酷似急性心肌梗死致错误的溶栓的主动脉夹层及文献复习

本文报道一男性患者因典型胸痛、心电图符合急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI),在外院诊断AMI并给予溶栓治疗后24小时胸痛无缓解转至我院.入院后观察心电图和心肌酶无动态改变,经B超和CT检查证实为主动脉夹层转外科手术.术中见升主动脉瘤样扩张并夹层形成,但未累及冠状动脉,经升主动脉置换术康复.结合文献分析主动脉夹层误诊AMI见于:一是冠脉未受累而出现典型AMI心电图改变,酶学无异常,此类病例误诊甚至溶栓几乎不可避免;其次为冠脉未受累,心电图仅有不典型改变,其胸痛开始就达到高峰,酶学无显著异常,胸片提示胸腔、心包积液或纵膈影增宽等有助于和AMI鉴别;再次为近端主动脉夹层累及冠脉开口,患者同时出现主动脉夹层和AMI,此类患者病情凶险,如无及时外科干预常迅速死亡.注意以上特点有助提高主动脉夹层的诊断水平.     

63例非典型急性下壁心肌梗死临床分析

目的:研究评价各种常见诱因对急性下壁心肌梗死(IAMI)患者误诊判断的临床意义。方法:选择2002年1月～2009年12月我院急门诊IAMI患者63例,对其首发症状、心电图资料进行回顾性分析。结果:63例中,以头晕乏力首诊19例(30.16%),以晕厥首诊11例(17.46%),以上腹痛伴恶心呕吐,偶腹泻首诊13例(20.63%),以咽痛或牙痛首诊10例(15.87%),以呼吸困难首诊8例(12.70%),以左心衰竭首诊2例(3.17%)。结论:对急性下壁心肌梗死患者,常规心电图检查是必要的。再结合心肌坏死生化标志物指标,早诊断,早治疗。     

以中枢神经系统症状为首发表现的干燥综合征1例并文献复习

目的:探讨干燥综合征累及中枢神经病变的临床表现及诊断、鉴别诊断、治疗。方法:报告中国人民解放军第175医院1例累及中枢神经病变的干燥综合征患者的临床资料并复习相关文献,对其临床表现、诊断、容易混淆的鉴别诊断及治疗进行分析。结果:1例累及中枢神经病变的干燥综合征患者经治疗病情好转出院。结论:累及中枢神经病变的干燥综合征,尤其以中枢神经系统症状为首发表现者,极易误诊为多发性硬化,遇可疑病例应及时完善检查,避免因忽视其它系统症状而导致漏诊和误诊,影响患者的预后。     

老年急性主动脉夹层26例诊治体会

目的 探讨老年急性主动脉夹层(AAD)的临床早期诊断、误诊情况及误诊原因,提出早期诊断依据及误诊防范对策.方法 回顾性分析26例老年AAD误诊的临床资料.结果 老年AAD患者因基础疾病多,对疼痛不敏感、对疾病重视不够,常以并发症为首诊,且在首诊时易误诊为急性冠脉综合征、急腹症、脑血管病等.结论 首诊医师应提高对本病的认识,对老年病人出现不典型临床表现时应考虑AAD的可能,及时选择合适的特异影像检查方法,从而减少误诊、漏诊,改善患者预后.     

32例肺结核误诊分析

目的：为了减少对肺结核病的误诊误治。方法：对３２例肺结核病例进行综合分析,结果：肺结核误诊的病例中,以４０岁以上中老年患者居多,占８７．５％。具有不典型的临床和Ｘ线表现;误诊时间为２周￣１月。结论：对临床症状与Ｘ线表现不典型的病例,特别是中老年患者,可经过反复痰菌检查,Ｘ线复查,纤维支气管镜以及诊断性治疗可获得进一步确诊。     

急性心肌梗塞的不典型临床表现252例分析

不典型的急性心肌梗塞(AMI)易被误诊或漏诊而延误治疗.本文对不典型AMI252例.分析如下.1 临床资料资料源于我们两院1986年1月至1997年1月住院诊断的AMI病人共608例.所有病例符合1978年WHO之诊断标准.将发病及住院期间有典型心前区疼痛症状者列为典型AMI,共356例,无典型心前区疼痛症状列为不典型AMI,共252例,其中25例AMI被误诊为颈椎病4例.肩周炎3例.牙周炎2例.急腹症10例;眩晕症6例,均为不典型AMI.2 结果2.1 年龄:典型组年龄32岁～76岁,平均58.5岁,非典型组年龄50岁～88岁.平均66.8,不典型组以老年人居多.2.2 住院距发病时间 典型组30min～72h,平均     

