异色瓢虫--简单而方便的遗传学实验材料

瓢虫是一种在庭院、野外 ,甚至在儿童的绘画书中经常见到的昆虫。按瓢虫科中的种类计算 ,世界上约有4 9 0属 ,4 0 0 0种之多 ,其中大多数瓢虫属于害虫天敌。据 Gordon(1985)估计 ,分布在北美和墨西哥的 4 75种瓢虫中 ,仅 4种为植食性 ,6种为菌食性。另据 Sasaji(1985)的统计 ,分布在日本的瓢虫 ,全部 162种中仅 8种为植食性 ,4种为菌食性。此外 ,我国有正式记录的32 6种瓢虫中 ,植食性的为 71种 ,菌食性的为 11种 ,其余的均为捕食性瓢虫 (庞雄飞 1991) ,其捕食对象为蚜虫、螨、芥壳虫等害虫。事实上 ,自然界中至今仍存在大量有待描述的瓢虫…     

捕食性瓢虫的体型大小影响其偏好捕食防御性强的猎物吗?（英文）

【目的】尽管瓢虫表现出种间和种内特异性体型大小的变异,但是瓢虫体型大小的变异是否会改变其选择捕食防御性强(即表现出各种防御反应,包括积极躲避捕食、挣脱捕食者或频繁利用防御性化学物质)的猎物,这一问题尚不清楚。本研究中,我们假设不论体型大小,捕食性瓢虫七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata(L.)和六斑月瓢虫Menochilus sexmaculatus(Fab.)都将增加其对猎物萝卜蚜Lipaphis erysimi(Kaltenbach)的捕食,只要猎物处于防御性强的龄期,原因是处于防御性强的龄期的猎物体型大且更有活力。【方法】我们将萝卜蚜4龄若虫期作为防御性强的龄期,将2龄若虫期作为防御性弱的龄期,评价七星瓢虫和六斑月瓢虫这两种瓢虫的大型和小型变异体对萝卜蚜的偏好性。【结果】结果表明,六斑月瓢虫的大型和小型雌性变异体更多地捕食防御性弱的萝卜蚜,而七星瓢虫的大型和小型雌性变异体分别对防御性强和防御性弱的萝卜蚜捕食较多。在混合饲料上,七星瓢虫雌性变异体对两类蚜虫的捕食百分比相似,而六斑月瓢虫变异体对防御性弱的萝卜蚜的捕食百分比较高。尽管随着七星瓢虫雌虫体型的增大而对两类猎物的捕食增多,但随着六斑月瓢虫雌虫体型的增大,只对防御性强的蚜虫的捕食量增加。【结论】本研究结果与我们的假设相反,并证明了:(1)小型瓢虫更多地只是捕食防御性弱的猎物,而大型瓢虫选择性地捕食防御性强的猎物;(2)在瓢虫种内和种间,随着捕食者体型的增大,对防御性强的猎物的偏好性增加。可将这些结果用于瓢虫的室内大规模饲养,以提高对萝卜蚜的生物防治。     

六斑月瓢虫触角及感觉器扫描电镜观察

[目的] 明确六斑月瓢虫雌雄成虫触角感觉器种类、分布及形态特征。[方法] 利用扫描电子显微镜对六斑月瓢虫雌、雄成虫触角形态及触角感受器超微结构进行观察。[结果] 六斑月瓢虫成虫触角由柄节、梗节和鞭节组成,柄节长度与宽度显著大于梗节长度与宽度;鞭节分为9个亚节,末端3节横向膨大呈锤状。雌雄成虫触角上共有8种感觉器:刺形感觉器(SC)、毛形感觉器(ST)、锥形感觉器(SB)、腔形感觉器(CaS)、钟形感觉器(CS)、哑铃形感觉器(DS)、香肠形感觉器(SS)及B?hm氏鬃毛感觉器(BB)。以毛形感觉器和刺形感觉器分布最广,遍布触角;B?hm氏鬃毛仅存在于触角柄节与梗节;触角鞭节第9亚节顶端密布7种触角感觉器。六斑月瓢虫雌雄成虫触角长度、触角感觉器类型及分布无显著差异。[结论] 六斑月瓢虫成虫触角上共有8种感觉器,其触角可能具有感知机械刺激、识别化学信息素及感受温湿度变化的作用。本研究为进一步了解六斑月瓢虫触角与其行为间的关系提供基础资料。     

中国食蚧瓢虫名录

食蚧瓢虫在蚧虫生物防治中具有很重要的作用.根据食性可分为专性食蚧瓢虫和兼性食蚧瓢虫.本文记录了我国食蚧瓢虫8亚科26属65种,其中澳洲瓢虫和孟氏隐唇瓢虫为国外引进种.     

