黄斑卷蛾雄蛾对性信息素的行为反应

分别在风洞中和田间观察了黄斑卷蛾Acleris fimbriana Thunberg et Becklin雄蛾对合成性信息素三种成分（E11,13-14∶Ald, E11,13-14∶Ac和E11-14∶Ac）及其不同组合的行为反应。在风洞中,主要活性成分E11,13-14∶Ald能引起雄蛾完成从兴奋到搜索释放源的行为反应,但雄蛾对单个组分E11,13-14∶Ac 或 E11-14∶Ac不呈现任何行为反应。当释放源为双组分 E11,13-14∶Ald＋E11,13-14∶Ac （6∶4）或三组分E11,13-14∶Ald＋E11,13-14∶Ac＋E11-14∶Ac（6∶4∶1）时,可以明显增加雄蛾定向飞行和到达释放源的数量。三组分 E11,13-14∶Ald＋E11,13-14∶Ac＋E11-14∶Ac的比例为6∶4∶1时,500 μg剂量效果最好。田间试验结果表明,E11,13-14∶Ald单独使用表现出良好的诱蛾活性,其诱蛾量为活雌蛾的1.9倍,而E11,13-14∶Ac和E11-14∶Ac则不具有诱蛾活性。E11,13-14∶Ac对E11,13-14∶Ald有明显的增效作用,三组分E11,13-14∶Ald＋E11,13-14∶Ac＋E11-14∶Ac（6∶4∶1）诱芯的诱蛾效果最好。     

Evaluation of synthetic sex pheromone for monitoring and management of raspberry crown borer Pennisetia marginata (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)

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Identification of two components of the female sex pheromone of the sugarcane‐borer Diatraea flavipennella (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Analysis by gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection of extracts of pheromone glands derived from calling females of the sugarcane‐borer Diatraea flavipennella revealed two antennally active compounds. These components were identified as (Z)‐9‐hexadecenal (Z9–16:Ald) and (Z)‐11‐hexadecenal (Z11–16:Ald) by comparison of the retention times of the natural compounds and the synthetic compounds supported by two‐dimensional gas chromatography – time‐of‐flight mass spectrometric analysis and the positions of the double bounds in the chains were confirmed from the mass spectral fragmentation patterns of their dimethyldisulphide adducts. The analysis indicated that Z9–16:Ald and Z11–16:Ald were present in the sex pheromone in the proportions 25 : 75. Trace amounts of tetradecanal, hexadecanal, (Z)‐7‐hexadecenal (Z7–16:Ald), (Z)‐9‐hexadecen‐1‐ol and (Z)‐11‐hexadecen‐1‐ol were also found in the extract, but of these only Z9–16:Ald and Z11–16:Ald appeared to be antennally active. Behavioural bioassays demonstrated that a binary blend composed of Z9–16:Ald and Z11–16:Ald in the ratio of 25 : 75 induced a response in D. flavipennella virgin males similar to that elicited by live virgin females or by an hexane extract of the pheromone glands of calling females. Z9–16:Ald and Z11–16:Ald are, therefore, considered to be the major constituents of the female sex pheromone of D. flavipennella.     

Enhancement of attraction to sex pheromone of Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by structurally unrelated sex pheromone compounds of Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Grapholita molesta (Busck) (the oriental fruit moth; OFM) and Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée) are both fruit and stem borers with overlapping habitats, occurrences, and outbreak cycles. These two species are in different families and they have completely different sex pheromone components. Here, the effects of the sex pheromone components of C. punctiferalis, (E)-10-hexadecenal (E10-16:Ald) and (Z)-10-hexadecenal (Z10-16:Ald) and their mixture, were evaluated on the sexual communication of OFM by examining electrophysiological (EAG) and behavioral responses. We found that a considerably large amount of E10-16:Ald or Z10-16:Ald and a tiny amount of OFM pheromone elicited comparable EAG responses in OFM males, indicating the low antennal olfactory sensitivity of OFM males to the heterospecific pheromone compounds. In two different peach orchard parcels, captures of OFM by their pheromone lures baited in delta traps were increased by at least 1.5 times when OFM pheromone lures were combined with lures that contained 1000 μg of either E10-16:Ald, Z10-16:Ald or their mixture. In two other pear orchard parcels, both E10-16:Ald and Z10-16:Ald increased captures of OFM in Unitraps in a dose-dependent manner with more than a four-fold increase. Therefore, the enhanced attractiveness of OFM lures by the two interspecific pheromones suggests their potential application to improve mass trapping, population monitoring and mating disruption of OFM.     

