血小板钙信使系统与血小板功能的关系

钙是人和动物体液中的重要离子成份,血清中钙含量约2.5×10~(-3)mol/L,其中半数呈离子状态。细胞内液Ca~(2 )浓度一般低于10~(-6)mol/L(1μmol/L),浓度下降或上升过多都会引起细胞机能活动失常,甚至导致细胞死亡。 20多年前就已认识到钙是一种调节细胞功能的重要物质,例如肌肉收缩、染色体在细胞分裂时的滑动、精子运动、血小板变形和分泌、白细胞的吞噬作用、淋巴细胞的分裂以及神经末梢递质释放等功能均与Ca~(2 )调节有关。此外,Ca~(2 )也参与许多代谢反应的调节。     

烟碱对脑细胞内钙离子浓度的调控及其机制分析

神经肌肉接头及神经节N受体均可引起细胞外Ca~(2 )内流和细胞内Ca~(2 )释放,增加细胞内Ca~(2 )浓度。尚无资料证明脑N受体是否影响细胞内Ca~(2-)浓度。本实验观察烟碱对脑细胞内Ca~(2 )浓度的影响并探讨其可能的机理。 烟碱对大鼠脑突触体主动摄取~(45)Ca~(2 )的影响 本实验条件下钙通道激动剂Bay-k-8644(10~(-7)～10~(-4)～mol/L)浓度依赖性地增加突触体~(45)Ca~(2 )主动摄取量;钙通道拮抗剂异搏定(10~(-9)～10~(-5)mol/L)浓度依赖性地抑制~(45)Ca~(2 )摄取     

茎用芥菜细胞质雄性不育系子叶原生质体培养和高效植株再生

利用茎用芥菜细胞质雄性不育系原生质体培养获得了再生植株,并研究了影响原生质体培养的因素.结果表明,子叶是茎用芥菜原生质体培养最佳的外植体,10 d苗龄的子叶原生质体在改良MS培养基上培养3 d后发生第1次细胞分裂,6 d后发生第2次分裂,3周后形成细胞团,5周后形成肉眼可见的小愈伤.培养基中缺少NAA或2,4-D都会降低愈伤组织的再生能力.在含一定浓度的NAA(0.25 mg/L)和2,4-D(0.25 mg/L)培养基上诱导的愈伤组织质地致密且有光泽,芽的分化能力高;在MS+BA l mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L的培养基上芽的分化频率高达近29%,再生芽在1/2MS+NAA0.1 mg/L培养基上生根,形成完整植株.     

霞草原生质体培养和植株再生

用霞草胚性悬浮细胞分离原生质体,以含0.2%琼脂糖的KM 8p培养基薄层漂浮培养,原生质体培养密度6×10~3-1×10~4/ml。培养3天再生细胞开始分裂,7天统计分裂频率最高达25.4%,10天形成小细胞团,并加降低渗透压的稀释培养基,每周一次。20—25天形成肉眼可见的小愈伤组织,植板率达3.5%。原生质体衍生的愈伤组织在增殖培养时加入0.3%-0.4%活性炭有利于生长及分化。在含6-BA 3.5 mg/L,IBA 0.8 mg/L的培养基上,再生芽的分化频率可达85%。再生芽在添加NAA 0.5 mg/L,6-BA 0.05 mg/L的1/2 MS生根培养基中2周内形成具根的再生小植株。     

茎用芥菜细胞质雄性不育系子叶原生质体培养和高效植株再生（英文）

利用茎用芥菜细胞质雄性不育系原生质体培养获得了再生植株,并研究了影响原生质体培养的因素.结果表明,子叶是茎用芥菜原生质体培养最佳的外植体,10 d苗龄的子叶原生质体在改良MS培养基上培养3 d后发生第1次细胞分裂,6 d后发生第2次分裂,3周后形成细胞团,5周后形成肉眼可见的小愈伤.培养基中缺少NAA或2,4-D都会降低愈伤组织的再生能力.在含一定浓度的NAA(0.25 mg/L)和2,4-D(0.25 mg/L)培养基上诱导的愈伤组织质地致密且有光泽,芽的分化能力高;在MS+BA l mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L的培养基上芽的分化频率高达近29%,再生芽在1/2MS+NAA0.1 mg/L培养基上生根,形成完整植株.     