以急性心肌梗死为首发表现的肾病综合征1例及文献复习

目的:肾病综合征患者,较少出现并发动脉血栓,尤其少以动脉栓塞作为首发表现,结合汇报我院1例以急性心肌梗死为首发表现的肾病综合征患者的诊疗过程,探讨此类病人的诊治方法及预防措施.方法:报告中国人民解放军北京军区总医院1例以急性心肌梗死为首发表现的肾病综合征病例,汇报其临床资料、诊疗过程等并复习相关文献,对其临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后进行分析,并总结治疗经验,提出防治措施.结果:1例以急性心肌梗死为首发表现的肾病综合征患者经治疗病情好转后出院,出院后继续肾病综合征治疗,目前患者恢复良好.结论:肾病综合征患者,因为自身存在高凝状态,其引起静脉血栓较为常见,而引发动脉栓塞并不多见,以冠脉栓塞并为首发表现尤为少见,极易误诊或漏诊,在临床工作中应该引起足够重视.     

异位妊娠早期超声的临床诊断分析

目的:评价超声在异位妊娠早期诊断中的应用价值,总结诊断经验。方法:回顾性分析确诊的早期异位妊娠超声诊断临床资料。结果:输卵管妊娠73例(89.02%),非输卵管妊娠9例(10.98%);胚囊类30(36.59%)例,实性包块30(36.59)例,不均质包块13(15.85%)例;伴有盆腔积液12例;确诊68(82.93%)例,漏诊4(4.88%)例;第1次、第2次、第3次诊断,阴道超声符合率90.91%、92.00%、100.00%,腹部超声诊断符合率58.33%、88.61%、98.65%;典型征象心血管搏动占13.41%、胚芽反射21.95%、双环征23.17%,不典型征象囊实性包块43.90%、积液14.63%、散在性包块9.76%。结论:异位妊娠早期超声征象多不典型,腹部超声诊断符合率较低,应尽量应用阴道超声,多次诊断,有助于提高诊断符合率;早期孕囊多表现为囊实性包块,若位置敏感,应提高警惕,详细确诊。     

以风湿病症状为突出表现的恶性肿瘤22 例临床分析

目的:提高以风湿病症状为突出表现的恶性肿瘤的早期的识别,有利于提高临床医生对此类疾病早期诊断,避免误诊,提高诊断的正确率。方法:对22例患者以骨骼、关节及肌肉疼痛为突出表现,拟诊风湿性疾病,最终确定诊断为恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料进行分析。结果:22例患者中18例属癌性风湿症,疼痛性质为隐痛,呈慢性反复渐进性加重,非甾体抗炎药和激素治疗的效果不佳,手术切除癌肿后,疼痛明显减轻;4例患者属恶性肿瘤骨转移,最初为隐痛,逐渐发展为剧烈持续性疼痛,血沉有明显升高,抗核抗体(ANA)阳性,非甾体抗炎药和激素治疗效果为无效。结论:对骨骼、关节及肌肉疼痛的患者出现于风湿病难以解释的临床表现,常规治疗效果不佳,应注意排查恶性肿瘤的可能。     

脊膜瘤13例误诊分析

目的:探讨脊膜瘤的误诊原因及鉴别诊断方法。方法:将2010年9月至2015年9月收治的13例脊膜瘤误诊患者的临床资料做一回顾性分析。结果:13例患者分别被误诊为颈椎病,腰椎间盘突出症,肋间神经痛,心绞痛,关节炎,神经根炎。结论:脊膜瘤临床表现为慢性进行性脊髓压迫症状,极易误诊,应提高对脊膜瘤特殊表现的鉴别诊断,并及时选做相应的辅助检查,早期诊断尽量减少误诊的发生。     

63例非典型急性下壁心肌梗死临床分析

目的：研究评价各种常见诱因对急性下壁心肌梗死（IAMI）患者误诊判断的临床意义。方法：选择2002年1月-2009年12月我院急门诊IAMI患者63例,对其首发症状、心电图资料进行回顾性分析。结果：63例中,以头晕乏力首诊19例（30．16％）,以晕厥首诊11例（17．46％）,以上腹痛伴恶心呕吐,偶腹泻首诊13例（20．63％）,以咽痛或牙痛首诊10例（15．87％）,以呼吸困难首诊8例（12．70％）,以左心衰竭首诊2例（3．17％）。结论：对急性下壁心肌梗死患者,常规心电图检查是必要的。再结合心肌坏死生化标志物指标,早诊断,早治疗。     

Comparing Cognitive and Somatic Symptoms of Depression in Myocardial Infarction Patients and Depressed Patients in Primary and Mental Health Care