Optimization of pheromone lure and trap design for monitoring the fir coneworm, Dioryctria abietivorella

The major components of the sex pheromone of Dioryctria abietivorella (Groté) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were recently identified as (9Z,11E)‐tetradecadien‐1‐yl acetate (9Z,11E‐14:Ac) and a polyunsaturated, long‐chain hydrocarbon (3Z,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)‐pentacosapentaene (C25 pentaene). The optimal ratio of these components and the role of potential minor components were not fully determined in the initial short report on the pheromone's identification. We tested different ratios of the two major components loaded into grey halobutyl rubber septum dispensers, placed in sticky traps deployed in conifer breeding arboreta. The optimal ratio of the two components was 200 µg 9Z,11E‐14:Ac to 2000 µg C25 pentaene. (Z)‐9‐Tetradecen‐1‐yl acetate, which had been identified previously in female pheromone gland extracts, and five other potential minor pheromone components, were tested individually as additions to the optimized two‐component lure blend. None of the ternary blends were more attractive than the optimized two‐component blend, at the ratios tested. Two lure adjuvants, a UV stabilizer (Sumisorb 300) and the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene, added individually or together, did not affect the attractiveness of the optimized lure blend. The Pherotech diamond sticky trap baited with the optimized lure blend was the most effective trap design among eight types of sticky trap and a bucket style trap that were tested. Traps baited with synthetic lures were as attractive as traps baited with virgin female moths. The optimized two‐component lure blend in the Pherotech diamond trap is recommended for monitoring fir coneworm infestations. The availability of an effective synthetic pheromone opens the possibility for control tactics using mating disruption or attract‐and‐kill techniques.     

Trapping effect of synthetic sex pheromone of Acleris fimbriana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Chinese northern orchard

The yellow tortrix, Acleris fimbriana Merick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is an economically important insect pest on fruit trees with four generations a year in North China. In order to develop a new and effective method for forecasting and controlling the pest, the sex pheromone was studied. We have identified the female sex pheromone as (E)-11,13-tetradecadienal (E11,13-14:Ald), (E)-11,13-tetradecadienyl acetate (E11,13-14:Ac) and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:Ac). Trapping effect of synthetic chemicals E11,13-14:Ald, alone and in combination with E11,13-14:Ac or/and E11-14:Ac to A. fimbriana males was tested in Beijing Xishan Orchard (2001). E11,13-14:Ald on its own was much attractive to A. fimbriana males. Neither E11,13-14:Ac nor E11-14:Ac alone caught any moths. The catches markedly increased by adding E11,13-14:Ac to E11,13-14:Ald. The optimum ratio of E11,13-14:Ald and E11,13-14:Ac was 6:4 to 5:5. This attractiveness was apparently enhanced when 5% to 10% of E11-14:Ac was added. The best field activity was in the lure baited with a 6:4:1 ratio of E11,13-14:Ald, E11,13-14:Ac and E11-14:Ac at a dosage of 1000 microg/septum. The effect of antioxidant, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol [butylated hydroxyluene (BHT)], to the synthetic pheromone blends on its duration and catching efficacy was also tested. Addition of 5-10% BHT to the synthetic pheromone could prolong the life-span of pheromone chemicals for 6-8 weeks, thereby increased its catching efficacy.     

