斯氏黄河猴(哺乳动物纲,灵长目)较完整下颌骨的发现

新发现的下颌骨说明斯氏黄河猴下齿式为 ２？, １,３, ３。 ｐ２为双根齿,其前后有短的齿隙;ｐ３具有低小的后跟;ｐ４未臼齿化,无下前尖,有初始的下后尖,在较大的跟盆上,有明显的下次尖和很小的下内尖？; ｍ１下前尖小,有些前后收缩（与Ｒｅｎｃｕｎｉｕｓ ｚｈｏｗｉ比较）,ｍ３下次小尖不如正模发育。下颌骨联合部倾斜,不愈合。黄河猴的下臼齿在形态上与西瓦兔猴亚科和原始类人猿──渐新猿亚科有许多共同点,但上臼齿形态差异显著。黄河猴类可能出自亚洲的ｃｅｒｃａｍｏｎｉｉｎｅ形的兔猴形灵长类。     

新疆准噶尔盆地北缘始新世Advenimus梳趾鼠类一新种(英文)

依据采自新疆福海县哈拉玛盖乡萨尔多依腊地点第三系的化石,建立了一个啮齿类新种 乌伦古河陌生鼠 Ａｄｖｅｎｉｍｕｓ　ｕｌｕｎｇｕｒｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ． ｎｏｖ．。 Ａ ｕｌｕｎｇｕｒｅｎｓｉｓ为一中等大小的早期梳趾 鼠类,齿低冠,下齿列颊齿由前向后逐渐增大;上、下第４前臼齿均次臼齿化;Ｐ４具发育的前齿 带,前、后尖发育但紧相邻,分别以完整的原脊、后脊与原失相连。Ｍ２前齿带亦发育,前、后尖与 分别连接它们的原、后脊无明显界限,不具小尖,次尖小于原尖。下颊齿齿尖较钝。ｐ４跟座较三 角座宽;下臼齿下外脊和下中尖弱;下次脊弱,伸至下次小尖前基部．眶前孔据推测较大。与其 他早期梳趾鼠相比,新疆标本与发现于内蒙古、湖北以及吉尔吉斯的Ａｄｖｅｎｉｍｕｓ最为接近。在已 确认的Ａｄｖｅｎｉｍｕｓ的两个种中,Ａ．ｕｌｕｎｇｕｒｅｎｓｉｓ在ｐ４跟座宽于三角座且缺前齿带,颊齿齿尖较 钝、下后失前倾、下次脊弱且伸至下次小尖前基部、下中失较弱、跟座开阔等特点方面有别于Ａ． ｂｕｒｋｅｉ。以齿尖较纤细,下后尖前倾,下原尖后臂弱,下中尖弱小,下次尖与下次小尖连接较强等 与Ａ． ｈｕｐｅｉｅｎｓｉｓ相区别。 Ａｄｖｅｎｉｍｕｓ原来的两个种都仅以下齿列为依据。产于     

山东五图早始新世更猴科(Plesiadapidae,Mammalia)化石

记述了山东五图盆地早始新世五图组的一种更猴类 (plesiadapid)化石 :杨氏亚洲更猴(Asioplesiadapisyoungigen .etsp .nov .)。在它增大的下门齿上具有更猴科特有的下缘尖和下缘脊 ,但其下颊齿性状相当原始 ,p4跟座呈盆状 ,m3下次小尖呈锥状更类似白垩纪晚期出现的更猴形动物Purgatorius。Asioplesiadapis的下臼齿形态可以说明亚洲更猴类虽然有北美和欧洲更猴的某些典型特征 ,但并不在同一进化支系。因此 ,另立一新亚科———亚洲更猴亚科(Asioplesiadapinaesubf.nov.)。     

中国兔猴的单一物种及其两性差别

观察到以前描述的中国兔猴不同种的特征在禄丰的全部中国兔猴标本中交叉地存在、并通过连续的中间表现型而衔接,本文建议石灰坝中国兔猴是厚齿中国兔候的同种异名,因而前一名称应予取消。以犬齿和下第四前臼齿为材料研究了中国兔猴的两性差别。本文使用双变量分布确定两性重叠分布的测量性状的性别差异取得较好的效果。     

