果极显著,甲基托布津、适乐时、好安威比对照分别增产34.58％、25.90％、22.82％.2)哈茨木霉拌种使蛋白质含量、亚油酸含量增幅最大,油份含量增幅较大,油亚比值降幅最大;甲基托布津处理的蛋白质和油份含量降幅最大;适乐时对提高油份含量、油亚比值效果最佳;好安威对品质指标的影响有限.3)从细菌及放线菌与真菌的比值来看,甲基托布津促细菌、抑真菌的效果好且长,对放线菌/真菌比值影响较小;哈茨木霉在前中期促细菌与放线菌、抑真菌的效果明显,但后期效果趋反;适乐时促细菌、抑真菌的效果短促,且一直强烈抑制放线菌;而好安威相比影响较小.4)好安威对根瘤菌具有显著的抑制作用,而哈茨木霉、适乐时、甲基托布津均极显著增加根瘤数量.结论:各拌种剂对花生产量、品质、根瘤、根际微生物产生了较大差异的综合效应,须因地、因时选用;化学杀菌剂甲基托布津的农艺效应、环境微生物效应均最好,唯蛋白质含量、油份含量略有降低,是一种较理想的综合优良拌种剂.     

蚕豆芽苗菜生长、品质及次茬生长的研究

选择3个蚕豆品种,采用育苗盘技术进行蚕豆苗培育,观测分析不同品种蚕豆苗的生物产出量、营养及功效成分。结果表明：丰镇白蚕豆B3的产量性状、总酚和黄豆苷含量显著高于其他品种（P＜005）;3个品种的蚕豆苗基本营养成分无显著性差异,青海白蚕豆B1苗菜中NDF和染料木苷含量显著高于其他2个品种;收获后残留的蚕豆种子中还含有大量的营养物质,具备再次发芽生长的能力,可以多茬次生长。     

Response of faba bean to intercropping,biological and chemical control against broomrape and root rot diseases

Multispecies cropping systems contribute to sustainable agriculture with multiple ecosystem services. Effects of intercropping of various crops with faba beans on growth and yield parameters and disease severity of root rot, damping off and broomrape were investigated. This study was implemented in the laboratory, greenhouse and field to investigate the effect of the intercropping systems (fenugreek + faba bean, lupine + faba bean, garlic + faba bean and sole faba bean). The intercropping systems were combined with the application of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) and yeast as bio-control agents, compared to chemical application of herbicides (Glyphosate) and fungicides (Rizolex-T50), to control rot root diseases and broomrape weeds, Orobanche spp., of faba bean plants in vivo and under the naturally infested field. In vitro, yeast and Rizolex-T50 significantly inhibited mycelial growth of root pathogenic fungi. Intercropping with garlic and/or application of Rizolex-T, significantly decreased the incidence and disease index of root rot and damping-off diseases, meanwhile increased percentage of survival plants. In vivo, intercropping with fenugreek and/or application of Glyphosate, significantly reduced the number/weight of spikes/plot of broomrapes. Intercropping with fenugreek combined with AMF application promoted crop growth and significantly increased yield components. The AMF enhanced seed yield/ha when applied to the intercropping of faba bean + fenugreek and faba bean + garlic, showing the highest seed yield/ha with 3.722 and 3.568 ton/ha, respectively. Intercropping of faba bean with garlic integrated with AMF revealed the highest values of LER, 2.45, and net return, 2341 US$/ha. Our results suggested that using faba bean–garlic intercrop along with AMF inoculation can reduce root rot disease, damping off and broomrapes, as well as enhance the profitability of Egyptian farmer and sustainable production.     