Identification and field testing of sex pheromone components of a Korean population of the allium leafminer,Acrolepiopsis sapporensis

The allium leafminer, Acrolepiopsis sapporensis Matsumura (Lepidoptera: Acrolepiidae), is a pest of Allium species (Liliaceae) in Asia and Hawaii, USA. We identified candidate sex pheromone components in pheromone gland extracts of female moths and field tested the response of male moths to blends with different components and ratios. Gas chromatographic comparison of abdominal tip extracts from both sexes showed three female‐specific components: (Z)‐11‐hexadecenal (Z11‐16:Ald), (Z)‐11‐hexadecenyl acetate (Z11‐16:OAc), and (Z)‐11‐hexadecen‐1‐ol (Z11‐16:OH). These compounds were identified by mass spectral analysis of natural pheromone components and dimethyldisulfide adducts, and retention index comparisons with synthetic standards. The average ratio of three components, Z11‐16:Ald, Z11‐16:OAc, and Z11‐16:OH, in female extract was 33:100:14. Field trapping experiments indicated that all three components were essential for maximal attraction of male moths. Traps baited with a ternary blend mimicking the blend found in the pheromone gland extracts caught significantly more males than traps baited with caged live females. Increasing doses of the pheromone blend in the lures from 0.01 to 1.0 mg increased catches of male A. sapporensis.     

Sex pheromone production and response in Korean populations of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae), is a worldwide pest of cruciferous crops. We examined the female pheromone production and male response to various pheromone blends in two Korean populations. Gas chromatography (GC) and GC‐mass spectrometry (MS) analyses of pheromone gland extracts revealed that females produce (Z)‐11‐hexadecenal (Z11‐16:Ald), (Z)‐11‐hexadecenyl acetate (Z11‐16:OAc), and (Z)‐11‐hexadecen‐1‐ol (Z11‐16:OH) in a ratio of 8:100:18. However, (Z)‐9‐tetradecenyl acetate (Z9‐14:OAc), a previously reported component of the sex attractant of a Canadian P. xylostella population was not detected in gland extracts of the Korean one. Field tests showed that Z11‐16:Ald and Z11‐16:OAc are essential for attraction of male moths, and the highest attraction is obtained with a 10:90 blend mimicking the blend found in gland extracts. Addition of 1 or 10% of Z11‐16:OH to the 10:90 blend of Z11‐16:Ald and Z11‐16:OAc significantly increased attraction. However, attraction was strongly antagonized by the addition of as little as 0.1% of Z9‐14:OAc to the most attractive ternary blend. The ternary blend of Z11‐16:Ald, Z11‐16:OAc, and Z11‐16:OH at a ratio of 10:90:1 was more effective at catching P. xylostella males than the Japanese three‐component blend or the Canadian four‐component blend in Korea. These results suggest that there is geographical variation in the pheromone systems of this species.     

Sex pheromone of the cloaked pug moth,Eupithecia abietaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), a pest of spruce cones

The sex pheromone of the cloaked pug moth, Eupithecia abietaria Götze, an important cone‐feeding pest in spruce seed orchards in Europe, was investigated. Chemical and electrophysiological analyses of pheromone gland extracts of female moths and analogous analyses of synthetic hydrocarbons and epoxides of chain length C₁₉ and C₂₁ revealed (3Z,6Z,9Z)‐3,6,9‐nonadecatriene (3Z,6Z,9Z‐19:H) and 3Z,6Z‐cis‐9,10‐epoxynonadecadiene (3Z,6Z‐cis‐9,10‐epoxy‐19:H) as candidate pheromone components, which were found in a gland extract in a ratio of 95 : 5. In field trapping experiments, conspecific males were only attracted to a combination of 3Z,6Z,9Z‐19:H and the (9S,10R)‐enantiomer of 3Z,6Z‐cis‐9,10‐epoxy‐19:H. The (9R,10S)‐enantiomer was not attractive, which is in agreement with studies on other Eupithecia species, for which males have only been attracted by the (9S,10R)‐enantiomer of epoxides. Subsequent experiments showed that E. abietaria males were attracted to a wide range of ratios of the two active compounds and that trap catches increased with increasing dose of the binary blend. A two‐component bait containing 300 μg 3Z,6Z,9Z‐19:H and 33 μg of the (9S,10R)‐enantiomer of 3Z,6Z‐cis‐9,10‐epoxy‐19:H was efficient for monitoring E. abietaria in spruce seed orchards in southern Sweden, where this species has probably been overlooked as an important pest in the past. With sex pheromones recently identified for two other moths that are major pests on spruce cones, the spruce seed moth, Cydia strobilella L., and the spruce coneworm, Dioryctria abietella Denis & Schiffermüller, pheromone‐based monitoring can now be achieved for the whole guild of cone‐feeding moths in European spruce seed orchards.     