内蒙古二连盆地呼和勃尔和地区壮鼠类化石

描述了产自内蒙古二连盆地呼和勃尔和地区始新世壮鼠类化石,包括呼和勃尔和剖面伊尔丁曼哈组底部的Asiomys dawsoni以及努和廷勃尔和剖面阿山头组底部的Ischyromyidae gen.et sp.indet.。其中Asiomys与其他壮鼠类的区别在于其下颌厚、高;咬肌窝明显、前缘宽,并有较明显的结节;P4无次尖、M1和M2次尖小;后小尖2个;dp4有明显的下次脊、p4无下次脊;下臼齿下原尖后棱长短不一、下次尖与下后齿带相连、下外脊完整、下次脊短。Asiomys的下颌特征与Paramys delicatus相似,门齿釉质层、上臼齿次尖、下臼齿下次脊等结构特征与北美中始新世的壮鼠类相近,与亚洲已知的壮鼠类差别较大。因此,Asiomys是中始新世亚洲与北美大陆哺乳动物之间交流的又一佐证。     

陕西府谷发现的晚中新世爪兽新材料

产自陕西府谷晚中新世喇嘛沟组红色砂质泥岩中的爪兽化石,其颌骨及牙齿保存得相当完好,为研究有关牙齿的细微结构及分类提供了宝贵材料。其颌骨及牙齿都很粗壮厚实。上齿列颊侧弯曲;臼齿菱形或斜方形;原尖粗大,孤立;原小尖发育,靠近前尖,甚至与前尖相接呈短的前脊;无原脊;前、中附尖粗大;前、后齿带皆发育很好。下犬牙较粗大;下颊齿呈一条直线排列;下前臼齿退缩不太大;下后附尖发育较好,磨用后,常与下后尖连成并联蒂状。除第四前臼齿臼齿化外,其他前臼齿皆未臼齿化。府谷爪兽归入奈王爪兽属(Nestoritherium),但与已发表过的种都有明显差异,特建一新种:府谷奈王爪兽(Nestoritherium fuguense sp.nov.)。当时动物之大量死亡,可能主要是突发的自然灾害如沙尘暴所引起,死后未经长距离搬运。     