秀珍菇单孢子菌株原生质体制备条件的优化

以秀珍菇单核菌丝为材料,用溶壁酶进行原生质体的制备,考察各因素对原生质体产量的影响,用单因素试验和正交试验确定最佳条件。结果表明,菌龄为8 d菌丝体,0.6 mol/L甘露醇+10 mmol/L Tris-HCl为稳渗剂,酶解温度29℃、酶浓度1.6%的条件下酶解160 min。原生质体产量达到3.5×10~7 CFU/m L,原生质体再生率达到1.4%。     

蚕豆保卫细胞原生质体质膜ABA结合蛋白的理化特性

以蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)保卫细胞原生质体为材料,证明在其质膜外侧存在着对ABA高亲和力的结合蛋白。这种蛋白与ABA作用的最适pH为6.5;在25℃时.其特异结合比高于0℃时的特异结合比;在温育30min时即达到其最大结合。它与ABA作用的解离常数为2.0×10~(-8)mol/L,每个原生质体上大约有3.2×10~6个结合位点。该结合蛋白内部具有维持其功能所必须的二硫键,而且其功能的发挥要求介质中有一定浓度的Ca~(2 )的存在。     

愈伤组织形成过程中钙离子与激素诱导效应的关系

实验研究了在胡萝卜、烟草愈伤组织形成过程中,激素诱导作用与钙离子的关系。结果表明:在含有正常浓度的激素和Ca~(2+)的培养基中,0.1—1mmol/L Ca~(2+)螯合剂EGTA抑制愈伤组织鲜重增长78.0%—88.4%; 10—50μmol/L尼群地平及10—60μmol/L异博定等细胞膜钙通道阻断剂分别抑制愈伤组织鲜重增长19.1%—81.9%及17.6%—70.3%。除去上述Ca~(2+)螯合剂及Ca~(2+)通道阻断剂后,受抑制的外植体基本上可恢复生长。在无激素培养基中,10—30μmol/L Ca~(2+)载体A_(23187)可使外植体膨大,使外植体脱分化细胞增多,并出现分生细胞团,初步说明A_(23187)诱导的Ca~(2+)内流可以部分地模拟激素的作用。以膜显示剂氯四环素探测胞内Ca~(2+)分布时发现分裂细胞、脱分化细胞、分生细胞团及愈伤组织区域的细胞荧光较强。以上事实说明在愈伤组织形成中激素诱导效应与细胞内Ca~(2+)有密切关系。     

钙离子对热带假丝酵母CT 1-12细胞生长影响的初步研究

研究了Ca^2 对热带假丝酵母增殖的影响,发现钙离子的加入对细胞增殖是有促进作用的,可以加快细胞周期,促进作用的强弱依Ca^2 浓度不同而异,最适浓度在10^-4-10^02mol/L之间。浓度过高（高于10^-1mol/L）会对生长起抑制作用。最佳钙离子浓度下同期菌浓比空白样高出34％。     

不同钙离子浓度对低温下降香黄檀幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

以降香黄檀(Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen)为材料,通过人工控制温度的方法,探讨在不同温度条件下施加不同浓度Ca~(2+)对降香黄檀幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果显示:常温条件下,施加不同浓度的Ca~(2+)对降香黄檀的茎高、叶长、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和光合色素含量均有显著影响;而对叶片相对含水量、露点水势、相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性蛋白含量影响较小;促进生长发育的最适Ca~(2+)浓度为5 mmol/L。低温对降香黄檀上述生理指标以及水分利用效率(WUE)均有显著影响;低温条件下施加不同浓度的Ca~(2+)能使上述指标得到不同程度的缓解,提高降香黄檀低温胁迫耐受性的最适浓度为5 mmol/L。隶属函数分析结果表明,常温和低温条件下,外源Ca~(2+)浓度对降香黄檀的调控影响依次为5、10、15、2.5 mmol/L。     

