几丁质合成抑制剂对小菜蛾的生物活性

几丁质合成抑制剂对小菜蛾户Plutella xylostella L.4龄幼虫毒力测定的结果显示, XRD-473 农梦特、卡死克、抑太保、灭幼脲1号、灭幼脲;号的毒力值(LC₅₀)分别为0.4768、0.8669、1.0754、1.2389、27.0680和36.8591ppm。 国外生产的几丁质合成抑制剂毒力显著高于国产的品种,这类药剂的毒力又明显高于常规药剂敌敌畏、氯氰菊酯、杀虫双等,它们的毒力值(LC₅₀)分别为818.0315、6419.9842、55,.4925ppm。抑太保对小菜蛾幼虫作用方式的研究结果表明,该药剂以胃毒为主,兼有触杀作用。以抑太保、卡死克50ppn的药液饲喂的小菜蛾雌、雄成蛾寿命比单用5%。蜜糖水饲喂的个体缩短1天和4天左右,产卵量减少2/3,卵孵化率显著降低。用抑太保、卡死克50ppm的药液浸渍的小菜蛾卵孵化串分别为5.35%和0。温度对抑太保的毒力有较大影响,在试验温度范围内(10-30℃),抑太保10ppm处理的小菜蛾种群50%或,75o、95%群体致死时间随着温度上升而缩短。     

不同药剂防治园林植物家白蚁试验

用五种杀白蚁药剂对家白蚁进行室内毒力测定结果表明,锐劲特、毒死蜱、溴氰菊酯、辛硫.灭扫利对家白蚁的直接毒杀效果优于氯丹,且前三种药剂的传递毒杀效率也优于氯丹;而室外抗虫蛀蚀试验结果显示,毒死蜱对林木被蛀蚀的保护能力最强。     

吡虫啉防治家白蚁的室内药效试验

在实验室用吡虫啉制剂－康福多和大功臣0．05％、0．1％和0．2％三种浓度,对家白蚁进行毒土触杀、穿土和选择性试验。结果表明：康福多和大功臣触杀速度较毒死蜱慢,白蚁不能穿透康福多和大功臣三种浓度配制的毒土层,预防作用明显,康福多和大功臣对家白蚁无驱避作用。     

菜田七星瓢虫种群动态及药剂对其杀伤力

七星瓢虫(Coccinella septempunctata Linaeus)在山东泰安眷甘蓝上发生1个世代．成虫和幼虫发生高峰期在5月中旬;在秋甘蓝上仅发生越冬代成虫,10月中、下旬为其高峰期。该虫发生盛期较菜蚜早,捕食能力强,有较大的保护利用价值。除虫脲、抑太保、卡死克、灭幼脲3号、B4和避蚜雾对七星瓢虫蛹和成虫均有较好的选择性;辛硫磷、灭多威、敌杀死和灭扫利对成虫杀伤力强,但对蛹亦有一定的选择性。七星瓢虫蛹的耐药性明显高于成虫。     

16种植物乙醇提取物对桔全爪螨的生物活性测定

测定了16种植物乙醇提取物对桔全爪螨成螨的产卵忌避、驱避及毒杀生物活性。试验结果表明,海芋、山苍子及盐肤木茎叶的乙醇提取物有明显的产卵忌避作用,忌避率在96.43%以上;山苍子、枫香植物乙醇提取物对桔全爪螨成螨的驱避作用明显,驱避率在80%以上;山苍子、盐肤木茎叶、牡荆和幌伞枫提取物对桔全爪螨成螨的毒杀效果明显,在处理72h后,死亡率在92%以上。     

氟虫腈、吡虫啉作为黑翅土白蚁诱杀药剂的效果

毒力测定结果表明,0.025~0.4μg/mL氟虫腈和吡虫啉分别在药后3 d和5 d对黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus表现出明显的毒杀效果,氟虫腈和吡虫啉药后1 d的LC50分别为药后5 d的509倍和63.8倍,2种药剂对黑翅土白蚁的毒杀效果均比较缓慢。毒性传递试验表明,0.5μg/g毒沙处理白蚁1 h后,氟虫腈和吡虫啉的致死毒性均可被传毒白蚁传递给受毒白蚁。驱避作用试验表明,50μg/mL氟虫腈对黑翅土白蚁无明显的驱避作用,而50μg/mL吡虫啉对黑翅土白蚁表现出了明显的驱避作用。可见,2种供试药剂中,氟虫腈是较理想的白蚁诱杀药剂。     