“二十八星”瓢虫的辨识

“二十八星”瓢虫是指两鞘翅上共有 2 8个斑点的瓢虫 ,而不是一个纯分类学上的名词。已知的“二十八星”瓢虫都是植食性的 ,其中有些是农业上的重要害虫 ,也是鞘翅目中最重要的害虫类群之一。刘崇乐 [1]曾对华北“二十八星”瓢虫进行辨识 ,共记述 3种及 1亚种 ,但有些学名已作了变更 ;庞雄飞等[2 ] 对 5种“二十八星”瓢虫的分布和食性作了区分 ,并提出把这些近似种区别开来 ,重新调查、观察其食性 ,以明确其寄主转移关系 ,对防治这类害虫有重要的实践意义。近年来随着耕作制度的变化 ,“二十八星”瓢虫为害越来越严重。由于其中的马铃薯瓢…     

海南北部蔬菜生境天敌瓢虫多样性研究

为了解海南北部主要蔬菜作物生境天敌瓢虫的群落结构和物种多样性,本文利用黄板诱集法于2019年对茄子、豇豆和辣椒生境的天敌瓢虫种类和数量进行了调查研究。结果表明,3种作物生境共采集获得瓢虫标本4 993头,隶属于16个属28种,其群落多样性从高到低依次为茄子、辣椒和豇豆生境,其中茄子生境拥有28种,辣椒和豇豆生境分别为10种和11种。茄子生境的多样性指数、丰富度指数、优势度指数和均匀度指数均为最高,分别为1.58、3.40、0.27和0.47,明显高于豇豆和辣椒生境。无论哪种生境,六斑月瓢虫Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius)和龟纹瓢虫Propylae japonica (Thunberg)均是优势种类,分别占整个瓢虫数量相对多度的45.26%和19.67%。两种优势瓢虫时序变化特征表明,瓢虫数量呈多峰型分布,5月中下旬至7月上旬这一时段总体发生数量较低。研究结果可为海南北部蔬菜作物生境天敌瓢虫保护和利用提供理论依据。     

瓢虫的趋光性反应研究

以六斑月瓢虫Menochilus sexmaculata Fabricius和狭臀瓢虫Coccinella transversalis Fabricius为例,研究了瓢虫对不同光质(波长)的趋光性反应。在室内分别测定了六斑月瓢虫和狭臀瓢虫对5种发光二极管(LED)光波的趋性,以及在田间挂板(佳多)测定了瓢虫对色板的选择趋性。室内测定结果表明,瓢虫对黄色和白色LED光波的选择趋性显著高于与其它颜色;田间挂板试验表明,黄色对瓢虫的诱杀作用最强。综合分析,黄色对瓢虫有强烈的吸引作用,建议在使用黄板进行田间监测和防治时应考虑对天敌瓢虫的诱杀作用。     

寄主植物对锯叶裂臀瓢虫发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】锯叶裂臀瓢虫Henosepilachna pusillanima(Mulsant)是葫芦科植物上的一种植食性瓢虫,为瓜类蔬菜的主要害虫之一。本研究旨在探明不同瓜类植物对该虫发育和繁殖的影响。【方法】在(26±1)℃、相对湿度60%±5%、光周期L:D=14:10条件下,用棱角丝瓜Luffa acutangula(L.)Roxb.、南瓜Cucurbita moschata Duchesne x It、黄Cucumis sativus L、节瓜Benincasa hispida(Thunb.)Cogn.var.chieh-qua How和红瓜Coccinia grandis(L.)Voigt 5种植物的叶片饲养锯叶裂臀瓢虫,观察各虫态的生长发育进程和成虫的繁殖活动。【结果】不同寄主植物对锯叶裂臀瓢虫卵和各龄幼虫的发育、非成虫期以及产卵前期、产卵期、雌虫寿命和繁殖力均有显著影响,但预蛹期和蛹期不受寄主植物的影响。棱角丝瓜、南瓜、黄瓜、节瓜和红瓜上锯叶裂臀瓢虫非成虫期的平均历期分别为27.43、28.03、28.88、29.33、28.01 d。来自棱角丝瓜和红瓜的雌虫拥有较短的产卵前期、较长的产卵期和寿命。棱角丝瓜和红瓜上雌虫繁殖力也较强,其平均值分别高达2 039.79粒/♀和1 637.11粒/♀。5种瓜类植物上雌虫的逐日累计产卵率均完全符合三参数Weibull模型。【结论】锯叶裂臀瓢虫的5种寄主植物中,棱角丝瓜和红瓜拥有更高的适合度。     

异色瓢虫与隐斑瓢虫的区别及其色斑型和横脊的频率

异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)和隐斑瓢虫H.yedoensis(Takizawa)是亲缘关系很近的姐妹种,在中国(北京到南岭,西至甘肃南部和西藏东部)、日本(北海道以南)和南韩等地同域分布,常常在松树等植物上共存。长期以来,隐斑瓢虫被认为是异色瓢虫的一个异名。有时从外形上很难区分这2种瓢虫,因此对于依据野外数据,分析异色瓢虫色斑型和鞘翅横脊的发生频率及小进化会产生一些错误。本文从没有隐斑瓢虫分布的东北地区的材料及其他数据,报道异色瓢虫的色斑型及鞘翅横脊发生频率。异色瓢虫的花斑型在我国东部地区(从东北至广东北部,西至甘肃和云南)发生率很低,而在新疆西北部发生率较高。鞘翅横脊的发生率从东北佳木斯的98.85%降低到云南大理的78.26%。本文列出了区分这2种瓢虫的形态特征及自然分布。如果鞘翅具横脊,则属于异色瓢虫,但如果标本来自2种瓢虫的共存区,鞘翅没有横脊,鞘翅的斑纹呈花斑型、四窗型或二窗型,则很难从外部形态上对它们进行鉴定。但这2种瓢虫的幼虫很容易区分。本文还提供了2种瓢虫的雄性外生殖器形态图、幼虫和成虫。     

我国瓢虫亚科四种新纪录

在整理国内收藏的瓢虫亚科标本中,发现我国下列4种新纪录; 1.十四星裸瓢虫Calvia quatuordecimguttata(Linne.) 分布:吉林、湖北、四川;日本,苏联,欧洲,北美。 2.十二星裸瓢虫Calvia duodecimmaculata(Gebler)     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.