外源Ca^2＋对烟草花粉管生长和生殖核分裂的调节

用细胞学和统计学方法研究了外源Ca~(2 )对烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)离体花粉管生长和生殖核分裂的影响。正常培养条件下,花粉管群体内的生殖核分裂率大致呈对数增长,10～18h为其分裂高峰期。所用Ca~(2 )浓度中以10~(-3)mol/L最适于花粉管生长,与之相比,其它浓度随时间延长愈益明显地表现出抑制效应。生殖核分裂则以10~(-2)与10~(-3)mol/L较为适宜,且10~(-2)mol/L可相对提前分裂高峰。在含10~(-3)mol/L Ca~(2 )培养基中培养10h后用不同方法处理,发现高钙抑制花粉管生长,尤以10~(-1)mol/L Ca~(2 )抑制最强烈,导致花粉管顶端壁加厚及生殖核的无丝分裂。而10~(-2)mol/L Ca~(2 )在处理早期(10～12h)促进生殖核分裂。EGTA处理则同时抑制花粉管生长和生殖核分裂。     

Isolation,Culture and Plant Regeneration of Protoplasts from an Embryogenic Callus Tissue of Gossypium hirsutum

Protoplasts were isolated and cultured from hypocotyl embryogenic callus tissue of Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. "Lumian 6". The highest yields of viable protoplasts were obtained from a vigorous embryogenic callus 7 to 9 d old subcultured on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L IAA and 1 mg/L KT using a solution of 1% cellulase Onozuka R-10, 1% pectinase, 0.7 mmol/L KH2PO4, 2.5 mmol/L Ca2+ , and 0.5 mol/L osmoticum (mannitol), at pH 5.8 and at a temperature of 30 ℃. After separation and purification (in 21% sucrose floatation medium), the protoplasts were laid up in a quiet liquid protoplast culture medium containing K3 salts, NT vitamins with 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D, 0.2 mg/L KT and 0.45 mol/L glucose for 10 to 15 min. The protoplasts were fractioned into an upper and a lower layer in the centrifugal tube. Most of the protoplasts in the lower layer were smaller, round and rich in cytoplasts in which contain many granular substances. When this kind of protoplasts were cultured in the thin liquid protoplast culture medium with a density of 1 x l0s to 5 x los protoplasts/mL, the division and the callus formation of the regenerated cells were easily observed. The first divisions occurred in 3 days and small cell clusters could be seen after 2 to 3 weeks in the culture. At this moment, the addition of the protoplast culture medium with decreased osmoticum once or twice is needed for the continuous protoplasts division to form calli. Regenerated calli, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, were transferred in succession on MS medium with 2 mg/L IAA and 1 mg/L KT for the initiation of embryogenesis. The embryoids germinated on the hormonefree MS medium and a number of plantlets were obtained. It seems that using vigorous embryogenic callus and decreasing osmoticum are the two critical factors for plant regeneration of cotton protoplasts.     

酿酒酵母细胞增殖对Ca~(2+)需求的新证据

本文研究了酿酒酵母细胞增殖对Ca2+需求的证据。结果表明:SD-Ca培养基中外加1mmol/L的Ca2+明显促进酿酒酵母细胞增殖,外源Ca2+浓度在0~20mmol/L范围内变动时,随Ca2+浓度增加,细胞生长到达稳定期的终浓度也越大;5、10mmol/L的EGTA可明显延缓细胞生长的延滞期,但是最终不能抑制细胞增殖;酿酒酵母在SD-Ca培养基中继代培养4次,随增殖代数增加,细胞总钙含量没有明显变化,说明酵母能够在低钙介质中生长可能是因为具有捕捉和富集钙的功能;以Fluo-3作为胞质Ca2+指示剂,通过激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察,发现随胞外Ca2+浓度增加,胞质中游离Ca2+浓度也相应增加。这些证据都揭示了Ca2+在酿酒酵母细胞增殖过程中是必需的。     

Plant regeneration from protoplasts of hydroxyproline resistant cell line in Onobrychis viciaefolia