Depression in myocardial infarction patients is often a first episode with a late age of onset. Two studies that compared depressed myocardial infarction patients to psychiatric patients found similar levels of somatic symptoms, and one study reported lower levels of cognitive/affective symptoms in myocardial infarction patients. We hypothesized that myocardial infarction patients with first depression onset at a late age would experience fewer cognitive/affective symptoms than depressed patients without cardiovascular disease. Combined data from two large multicenter depression studies resulted in a sample of 734 depressed individuals (194 myocardial infarction, 214 primary care, and 326 mental health care patients). A structured clinical interview provided information about depression diagnosis. Summed cognitive/affective and somatic symptom levels were compared between groups using analysis of covariance, with and without adjusting for the effects of recurrence and age of onset. Depressed myocardial infarction and primary care patients reported significantly lower cognitive/affective symptom levels than mental health care patients (F (2,682) = 6.043, p = 0.003). Additional analyses showed that the difference between myocardial infarction and mental health care patients disappeared after adjusting for age of onset but not recurrence of depression. These group differences were also supported by data-driven latent class analyses. There were no significant group differences in somatic symptom levels. Depression after myocardial infarction appears to have a different phenomenology than depression observed in mental health care. Future studies should investigate the etiological factors predictive of symptom dimensions in myocardial infarction and late-onset depression patients.     

Evaluating chest pain in the emergency department.

Chest pain is one of the most difficult diagnostic problems for physicians working in an emergency department. In this setting, more malpractice dollars are awarded for missed myocardial infarction than for any other physician error. This problem usually occurs when the patient has atypical symptoms, the physician is inexperienced, or the diagnosis is not considered. The clinical manifestations of myocardial infarction vary greatly, and patients with "atypical" presentations have a poorer prognosis than those with classic symptoms. Although no feature of a patient''s history excludes infarction with certainty, pain that is sharp, positional, pleuritic, or reproduced by palpation indicates a lower probability of acute ischemic heart disease. New immunochemical methods and serial sampling strategies have increased the sensitivity of creatine kinase-MB as an indicator for the disorder. Recent investigations have also established the prognostic value of the initial electrocardiogram. These methods allow emergency physicians to assess the risk of complications and to perform triage when there is a shortage of beds in the coronary care unit. Emergency physicians must also consider other diseases for which coronary care might be beneficial.     

How long should patients with suspected myocardial infarction be under observation in hospital?

Out of 368 patients admitted to hospital for chest pain and suspected acute myocardial infarction, 267 were discharged within 24 hours on the basis of the clinical picture, electrocardiogram, and serum activities of aspartate transaminase, alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and creatine phosphokinase. The patients were followed up for 28 days, during which 17 were readmitted, two of them twice and one three times. Two of the patients were readmitted with non-fatal acute myocardial infarction, and two died. The patients had been primarily divided into two groups: those admitted with presumably non-coronary chest pain (77 patients) formed group 1 and those with obvious coronary chest pain (190 patients) group 2. Both deaths occurred in patients in group 2 but the incidences of events during the follow-up period were otherwise similar in the two groups, and some patients in both groups may have had small acute myocardial infarctions when first admitted. The decision to keep in hospital or discharge a patient with chest pain of recent onset can be made within 24 hours of admission. To discharge the patient acute myocardial infarction need not necessarily be excluded and conventional tests are enough to enable a decision to be made.     

Cardiac arrhythmias in myocardial infarction as an extension of lesions to the myocardium and the state of circulatory efficiency

The study involved 55 patients with the acute myocardial infarction aged between 34 and 69 years (mean 53 years) in whom the relation of cardiac arrhythmias incidence to the extension of myocardial involvement and circulatory efficiency was assessed. All patients were examined clinically, a 24-hour ECG with Holter technique (in the first day, 21st day and 6th months after myocardial infarction) and echocardiographic (Echo-2D) tests were registered. Echocardiography was performed during hospital phase and 6 months after myocardial infarction. Cardiac arrhythmias were evaluated with classification into classes described by Lown. Close relation of serious cardiac arrhythmias with extension of myocardial involvement was noted especially in the acute phase of myocardial infarction. High risk arrhythmias--class IVA, IVB and V were noted in nearly 100% of patients in this phase with cardiac aneurysm, extensive akinesis of apex and anterior wall of the heart. Mean value of the ejection fraction was 31% in this group. Incidence of cardiac arrhythmias did not exceed 40%, ejection fraction was 56% in the group of patients with limited lesions to the heart, e.g. akinesis of the lower wall. Incidence of late cardiac arrhythmias (6 months) did not differ significantly in particular groups of patients. The value of ejection fraction remained, however, on the same level as in the hospital phase of the myocardial infarction.     