江西池江盆地上古新统一种类似偶蹄类的古有蹄类

奇蹄类和偶蹄类是现代的主要有蹄动物,它们的起源一直是古哺乳动物学界关心的课题。近年来的发现表明,在早始新世奇蹄类出现之前,亚洲已有牙齿形态与奇蹄类相近的有蹄类存在。偶蹄类的情况可能也是如此,这里记述的古新世新村里赣蹄兽就是一个明证。新村里赣蹄兽(Ganungulatum xincunliense gen.et sp.nov.)化石产于江西大余青龙镇新村里附近的晚古新世池江组滥泥坑段,化石地点编号为72035(76)。在同一地点还发现南方古对锥兽Archaeoryctes notialis Zheng,1979和滥泥坑赣脊兽Ganolophus lanikenensis Zhang,1979。赣蹄兽材料为一对不完整的下颌骨,右下颌骨保存i2-3,c和p4-m3,左下颌骨存有p3-m3(IVPP V 14154)。其特征是下齿式为3?·1·4·3;i3与颊齿列平行,i2稍有些斜;犬齿小;p3有初始的跟座,p4三角座明显,跟座小;下臼齿为丘形齿,牙齿由m1向m3增大,三角座前后收缩,下前尖位于舌侧,并靠近下后尖,下后尖较下原尖靠后,m3有一增大的跟座,跟盆向舌侧开放。新村里赣蹄兽下颊齿低冠,呈丘形齿,下臼齿三角座前后收缩和m3下次小尖增大等特征,说明了赣蹄兽与亚洲古新世地层中常见的真兽类,例如(?)兽类、裂齿类、中兽类和全齿类不同,而与Prothero et al.(1988)提出的有蹄类(Ungulata)牙齿相似,表现出与某些有蹄类密切相关。与已知的晚白垩世和古新世有蹄类比较,赣蹄兽与"踝节类"("condylarths")中的豕齿类(hyopsodontids)和眛兽类(mioclaenids)比较相近。但从其下犬齿小,p4相对较大,臼齿化程度高,以及下臼齿下前尖在舌面位置和与下后尖接近等特征来看,赣蹄兽更接近mioclaenids。修仁古亚兽(Palasiodon siurensis)是亚洲仅有的mioclaenid,产于广东南雄盆地下古新统上湖组,但在牙齿形态上容易与这里记述的赣蹄兽区别,古亚兽下颊齿短宽,m3很退化。与其他已知的mioclaenids比较,赣蹄兽在大小上和牙齿形态上与北美Torrejonian的Litaletes disjunctus最接近,两者都有小的匙状的下犬齿,相对臼齿化的p4,下臼齿下前尖向舌侧位移,前、后齿带无或很弱,m3增大。但赣蹄兽明显不同于,J.disjunctus,前者p3更小,更简单,p4下前尖更小,跟座不成盆状,下臼齿下前尖较大,更加舌位,并与下后尖靠近,下后尖在下原尖的后侧,m3下内尖不明显。由此可见,赣蹄兽下颊齿和已知的"踝节类"是可以区别的,但更重要的区别点是在下颌骨的前面部分。在与arctocyonids、hyopsodontids和phenacodontids等"踝节类"对比时,我们发现赣蹄兽和"踝节类"之间的重大差异在于下门齿的排列上。这些"踝节类"的三个下门齿密集地排列在下颌骨的前端,呈圆弧状,与颊齿列斜交,而赣蹄兽的i3与颊齿列平行,i2稍斜。赣蹄兽下门齿的排列形式与早期偶蹄类Diacodexis pakistanensis相似,在亚洲始新世的Gobiohyus robuxtus和Lophiomeryx angarae也有类似的情况。赣蹄兽与Diacodexis、Gobiohyus和Wutuhyus等早期的偶蹄类的相似之处还在于下颌骨形态,较细长,较浅,下颌骨深度向前变浅,下臼齿向后增大,下前尖在舌面位置,下后尖在下原尖的后面,m1-2下次小尖在后缘上,m3下次小尖增大,并形成第三叶。但在p3-4形态上,赣蹄兽与这些早期偶蹄类不同,赣蹄兽明显比早期偶蹄类复杂,即臼齿化程度较高。赣蹄兽保留了像某些"踝节类"(如Litaletes)的p3-4,而它的下门齿排列却与早期偶蹄类相似。赣蹄兽下臼齿形态与早期偶蹄类具有相似性,因而不能归入"踝节目"已知科,很有可能代表与偶蹄类相关的一支古有蹄类。赣蹄兽的发现也为偶蹄类起源打开了新思路。     

四川德格上新蹄兔亚科(Pliohyracinae)一新属

以西藏后裂爪蹄兔 (PostschizotheriumtibetensisZongetal.,1 996)为基础 ,建立了上新蹄兔亚科 (PliohyracinaeOsborn ,1 899)一新属 :横断山蹄兔 (Hengduanshanhyraxgen .nov .)。它出现在四川甘孜德格的上上新统汪布顶组中。其主要特征是个体明显比Postschizotherium的小 ,吻部短而宽 ,脸部狭 ,齿隙在门齿之间、1 3和C之间以及在C和P1之间存在 ,颊齿从P1至M3紧密排列 ,上犬齿小、单根和前臼齿化不明显 ,前臼齿稍臼齿化 ,次尖小或不存在 ,P4具中附尖 ,上臼齿呈长方形 ,长大于宽 ,前附尖和中附尖发育 ,以及在臼齿的壁上存在少量的白垩质等等     