Possible antagonism of (Z)‐2‐hexenyl (E)‐3‐hexenoate against the attractiveness of (E)‐2‐hexenyl (Z)‐3‐hexenoate to Ooencyrtus nezarae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

Ooencyrtus nezarae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is an egg parasitoid of bean bug Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) which is a major pest of beans. Females of O. nezarae are attracted to (E)‐2‐hexenyl (Z)‐3‐hexenoate (EZ), one of the components of aggregation pheromone of R. pedestris. Effects of three isomers (ZE, EE and ZZ) of EZ on the attractiveness of O. nezarae were tested using electroantennography (EAG) and field bioassays. EAG analyses revealed that the response of O. nezarae to ZE was significantly higher than those to air, hexane and two other isomers, even though the response was lower than that to EZ. ZE affected the attractiveness of EZ dose‐dependently in the field. Addition of ZE (100 mg) to EZ (10 mg) caused a significant reduction in the catches of O. nezarae females. Single or binary addition of two other isomers (EE and ZZ) to EZ could not decrease or increase significantly the number of O. nezarae catches of EZ. Even though addition of ZZ (10, 50 or 100 mg) to EZ (10 mg) caused dose‐dependent reduction in the number of O. nezarae female catches, the reductions were not significantly different from that of EZ. EZ and its three isomers were not attractive to O. nezarae males at all.     

Identification and field and laboratory tests of the sex pheromone of Cerconota anonella Sepp. (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae)

The Annona fruit borer, Cerconota anonella Sepp., is a serious agricultural pest in many tropical areas of the world. The identification of an attractant for male C. anonella could offer new methods for pest detection and control. A mixture of compounds extracted from female C. anonella elicited antennal depolarization in the male borer. These compounds were identified as octadecanal, 1‐octadecanol, octadecyl acetate, (Z)‐octadec‐9‐enal (Z9‐18:Ald), (Z)‐octadec‐9‐en‐1‐ol (Z9‐18:OH) and [(Z)‐octadec‐9‐enyl] acetate (Z9‐18:Ac) by one‐ and two‐dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. In laboratory bioassays, synthetic individual compounds as well as synthetic mixtures were found to be attractive to males. In addition, field tests using Delta traps with 1 mg of the ternary mixture composed of Z9‐18:Ac, Z9‐18:Ald and Z9‐18:OH in the ratio of 1 : 3 : 5 caught as many males as traps containing virgin females. The ternary mixture of Z9‐18:Ac, Z9‐18:Ald and Z9‐18:OH was identified as attractant to C. anonella males and can be used to detect and control populations of this insect in Annonaceae plantations.     

Sex pheromone of the red clover casebearer moth,Coleophora deauratella,an invasive pest of clover in Canada

The red clover casebearer, Coleophora deauratella Lienig & Zeller (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae), is an invasive pest of Trifolium species (Fabaceae) in Canada. We identified candidate sex pheromone components from female pheromone gland extracts using coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic analysis detection. Three compounds elicited an electrophysiological response from antennae and were identified as: (Z)‐7‐dodecenyl acetate, (Z)‐5‐dodecenyl acetate, and (Z)‐7‐dodecen‐1‐ol. Field tests of the candidate pheromone components revealed that males were attracted to a binary mixture of (Z)‐7‐dodecenyl acetate and (Z)‐5‐dodecenyl acetate. Male moth trap capture was greatest in traps baited with lures containing 100:10 or 100:20 ratios of these pheromone components, respectively. Trap capture was reduced when (Z)‐5‐dodecenyl acetate was present below 10 or above 20% of (Z)‐7‐dodecenyl acetate. Equal numbers of male moths were captured in traps baited with 10, 100, and 1 000 μg of the attractive binary mixture. These findings allow for the development of a pheromone‐based monitoring system for this invasive pest of clover in Canada.     