An efficient protocol for plant regeneration from protoplasts of hydroxyproline(HYP)resistant cell line of Onobrychis viciaefolia was established.In SH medium supplemented with 1mg/L2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid(2,4-D),0.5mg/L kinetin(KT)and 0.2mg/L naphthalene acetic acid(NAA),the division frequency of protoplastderived cells reached up to over 60%,and microcalli were obtained in 5-6wk.Upon transferring them on agar solidified MS medium plus 2mg/L indole-3-acetic acid (IAA),shoots were induced.After cultivating them on MS medium with or without IAA,roots were regenerated.Chromosome number of all protoplast-regenerated plants examined were normal(2n=28).The protoplast-derived calli and plants grew vigorously on the medium containing 10 mmol/L HYP.     

Involvement of arabinogalactan proteins in the regeneration process of cultured protoplasts of Marchantia polymorpha

Protoplasts of Marchantia polymorpha L. (liverwort) regenerated new cell walls in initial culture. However, the survival rate of regenerated cells decreased rapidly after this stage. The decrease in survival rate was suppressed by the β-glucosyl Yariv reagent (βglcY), which binds to arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), only when it was added to culture medium during the period of incipient cell wall regeneration. The addition of βglcY after the period of incipient cell wall regeneration had no effect on the survival rate. These results suggested the involvement of AGPs in the cell wall regeneration process. After cell wall regeneration, the regenerated cells started to divide actively after being transferred to a medium with 1% activated charcoal (AC). Protoplasts that had been cultured with βglcY during the period of incipient cell wall regeneration and then transferred to the AC medium divided vigorously, and the cell division rate was remarkably increased (>80%). However, without transfer to the AC medium, βglcY at concentrations higher than 20 μg ml⁻¹ inhibited cell division. No effect on cell survival nor cell division was observed with the α-galactosyl Yariv reagent. Staining of β-1,3-glucan (callose) with aniline blue (AB) showed that a large amount of β-1,3-glucan was deposited in the regenerated cell walls of the protoplasts cultured without βglcY, while little or no β-1,3-glucan was stained by AB in protoplasts cultured with βglcY. These results suggest that AGPs and β-1,3-glucan play important roles in the survival and subsequent cell division of regenerated cells of M. polymorpha protoplast cultures.     

Exogenous Ca2+ Regulation of Pollen Tube Growth and Division of Generative Nucleus in Nicotiana tabacum

Cytological and statistical studies on the effects of exogenous Ca2 + on in vitro pollen tube growth and generative nucleus (GN) division of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. ) were conducted in an artificial experimental system. Under normal cultured conditions, the rate of GN division increased logarithmically in general, and reaches the climax at about 10 - 18 h. Among the treatments with various Ca2 + concentrations, 10- 3 mol/L was the optimal concentration for pollen tube growth, whereas other Ca2+ concentrations showed increasing inhibitory effect with the time of culture. Generally, Ca2 + concentrations at 10-2 and 10-3 mol/L favored GN division more than the others. Compared with 10-3 mol/L Ca2 + concentration at 10-2 mol/L benefitiated GN division at earlier stage of the treatment, but afterwards showed inhibitory effect gradually. Besides, the authors designed another series of experiments, in which 10-2, 10-1 mol/L Ca2+ (final concentrations) or 2,10 mmol/L EG-TA was respectively added to the medium containing 10-3 mol/L Ca2+ at 10 h of culture. Pollen tube growth was inhibited by the high Ca2+ treatments, especially being severely effected by 10-l mol/L Ca2 + from which wall, thickening of the tube tip, amitotic division of GN leading to micronucleus formation occurred. 10-2 mol/L Ca2 + treatment, however, promoted GN division at the earlier stage of treatment ( 10 - 12 h). EGTA treatments inhibited both pollen tube growth and GN division.     