内蒙古始新世梳趾鼠类化石

描述了４属１０种梳趾鼠类化石（Ｇｏｂｉｏｍｙｓ ｎｅｉｍｏｎｇｏｌｅｎｓｉｓ, Ｇ． ｅｘｉｇｕｕｓ（新种）, Ｇ． ｃｆ．Ｇ．ｅｘｉｇｕｕｓ,Ｇ．ａｓｉａｔｉｃｕｓ（新种）,Ｇｏｂｉｏｍｙｓ？ｓｐｐ．,Ａｄｖｅｎｉｍｕｓ　ｃｆ．Ａ．ｂｏｈｌｉｎｉ,Ａ．ｃｆ．Ａ．ｂｕｒｋｅｉ, Ｙｕｏｍｙｓ ｓｐ．和Ｐｒｏｔａｔａｒｏｍｙｓ　ｓｐ．）．以Ｍｅｒｇｅｎｏｍｙｓ　ｎｅｉｍｏｎｇｏｌｅｎｓｉｓ作属型种建了一新属,Ｇｏｂｉｏｍｙｓ。其特征是：门齿孔大;具Ｐ３;颊齿齿冠低,主尖明显,但不膨大,齿凹开阔;Ｐ４／ｐ４非臼齿化;上臼齿宽大于长,后脊较发育;Ｍ１和Ｍ２具内脊;下外脊和下次小尖位置偏外。Ｇ．ｅｘｉｇｕｕｓ的特点是：个体较小,上颌骨颧突根在Ｐ３之前,下臼齿缺下原失后臂舌部、下内尖臂和下前齿带．Ｇ．ａｓｉａｔｉｃｕｓ的上颌骨颧突后缘在Ｐ３的外方;臼齿具较发达的齿脊;上臼齿较宽短,后小尖较弱;下臼齿具较发达的内尖臂和前齿带。 Ｇｏｂｉｏｍｙｉｄａｅ新科包括Ｇｏｂｉｏｍｙｓ, Ｍｅｒｇｅｎｏｍｙｓ,Ｙｏｕｎｇｏｍｙｓ和哈萨克斯坦的未命名的新属等４属,组成与梳趾鼠科相对的姐妹群。其主要特征是,下颌骨缺咬肌窝上嵴。颊齿低冠,近于丘形     

豫鼠化石在我国阿尔金地区的发现（英文）

记述了在新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州若羌县阿尔金山地区彩虹沟首次发现的豫鼠一新种:阿尔金豫鼠(Yuomys altunensis sp.nov.)。其主要特征是臼齿的尺寸较大,比例上较宽,齿冠较高,臼齿的后小尖与后尖明显分开,后脊相对较长,但不完全,次尖明显小于原尖,舌侧内凹伸达臼齿齿冠基部,后齿带与后尖舌侧连;M3后尖为新月形,后齿带较短等。根据豫鼠臼齿的进化趋势和新种臼齿的尺寸较大、齿冠较高和舌侧内凹伸达齿冠基部的特征与Y.cavioides,Y.eleganes和Y.huangzhuangensis相近,但颊齿比例较宽判断,Y.altunensis可能与该3种处于同样的进化阶段或稍进步。其产出的地层时代很可能与它们相近或稍晚,即为晚中始新世或稍晚。     

A new pliopithecid genus (primates: Pliopithecoidea) from Castell de Barberà (Vallès-Penedès Basin, Catalonia, Spain)