Communication interference in sympatrically occurring moth species

In moth species, females emit a species‐specific sex pheromone that is perceived over long distance by conspecific males. The species‐specificity in the chemical communication channel is achieved by a combination of unique components in specific ratios and sometimes also by interspecific behavioural antagonists to deter sympatrically occurring heterospecific males. In this study, we determined possible antagonistic effects in Helicoverpa gelotopoeon Dyar (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) males to the major sex pheromone component of sympatrically occurring heliothine moths, Z11‐16:Ald, as well as to the sex pheromone of the sympatrically occurring Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (Z11‐16:Ald and Z9‐14:Ald). We also explored whether other co‐occurring species are attracted to these pheromone blends. Our field experiments showed that the addition of Z11‐16:Ald alone or in combination with Z9‐14:Ald inhibited trap catches of H. gelotopoeon males and that this inhibition depended on the concentration of these compounds. In addition, other moth species were attracted to the blends. Together, our results confirm the antagonistic effect of heterospecific sex pheromone compounds of H. virescens to H. gelotopoeon.     

Optimization and field evaluation of the sex pheromone of Trichophysetis cretacea (Lepidoptera,Crambidae) for pest monitoring

Field studies using the synthetic sex pheromone of Trichophysetis cretacea, a trinary blend of (Z)‐11‐hexadecenyl acetate (Z11‐16:OAc), (Z)‐11‐hexadecenal (Z11‐16:Ald) and (Z)‐11‐hexadecenol (Z11‐16:OH), were performed in Sichuan to determine operational parameters for detection and control, such as dispenser type, blend ratio, dosage, and trap type, height and density. Of three pheromone dispensers tested, grey halo‐butyl isoprene elastomeric septa were significantly more effective than polyvinyl chloride capillary tubing or silicone rubber septa. The ratio of the three components in the blend significantly affected moth catch. In the halo‐butyl isoprene septa, the most effective ratio was 5 : 2 : 1 Z11‐16:OAc:Z11‐16:Ald:Z11‐16:OH. Sticky wing traps caught significantly more moths than water, noctuid moth or cone funnel traps. The most effective height at which wing traps were hung was 20 cm above the jasmine plants. Optimum trap density was 45 traps per hectare. Addition of volatile jasmine compounds did not increase the attractiveness of the sex pheromone. A dosage of 50 μg Z11‐16:OAc per lure was most effective in the autumn weather conditions of Quanwei. These data provide sufficient information to develop effective protocols for using the T. cretacea pheromone to detect and monitor this pest in the jasmine fields.     

Effect of (E4, Z6)-4,6-Hexadecadienal in attraction of Stathmopoda masinissa with its pheromone components of Korean population

Timely insecticidal application for Stathmopoda masinissa Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae), is important, for reducing damage to persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.), an important tree fruit cultivated in Korea. In this regard, the early and precise detection of adult S. masinissa is desirable. In this study, we report the effect of (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadienal (E4,Z6-16Ald) with sex pheromone components in attracting S. masinissa males. The sex pheromone of S. masinissa in the Korean population comprised two components, (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadienyl acetate (E4,Z6-16Ac) and (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadienol (E4,Z6-16OH). It was shown that the E4,Z6-16Ald acts as a synergist of E4,Z6-16Ac for attracting S. masinissa in the Japanese population. To test whether E4,Z6-16Ald could be used as an attractant in the Korean population, the E4,Z6-16Ald with the two pheromone components was evaluated in attracting S. masinissa males. Electroantennography (EAG) assays were performed to determine the antennal responses of S. masinissa males to the two pheromone components and E4,Z6-16Ald tested. A field attraction test with a combination of pheromones and E4,Z6-16Ald was carried out for 3 years in three different regions in Korea. E4,Z6-16Ald elicited as high a response as the two pheromone components. A mixture of the two pheromone components and E4,Z6-16Ald and a mixture of E4,Z6-16Ac and E4,Z6-16Ald attracted more S. masinissa males than a mixture of E4,Z6-16Ac and E4,Z6-16OH, the pheromone of Korean population. This new pheromone lure formulation with E4,Z6-16Ald is expected to contribute to the precise detection of S. masinissa by luring males to pheromone-baited traps.     