Enhancement of nitrogen fixation in lentil,faba bean,and soybean by dual inoculation with Rhizobia and mycorrhizae

The combined effect of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) and Rhizobium on the cold season legumes, lentil and faba bean, as well as on summer legume, soybean, were studied in soils with low indeginous VA mycorrhizal spores. Inoculation of the plant with VA mycorrhizal fungi increased the level of mycorrhizal root infection of lentil, faba bean and soybean. The inoculation with Rhizobium had no significant effect on VA mycorrhizal infection percent, but VA mycorrhizal inoculation increased nodulation of the three legumes. The inoculation with Rhizobium alone significantly increased plant dry weight and N content of lentil and faba bean as well as seed yield of soybean. VA mycorrhizal inoculation also significantly increased plant dry weight and phosphorus content of the plants as did fertilization with superphosphate. Rock phosphate fertilization, however, had no significant effect on plant growth or phosphorus uptake. The addition of rock phosphate in combination with VA mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased plant dry weight and P uptake of the plants. The dual inoculation with both rhizobia and mycorrhizae induced more significant increases in plant dry weight, N and P content of lentil and faba bean as well as seed yield of soybean than inoculation with either VA mycorrhizae or Rhizobium alone.     

Effect of triadimenol,imazalil and nuarimol seed treatment on subcrown internode length,coleoptile-node-tillering and common root rot in spring wheat

Summary The effect of seed treatment with triadimenol at 0.175 and 0.3, imazalil at 0.15 and 0.2, and nuarimol at 0.1 and 0.15 g a.i./kg seed on subcrown internode (SCI) length, occurrence of coleoptile-node-tillers (CNTs), and common root rot severity was studied in two spring wheat cultivars at three locations in Saskatchewan. All three fungicides showed similar effects on both Cypress and Neepawa cultivars. All fungicides significantly reduced severity of common root rot and SCI length, promoted the early development of CNTs and increased (P<0.01) the proportion of CNTs that produced fertile heads of grain.Contribution from Agr. Canada Res. Stn. No. 869.     

供肥对小麦间作蚕豆群体产量及根系的调控

利用田间,池栽,盆栽等方法,对不同N,P水平下小麦间作蚕豆群体根系的时空分布及产量效应进行了研究。结果表明,供P对小麦-蚕豆间作系统有明显的增产作用,与不供P相比,田间试验中供P处理间作小麦和蚕豆分别提高了48.39%和16.69%,池栽试验中群体产量增产幅度为20.07%-43.14%。间作蚕豆经济产量增幅为58.46%-78.78%,小麦间作蚕豆多作系统2种作物根密度生长高峰期交错出现,小麦的峰值出现早于蚕豆,其中,小麦和蚕豆根干重最大值分别出现在抽穗期和成熟期,而根长的最大值分别出现在拔节期和成熟期,这在一定程度上减轻了共生期2种作物对水肥的竞争,也是此群体增产增效的原因之一,施P处理间作小麦的根重,根长和根表面积分别比不施P处理提高54.33%,48.88%和47.00%;施N处理间作小麦的根重,根长和根表面积分别比不施N的增加15.25%,11.61%和11.46%。间作小麦根重的57.61%和蚕豆的69.20%分布在0-30cm土层,随施P水平的提高,总根干重及根密度都趋于增加,且深层土壤中根系增加明显。     

Integrated control of root rot and wilt disease of faba bean by soil amendment with suppressive compost in combination with seed coating with an antagonistic yeast

For this study, 21 isolates of fungi belonging to Rhizoctonia and Fusarium genera were isolated from the diseased faba bean plants, obtained from the different localities in Assiut governorate, showing root rot and wilt symptoms. The isolates proved to be pathogenic on Masr 1 faba bean cultivar under greenhouse conditions. F. oxysporum isolates caused wilt disease; however, the isolates of R. solani and other Fusarium species caused root rot. The virulence of isolates on the tested faba bean cultivar was different. The highly pathogenic isolates of these fungi were employed in this study. The effect of soil amendment with Planta Rich and Rich Composts (CMs) alone or in combination with seed coating by the antagonistic yeast Pichia guilliermondi before sowing on the severity of Rhizoctonia and Fusarium root rot and Fusarium wilt of faba bean was tested under greenhouse and field conditions. The tested isolates of yeast proved to be highly antagonistic to the pathogen in vitro. The test rates of CMs were equivalent to 2, 7, 10 and 14 ton/feddan in the greenhouse and 7 and 10 t/feddan in the field conditions. Uncomposted soil was used as a control. The results showed that the tested CMs have a suppressive effect on the severity of root rot and wilt diseases of faba bean under greenhouse and field conditions. The application of CMs (Planta Rich and Rich) alone at the rates equivalent to 2, 7, 10 and 14 t/feddan in greenhouse and 7 and 10 t/feddan in the field conditions to the soil infested with the tested pathogens reduced percentage of the tested diseases compared with uncomposted soil. Combined CMs treatments with yeast seed treatment increased the suppressive effect of CMs on the disease severity.     