Barberapithecus huerzeleri gen. et sp. nov. (Primates, Pliopithecidae) is erected on the basis of material from Castell de Barberà (Middle to Late Miocene, ca. 11.2-10.5 Ma), in the Vallès-Penedès Basin (Catalonia, Spain), including: 15 teeth (representing most of the permanent dentition) from a single female individual (holotype); an isolated P/3 (paratype); and a male C1/ (referred to the hypodigm). Previously, this material had been only partially figured and described, being attributed to Pliopithecus or to a new taxon with possible crouzeliine affinities. The erection of a new genus is justified by several autapomorphic features, such as markedly buccolingually compressed and mesiodistally elongated C1/, extremely buccolingually compressed, and mesiodistally oriented C/1 main cusp, P/4 with a large trigonid subequal to the talonid, very large distal foveae on the M/1 and especially the M/2, and lower molars with a quadrangular central fovea and a mesially situated entoconid. These features are associated with a set of crouzeliine synapomorphies, such as buccolingually compressed and peripheralized cusps, well-developed crests, large and well-defined occlusal foveae, upper molars with long preprotocrista, short hypoparacrista, somewhat distally situated protocone and short distal fovea, distinct P/3 metaconid, well-developed P/4 premetacristid, and relatively narrow lower molars with a reduced entoconid. Although more primitive, Barberapithecus resembles Anapithecus in some derived features. Both taxa are included into a new tribe (Anapithecini), together with other crouzeliines except Plesiopliopithecus (tribe Crouzeliini). The retention of primitive, pliopithecine-like features in Barberapithecus suggests that anapithecins might have evolved from a Pliopithecus ancestor, so that as currently conceived the Crouzeliinae might be polyphyletic.     

禄丰中新世兔猴类一新属

本文记述的是在云南禄丰腊玛古猿化石产地发现的原猴类化石,分类上归于兔猴科。鉴于它的形态特征,作者把它订为一新属新种(Sinoadapis carnosus gen. et sp. nov.),这是迄今已知兔猴科最晚的记录。这一发现对兔猴类的进化及探讨腊玛古猿的生活环境具有一定的意义。     

记江苏泗洪首次发现森林古猿类化石

本文记述了在江苏泗洪松林庄发现的一种古猿类化石,它以个体小、颊齿宽、有发达的齿带等特征有别于我国云南的腊玛古猿、西瓦古猿;它也有别于在同一地点、同一层位发现的双沟醉猿。其形态与非洲的Proconsul属接近,根据这些形态特点和它的地史分布,我们订立了一新属一新种:Platodontopithecus jianghuaiensis,地质时代为中新世。     

Ursavus在中国的首次发现——并记禄丰古猿化石产地的其他熊类标本

本文记述的是1981年在禄丰古猿化石产地发掘中发现的熊类标本,共有二属二种和一种暂不能确定属、种的类型。其中祖熊(Ursavus)过去只见于欧洲、北美和西亚的中新世地层,在我国还是首次发现。禄丰的标本,就其大小和特征可归于Ursavus depereti;印度熊(Indarctos)过去在我国发现过两个种:中国印度熊(I.sinensis)和拉氏印度熊(I.lagrelli),禄丰的标本为前一个种;第三类型与Protursus和Ursus都有相似之处,但又有区别,鉴于材料不足,暂不订属和种。     

贵州盘县大洞更新世灵长类化石

本文记述贵州盘县大洞中－晚更新世洞穴堆积中的猴类化石,数量不多,被归入短尾猴（Ｍａｃａｃａａｒｃｔｏｉｄｅｓ）,熊猴（Ｍ．ｃｆ．ａｓｓａｍｅｎｓｉｓ）和疣猴亚科（Ｃｏｌｏｂｉｎａｅ）本研究为南方洞穴堆积单个灵长类牙齿的鉴定积累一些资料,同时也扩大了贵州省猴类化石的分布。     

山东昌乐早始新世五图组鼩形类(Soricomorpha,Insectivora, Mammalia)

山东早始新世五图组曾发现原始獏类,Homogalax wutunensis,最近又采到一批化石。这里仅记述其中的一种食虫类,可归入鼩形亚目的昌乐鼩(Changlelestes dissetiformis gen. et sp.nov.)。昌乐鼩与亚洲早第三纪食虫类(Ernosorex.Ictopidium和Tupaiodon)可能有较为密切的亲缘关系,本文将它们归入新科——Changlelestidae fam.nov.。昌乐鼩科与Plesiosoricidae和Soricidae有一些相同的进步特征,这些科与Nyctitheriidae有共同的差别。     