Field trapping of male Phyllonorycter ringoniella using variable ratios of pheromone components

The sex pheromone of Phyllonorycter ringoniella (Matsumura) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) has been identified to be a blend of (Z)‐10‐tetradecenyl acetate (Z10‐14:OAc) and E4,Z10‐tetradecadienyl acetate (E4,Z10‐14:OAc) in Japan, Korea, and China. However, the commercial product based on previous results is not attractive enough to be used for monitoring and controlling apple leafminer populations in the field. We re‐investigated the attractiveness of the two pheromone components, singly and in blends, in apple orchards in Shangdong and Shaanxi, the main apple‐growing provinces in China. Our results revealed that Z10‐14:OAc alone was not attractive to P. ringoniella male moths in the field, but E4,Z10‐14:OAc alone not only was strongly attractive but caught more males than any of the blends of Z10‐14:OAc and E4,Z10‐14:OAc tested. The most attractive blend ratios differed slightly for the two locations. No clear dose–response relationship was obtained for the 2:8 blend of Z10‐14:OAc and E4,Z10‐14:OAc. However, the dose–response field study of E4,Z10‐14:OAc alone showed that 1 mg per lure achieved the highest moth catch. These findings differ from the previous report of the best pheromone blend in China. Our data showed that E4,Z10‐14:OAc is the major component of the pheromone of P. ringoniella.     

Frequency of hybridization between Ostrinia nubilalis E‐and Z‐pheromone races in regions of sympatry within the United States

Female European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, produce and males respond to sex pheromone blends with either E‐ or Z‐Δ11‐tetradecenyl acetate as the major component. E‐ and Z‐race populations are sympatric in the Eastern United States, Southeastern Canada, and the Mediterranean region of Europe. The E‐ and Z‐pheromone races of O. nubilalis are models for incipient species formation, but hybridization frequencies within natural populations remain obscure due to lack of a high‐throughput phenotyping method. Lassance et al. previously identified a pheromone gland‐expressed fatty‐acyl reductase gene (pgfar) that controls the ratio of Δ11‐tetradecenyl acetate stereoisomers. We identified three single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers within pgfar that are differentially fixed between E‐ and Z‐race females, and that are ≥98.2% correlated with female pheromone ratios measured by gas chromatography. Genotypic data from locations in the United States demonstrated that pgfar‐z alleles were fixed within historically allopatric Z‐pheromone race populations in the Midwest, and that hybrid frequency ranged from 0.00 to 0.42 within 11 sympatric sites where the two races co‐occur in the Eastern United States (mean hybridization frequency or heterozygosity (H_O) = 0.226 ± 0.279). Estimates of hybridization between the E‐ and Z‐races are important for understanding the dynamics involved in maintaining race integrity, and are consistent with previous estimates of low levels of genetic divergence between E‐ and Z‐races and the presence of weak prezygotic mating barriers.     

Syntheses,Characterizations, and Biological Activities of Tetradeca‐4,8‐dien‐1‐yl Acetates as Sex Attractants of Leaf‐Mining Moth of the Genus Phyllonorycter (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