三种植物对狭胸散白蚁的毒杀效果

测定并比较3种植物对狭胸散白蚁Reticulitermesangustatus的毒杀效果,为应用防治狭胸散白蚁提供理论基础。本文采用闹羊花Rhododendron molle、博落回Macleaya cordata、除虫菊Pyrethrum cinerariifolium 3种常见植物为药源,选取其药用部位打成粉末,以玉米芯粉为对照,以狭胸散白蚁为靶标,测试其毒杀作用、传毒效果和趋避效果。结果表明:对狭胸散白蚁的毒杀效果以除虫菊和闹羊花为最好,当药粉质量分数达到80%,实验第7天时闹羊花和除虫菊白蚁处理组校正死亡率达到100%。传毒效果以除虫菊相对最好。随着染毒时间延长和中毒白蚁数量的增加,传毒效率也相应提高。3种植物均有一定的驱避效果,且以博落回的趋避作用最小。因此,这3种植物可用于防治狭胸散白蚁。     

微生物防治家白蚁的室内试验效果

利用微生物防治白蚁的研究,国外已经进行了二十多年,但至今未见有关微生物防治家白蚁Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki取得满意效果的研究报告。本研究目的是克服使用化学药剂对人畜有毒、造成环境污染以及对地下巢和树巢效果不好等缺点。 几年来,我们筛选过102株菌种。对家白蚁致病力高的菌种有从死家白蚁巢叶分离出的黄曲霉~(**)Aspergillus flavus Link和从松毛虫尸     

甜菜夜蛾群体繁殖及其对杀虫剂毒力敏感性测定

用黄豆粉、麦胚粉、酵母粉为主要营养成份研制成人工饲料,实现了甜菜夜蛾大量饲养及群体繁殖,与自然饲料相比,人工饲料饲养甜菜夜蛾幼虫存活与成虫产卵量明显增加,室内用浸渍法测定11种杀虫剂对甜菜夜蛾2龄幼虫的毒力,结果表明,田间甜菜夜蛾种群对除尽,米满,菜喜最敏感,其次是对抑太保,卡死克,毒丝本,高效灭百可,快灵,对锐劲特,氯氰菊酯,乙酰甲胺磷的毒力均已高度不敏感。     

利用植物提取物绿色合成纳米银粒子及其对台湾乳白蚁的毒性

【目的】利用多种药用植物水提液绿色合成纳米银粒子，测定分析其对台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus的毒杀活性和作用机理，探索绿色合成的(silver nanoparticles, AgNPs)在白蚁防治方面的潜力，拓宽AgNPs在农业领域的应用前景。【方法】分别利用药用植物大黄Rheum palmatum根茎、白毛夏枯草Ajuga nipponensis全株、苦参Sophora flavescens根和鱼腥草Houttuy niacordata全株的水提取液绿色合成纳米银粒子，采用紫外 可见分光光度计(UV-vis)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线能谱分析(EDS)和纳米粒度分析仪验证AgNPs的生成并表征其粒子大小、形状和聚集程度等；在实验室条件下测定AgNPs对台湾乳白蚁工蚁的毒杀效果。通过测定800 mg/L AgNPs处理7 d的台湾乳白蚁工蚁体内可溶性蛋白质含量、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)活性和滤纸酶活性(filter paper activity, FPA)水平，来探析AgNPs对白蚁的毒杀作用机理。【结果】4种药用植物水提取液合成的AgNPs颗粒均呈球形，粒径在69~180 nm之间；7 d内AgNPs对台湾乳白蚁工蚁的LC₅₀值分别为150, 340, 342和309 mg/L；800 mg/L AgNPs处理7 d后台湾乳白蚁工蚁的可溶性蛋白质含量以及AchE活性和FPA与对照相比均显著降低。【结论】4种植物提取物合成的AgNPs对台湾乳白蚁工蚁均有较好的毒杀效果，它们可通过降低白蚁体内的可溶性蛋白质含量、AchE活性和FPA来影响其存活，说明绿色合成的AgNPs在防治台湾乳白蚁方面具有较大的潜力。     