Prospective register of primary percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with acute myocardial infarction

The present study has evaluated the immediate angiographic results of primary percutaneous interventions (PCI) in patients with acute myocardial infarction, as well as hospital and 6-month clinical outcomes. The analysis covered a total of 265 patients (females (23%) and males (77%)); their mean age was 57+/-11 years. The mean time before the first balloon dilatation during PCI was 278+/-135 minutes after the development of the pain syndrome or 109+/-94 minutes after hospital admission. PCI proved to be effective in 96% of the patients, as evidenced by angiography. TIMI 3 blood flow was achieved in 83% of cases during PCI. After primary PCI, hospital mortality was 98.9% and 95% survived 6 months. At 6-month follow-up, 22% patients had positive exercise tests, recurrent angina pectoris and/or more than 50% luminal stenosis of the infarct-related artery. Control angiography made less than 6 months later showed 11% restenosis. This prospective study has demonstrated the high immediate and long effectiveness and safety of primary interventions in acute myocardial infarction.     

Prognosis of patients with "chest pain ?cause".

All 662 patients admitted to the two coronary care units in Nottingham during 12 consecutive months were followed up prospectively for one year. At the time of discharge from hospital they were categorised according to set criteria into the following diagnostic groups: definite, probable, or possible myocardial infarction; ischaemia heart disease without infarction; chest pain ?cause; and other diagnoses. Eighty-nine patients (13% of admissions) were categorised as having chest pain ?cause. No deaths occurred among these patients during the observation period, although two were readmitted with myocardial infarction. Patients with chest pain ?cause had few problems during the year after admission, and at the end of that time 75% were in their original employment. Patients admitted with ischaemic heart disease had a similar death rate (between six weeks and one year after admission) to those with myocardial infarction, and only 36% were in their original employment one year after admission. Chest pain ?cause is a clinically useful diagnostic category to which patients may be allocated after only simple investigations.     

Guidelines for the use of intravenous thrombolytic agents in acute myocardial infarction. Ontario Medical Association Consensus Group on Thrombolytic Therapy.

A consensus group convened under the auspices of the Ontario Medical Association produced guidelines for the use of intravenous thrombolytic agents in acute myocardial infarction. The guidelines, updated to December 1988, include the following points. 1) Any hospital that routinely accepts the responsibility for looking after patients with acute myocardial infarction could offer thrombolytic therapy if monitoring facilities are available and if the staff are experienced in the treatment of cardiac rhythm disturbances. 2) Before treatment, all patients must be carefully screened for factors predisposing to hemorrhagic complications. 3) A physician should be clearly designated as responsible for the care of the patient receiving an infusion and be available in the event of problems. 4) For the two approved agents the usual dosages are as follows: streptokinase, 1.5 million units given over 1 hour; and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), 100 mg over 3 hours, delivered as 60 mg in the first hour (of which 6 to 7 mg should be given as a bolus in the first 1 to 2 minutes) and then an infusion of 20 mg/h over the next 2 hours. 5) Intravenous thrombolytics should be considered for any patient with presumed acute myocardial infarction, as suggested by prolonged chest pain or other appropriate symptoms and typical electrocardiographic changes. Expeditious treatment is critical, since myocardial necrosis occurs within hours. 6) Emergency angiography is indicated for patients with hemodynamic compromise and no apparent response to streptokinase or tPA and in those with recurrent chest pain suggestive of acute myocardial infarction despite an apparent response to intravenous thrombolysis. Angiography before discharge is recommended for patients with postinfarction angina or evidence from noninvasive testing of significant residual ischemic risk. 7) There is insufficient evidence to choose between streptokinase and tPA on the basis of the two most important outcome measures: patient survival and myocardial preservation. More conclusive evidence comparing tPA, streptokinase and another promising agent, acylated plasminogen-streptokinase activator complex, will be available in 1989-90.     

The Excitatory Synaptic Transmission of the Nucleus of Solitary Tract Was Potentiated by Chronic Myocardial Infarction in Rats

Angina pectoris is a common clinical symptom that often results from myocardial infarction. One typical characteristic of angina pectoris is that the pain does not match the severity of the myocardial ischemia. One possible explanation is that the intensity of cardiac nociceptive information could be dynamically regulated by certain brain areas. As an important nucleus for processing cardiac nociception, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) has been studied to some extent. However, until now, the morphological and functional involvement of the NTS in chronic myocardial infarction (CMI) has remained unknown. In the present study, by exploring left anterior descending coronary artery ligation surgery, we found that the number of synaptophysin-immunoreactive puncta and Fos-immunoreactive neurons in the rat NTS two weeks after ligation surgery increased significantly. Excitatory pre- and postsynaptic transmission was potentiated. A bath application of a Ca²⁺ channel inhibitor GABApentin and Ca²⁺ permeable AMPA receptor antagonist NASPM could reverse the potentiated pre- and postsynaptic transmission, respectively. Meanwhile, rats with CMI showed significantly increased visceral pain behaviors. Microinjection of GABApentin or NASPM into the NTS decreased the CMI-induced visceral pain behaviors. In sum, our results suggest that the NTS is an important area for the process of cardiac afference in chronic myocardial infarction condition.