The four possible isomers of tetradeca‐4,8‐dien‐1‐yl acetate and corresponding alcohols were synthesized stereoselectively by synthetic routes employing Wittig coupling reaction for the preparation of (Z,E)‐ and (Z,Z)‐isomers, and alkylation of terminal alkynes for the preparation of (E,E)‐ and (E,Z)‐isomers as the key steps. Synthetic products were characterized by ¹³C‐ and ¹H‐NMR spectroscopy as well as mass‐spectrometric methods. All four isomers gave distinctive mass spectra where m/z 81 fragments clearly dominated. Elution order, followed by retention index presented in parenthesis, of tetradeca‐4,8‐dien‐1‐ols was determined as (Z,Z) (2082.1), (Z,E) (2082.8), (E,E) (2083.1), and (E,Z) (2083.2) from unpolar SPB‐1 column, and as (E,E) (2210.2), (Z,E) (2222.1), (E,Z) (2223.4), and (Z,Z) (2224.7) from polar DB‐WAX column. The isomers of tetradeca‐4,8‐dien‐1‐yl acetates eluted in the order of (Z,Z) (2176.1), (Z,E) (2178.4), (E,Z) (2185.9), and (E,E) (2186.4) from SPB‐1, and (Z,E) (2124.3), (E,E) (2157.7), (Z,Z) (2128.9), and (E,Z) (2135.9) from DB‐WAX columns. Field‐screening tests for attractiveness of tetradeca‐4,8‐dien‐1‐yl acetates revealed that (4Z,8E)‐tetradeca‐4,8‐dien‐1‐yl acetate significantly attracted Phyllonorycter coryli and Chrysoesthia drurella males. (4E,8E)‐Tetradeca‐4,8‐dien‐1‐yl acetate was the most efficient attractant for Ph. esperella and Ph. saportella males, and (4E,8Z)‐tetradeca‐4,8‐dien‐1‐yl acetate was attractive to Ph. cerasicolella males.     

Sex pheromone components of the carpenterworm moth,Holcocerus vicarius

Extracts of the female sex pheromone gland of the carpenterworm moth, Holcocerus vicarius (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), a pest of Ulmus pumila L. (Ulmaceae), were found to contain Z7‐tetradecenyl acetate (Z7‐14Ac), E3‐tetradecenyl acetate (E3‐14Ac), (Z3,E5)‐tetradecenyl acetate (Z3,E5‐14Ac), and Z7‐tetradecenyl alcohol (Z7‐14OH) by coupled gas chromatographic‐electroantennographic detection (GC‐EAD) and coupled gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Field trapping studies with impregnated rubber septa indicated that Z7‐14Ac was essential for attraction of males of H. vicarius. However, the most attractive blend contained Z7‐14Ac, E3‐14Ac, Z3,E5‐14Ac, and Z7‐14OH in a 50:22:17:10 ratio. Our results demonstrated that a blend of Z7‐14Ac, E3‐14Ac, Z3,E5‐14Ac, and Z7‐14OH represented the sex pheromone of H. vicarius. The optimized four‐component lure blend may be useful for monitoring H. vicarius infestations and mating disruption.     

Sex pheromone analysis and effective attraction of males of the cabbage webworm,Hellula undalis,inhabiting the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

Hellula undalis is a harmful insect pest of green mustard in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. In order to establish a tool for a sustainable pest control program, the sex pheromone of H. undalis inhabiting the Mekong Delta was examined. GC-EAD and GC–MS analyses of pheromone gland extracts from the virgin females elucidated three new components, (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc), (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), and (11E,13E)-11,13-hexadecadien-1-ol, in addition to the known pheromone component (11E,13E)-11,13-hexadecadienal (E11,E13-16:Ald). Double bond positions of the two monoenyl components were determined by GC–MS analysis of the pheromone extract treated with dimethyl disulfide. On the other hand, GC–MS analysis of the female body extract detected the unsaturated hydrocarbon (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-tricosatriene (Z3,Z6,Z9-23:H). Field examinations of their synthetic compounds indicated the significant role of E11,E13-16:Ald as a major component and a clear synergistic effect of the two monoenyl compounds as a minor component. Although the 3:3:7 mixture of Z11-14:OAc, E11-16:Ald, and E11,E13-16:Ald captured the largest number of males among the tested mixtures, the activity was still quite a bit lower than that of virgin females. However, the 3:3:7:1 mixture, which was prepared by adding a small amount of Z3,Z6,Z9-23:H to the 3:3:7 ternary lure, succeeded in attracting males more powerfully than the females did. This strong synergistic effect was not observed when the triene was added to unmixed E11,E13-16:Ald, indicating important roles of not only the triene but also the two monoenyl compounds as natural pheromone components.