烟草未受精中央细胞及其它胚囊细胞的离体分裂

自70年代中期以来,未传粉子房和胚珠的离体培养已在多种植物中取得成功,得到的单倍体植株来源于胶囊中的卵细胞、助细胞以及反足细胞。而分离的未受精胚囊及其成员细胞的离体培养虽屡经尝试,迄今只有Kranz等诱导了玉米未受精卵细胞分裂形成小愈伤组织,至于中央细胞与其它雌配子体细胞则无离体分裂的报道。本文报道大叶烟草未受精中央细胞首次培养成细胞团及其它胚囊细胞启动离体分裂的实验结果。     

Cell Wall Architecture Prerequisite for the Cell Division in the Protoplasts of White Poplar, Populus alba L.

White poplar (Populus alba L.) protoplasts were investigatedat 0, 3,10, 20 and 30 d after regeneration to visualize thecell wall architecture prerequisite for cell division. The 10day-old cells just before cell division developed a thin walllayer with uneven deposition of cell wall materials and weresaved from bursting by suspension in low osmotic medium. Thethree dimensional architecture of the cell wall, as revealedby rapid-freezing and deep-etching electron microscopy, in 10day-old cells, constituted thin innermost lamellae on the plasmamembrane along with highly extended micronbrillar networks.These results suggest that the deposition of thin lamellae isimportant not only for cells to withstand bursting but alsoto induce cell division. The present investigations give thefirst account of the visualization of the three-dimensionalarchitecture of regenerated cell wall right before cell division. (Received July 31, 1997; Accepted April 6, 1998)     

Plant Regeneration from Protoplasts of Talinum paniculatum

The protoplasts of Talinum paniculaturn (Jaeq.) Gaertn. were isolated from leaves and calli. The mesophyll protoplasts did not undergo normal division and lived one week at the longest in culture. However, the callus protoplasts, cultured in P4 medium (K8p+2, 4-D 0.2 mg/L, NAA 1.0 mg/L, ZT 0.5 mg/L, coconut milk 50 mL/L, glucose 0.5 mol/L), underwent first division after 3 d of culture. The division frequency was 36.7 % after 7 d of culture. The regeneration frequencies of callus were 0.31% in liquid culture and 0.34% in double-layer culture. Shoots differentiated on regeneration media and rooted on R3 and R7 media. Mature plants were obtained 2～3 months after transplanting the protoplast-derived plantlets into flower pot or successive subculturing in test tubes. The results also indicated that: (1) Too long a period of callus culture in liquid medium or in solid proliferation medium was unfavorable to differentiation. (2) Low concentration of 6-BA in medium was suitable for callus differentiation. (3) GA3 promoted development of young adventitious bud. (4) Multi-effect triazole significantly strengthened sprout and root development in test tube cultures.     

In Vitro Divisions of Unfertilized Central Cells and Other Embryo Sac Cells in Nicotiana tabacum var macrophylla

The embryo sacs and female cells could be isolated from the unfertilized ovules of Nicotiana tabacum L. var. macrophylla which were treated in a solution containing 1.5 % cellulase R- 1O, 1% macerozyme R-10, 10% mannitol, 10 mmol/L CaCI:, pH 5.8 for 3 h followed by given slight pressure with a micropipette. The central cells could be kept viable for 10 h and the egg cells for 3 h in 10% mannital. Sometimes, the in situ fusion products of egg cell and synergid protoplasts could be obtained and kept viable for at least 5 h. The high concentration (20 mg/L) of 2, 4-D was used in enzyme solution to induce the division of the unfertilized central cells and other megagametophytic cells in subsequent culture. Treatment of 2,4-D together with enzymatic maceration of ovules was proved to be better than its direct treatment of isolated embryo sac or its component cells. Isolated embryo sacs were cultured in microchambers (Millicell-CM PICM 012 50 MILLIPORE) feeded with divided mesophyll protoplasts of Nicotiana rustica L. The medium was KMSp medium supple- mented with 1% glucose, 0.1 mol/L mannitol, 0.1 mol/L sorbitol, 0.25 mol/L sucrose, 1 mg/L BA, 6% to 10% coconut water, and 0.15% low gelling agarose. Division of central cells, antipodal cells and the in situ fusion products of egg cell and synergid protoplasts were induced. The unfertilized central cell was for the first time to be induced in vitro to develop into small cell clusters.