Monotremes as Pretribosphenic Mammals

An abundance of evidence points to the conclusion that monotremes are phyletically allied with pretribosphenic, rather than with tribosphenic, mammals. Monotremes do not have a tribosphenic dentition. Character analyses that apply tribosphenic cusp terminology to monotreme dentitions are implicitly limited thereby. A review of the molar dentition of living and fossil monotremes suggests that upper molars are composed of a strongly developed pretribosphenic paracone and metacone and a series of stylar cusps attached to them in a bicrescentic, or dilambdodont, fashion. The lower molars are composed of a trigonid, with a pretribosphenic protoconid, paraconid, and metaconid, and distal metacristid. The paraconid of m1 is reduced or lost. The talonid is composed of the pretribosphenic hypoconid, hypoconulid, and cristid obliqua. There is no evidence for a tribosphenic entoconid, nor for a talonid basin. There was no tribosphenic protocone. Monotremes are not related to other taxa included in Australosphenida. The dentition of Cretaceous taxa, such as Teinolophos and Steropodon, apparently still functioned by orthal mechanisms, whereas by the medial Paleocene (Monotrematum) and later (Obdurodon), monotremes appear to have accommodated a diet of soft-bodied organisms that left little trace of a mastication regime that had changed to apical wear via propalinal motion. Monotremes appear to be modern representatives of a Mesozoic radiation of pretribosphenic mammals centered largely in Gondwana, where they still reside today.     

The allometry of relative cusp size in hominoid mandibular molars

The crown area (MCBA) and cusp areas of mandibular molars of Homo sapiens (M-1 = 131; M-2 = 71), Gorilla (M-1 = 25) and Pongo (M-1 = 24) were studied to determine whether the relative size of the mesial and distal cusps are related to overall crown size. Allometric trends were assessed by examining the correlation between relative cusp areas and MCBA and by calculating the slope of the regression line of log cusp area and log MCBA. With the exception of the metaconid in the Homo sapiens M-2S, the results of the intraspecific analyses provide little evidence of an allometric trend for relative reduction of the mesial cusps with increasing crown size. None of the samples provide consistent or reliable evidence of such a trend for the protoconid, nor do the M-1 samples provide evidence for such a trend for the metaconid. The evidence from the distal cusps is also mixed: positive allometry for the entoconid for the Homo sapiens M-2S and for the hypoconulid for the Homo sapiens M-1S, with no departure from isometry in either Gorilla or Pongo. The interspecific data provide no evidence of any trend for the mesial cusps to decrease or the distal cusps to increase in importance in larger teeth. If one accepts the proposition that the static allometric trends observed in this study are reasonable analogues for any allometric relationships within, or between, fossil hominid taxa, then the evidence presented above does not support the hypothesis that the reduction of the trigonid, which is observed in the "robust" australopithecines, is an allometric phenomenon.     

云南元谋古猿地点的小哺乳动物化石

本文依据元谋盆地西北小河村一带古猿化石地点所产６种小哺乳动物（Ａｎｏｕｒｏｓｏｒｅｘｓｐ．,Ｌｅｐｏｎｄａｅｇｅｎ．ｅｔｓｐ．ｉｎｄｅｔ．,Ｓｃｉｕｒｏｔａｍｉａｓｓｐ．,Ｍｏｎｏｓａｕｌａｘｓｐ．,Ｂｒａｃｈｙｒｈｉｚｏｍｙｓｂｌａｃｋｉ,Ｒｈｉｚｏｍｙｉｄａｅｇｅｎ．ｅｔｓｐ．ｉｎｄｅｔ）,初步论证了几个合古猿化石地点（８６０３、８７０１、８７０４、８８０１、９００１）的时代均为晚中新世,相当于欧洲Ｔｕｒｏｌｉａｎ晚期,比禄丰古猿化石地点的时代稍晚．