Use of three screening techniques for the evaluation of fungicides to control rhizoctonia root rot of wheat

Twenty fungicides were screened for their abilities to reduce the saprophytic growth of Rhizoctonia solani on agar and in soil, and to control root rot of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in pots of soil. Thirteen showed some activity against the in vitro growth of R. solani, the most promising being Sandoz 619F and flutolanil, although none of these reduced saprophytic growth of the fungus in soil. Only benomyl and thiabendazole, which were ineffective on agar and against disease in pots, reduced saprophytic growth in soil. None of the fungicides reduced the number of plants infected in the pot experiments and only six (flutriafol, diniconazole, Schering 539865, propiconazole, Bayer HWG1608 and flutolanil) of the thirteen active on agar (+ triadimefon which was not) reduced root rot severity. The results of this study indicate the differing reactions towards R. solani of chemicals in the three screening tests and confirm the potential for chemical control of rhizoctonia root rot of wheat.     

Estimates of broad-sense heritability for seed yield and yield criteria in faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

Eight faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes were grown at lowlands of the west-Mediterranean region of Turkey in order to estimate the broad-sense heritability for plant height, number of stems and pods per plant, seed yield, biological yield, 100-seed weight, days to flowering and maturity. The heritability for plant height, number of stems and pods per plant, seed yield, biological yield, 100-seed weight, days to flowering and maturity were estimated as 83%, 63%, 43%, 62%, 52%, 99%, 97% and 97%, respectively. It was found that seed weight was the least affected trait across changing environmental conditions and followed by days to flowering and maturity. On the other hand, number of pods per plant, biological and seed yields and number of stems per plant were the most affected traits versus environmental conditions.     

Integrated management of foot rot of lentil using biocontrol agents under field condition

The efficacy of cowdung, Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA)-biofertilizer, and Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU)-biofungicide, alone or in combination, was evaluated for controlling foot rot disease of lentil. The results exhibited that BINA-biofertilizer and BAUbiofungicide (peat soil-based Rhizobium leguminosarum and black gram bran-based Trichoderma harzianum) are compatible and have combined effects in controlling the pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Sclerotium rolfsii, which cause the root rot of lentil. Cowdung mixing with soil (at 5 t/ha) during final land preparation and seed coating with BINA-biofertilizer and BAU-biofungicide (at 2.5% of seed weight) before sowing recorded 81.50% field emergence of lentil, which showed up to 19.85% higher field emergence over the control. Post-emergence deaths of plants due to foot rot disease were significantly reduced after combined seed treatment with BINA-biofertilizer and BAU-biofungicide. Among the treatments used, only BAU-biofungicide as the seed treating agent resulted in higher plant stand (84.82%). Use of BINA-biofertilizer and BAU-biofungicide as seed treating biocontrol agents and application of cowdung in the soil as an organic source of nutrient resulted in higher shoot and root lengths, and dry shoot and root weights of lentil. BINA-biofertilizer significantly increased the number of nodules per plant and nodules weight of lentil. Seeds treating with BAUbiofungicide and BINA-biofertilizer and soil amendment with cowdung increased the biomass production of lentil up to 75.56% over the control.