青杨脊虎天牛对植物源挥发物的EAG和行为反应

测定了青杨脊虎天牛Xylotrechus rusticus （L.）雌、雄成虫对其寄主杨树中的水杨醛（0.95 μmol/μL）和非寄主植物中0.3 μmol/μL的叶绿醇、0.4 μmol/μL的水芹烯和0.6 μmol/μL的 R 型α-蒎烯、S 型α-蒎烯、S型β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、罗勒烯、香草烯和松节油等10种植物挥发性气味物质的触角电位（EAG）反应。结果表明,与对照相比,这10种植物挥发物多能引起成虫明显的EAG反应( P<0.05,P<0.01 ),其中雌虫对松节油、水杨醛、R 型α-蒎烯和 S 型α-蒎烯的EAG反应较强; 雄虫对 R 型α-蒎烯的EAG反应最强,松节油次之。根据雌虫对这10种挥发物EAG反应的强弱,进一步测定了雌虫对0.00006、0.0006、0.006、0.06、0.6、0.12 μmol/μL的松节油、R 型α-蒎烯、S 型α-蒎烯以及0.000095、0.00095、0.0095、0.095、0.95、0.19 μmol/μL的水杨醛的EAG和行为反应。结果表明,雌虫对松节油、水杨醛和 R 型α-蒎烯的EAG反应随气味物质浓度的增加而增加,水杨醛浓度增加到0.95 μmol/μL、松节油和 R 型α-蒎烯浓度增加到0.6 μmol/μL以后,EAG反应值趋于平稳;对 S 型α-蒎烯的反应随浓度的增加而呈线性增加。水杨醛浓度低于0.095时,对雌虫没有明显的定向作用( P>0.05 ),高于此浓度时表现为驱避作用( P<0.05 ); 松节油在浓度低于或等于0.6 μmol/μL时对雌虫表现为驱避作用,浓度为0.6时驱避效果最佳（ P<0.01 ）。雌虫对 R 型α-蒎烯和 S 型α-蒎烯没有明显的定向行为反应。     

Effect of chlorfluazuron and flufenoxuron on development and reproductive performance of the black cutworm,Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon, is an insect pest with great agricultural importance worldwide. In Egypt, it has acquired resistance against most of the conventional pesticides, particularly organophosphate insecticides, applied against it. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of two benzoylureas (chitin synthesis inhibitors) namely chlorfluazuron and flufenoxuron on some developmental and reproductive parameters of Agrotis ipsilon that survived treatment of newly molted fourth instars with the LC₅₀ of these compounds (1.00 and 4.68 mg/L, respectively) using leaf–dip method. These two compounds significantly enhanced the mean larval and pupal durations, whereas they significantly declined the mean percentage pupation, adult emergence, pupal weight, adult longevity, fecundity, and fertility compared to untreated insects. The mean pre-oviposition period was not significantly affected, whereas the mean oviposition period was significantly decreased. Both chlorfluazuron and flufenoxuron significantly decreased the mean total protein, carbohydrate, and lipid content in the ovaries compared to untreated insects, except for insignificant decrease in the total protein in flufenoxuron-treated ones. Additionally, the total ovariolar length was significantly atrophied. In conclusion, chlorfluazuron and flufenoxuron interfere with vitellogenesis of A. ipsilon. Moreover, they could suppress the population size of this insect species by affecting its development and reproductive potential.     

Cd2+胁迫条件下椭圆小球藻的生理应答

研究了一株高重金属抗性的椭圆小球藻在Cd2+胁迫下的生理变化,结果显示,在10-240μmol/L浓度的Cd2+胁迫下,随着金属离子浓度提高,叶绿素的总量减少,光合放氧受到抑制.Cd2+离子浓度的提高,导致了氧自由基的大大增加,同时脯氨酸、SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)以及POD(过氧化物酶)水平均大大提高.结果提示这些与消除自由基有关的代谢产物的积累,有利于细胞减少胁迫造成的损伤.CAT(过氧化氢酶)对Cd2+离子是敏感的,其活性与胁迫浓度呈负相关.       

不同类型杀虫剂对烟粉虱捕食性天敌日本刀角瓢虫的毒力

采用试管药膜法,测定了不同类型杀虫剂对日本刀角瓢虫Serangium japonicum Chapin的毒力。结果表明,灭多威和敌敌畏对日本刀角瓢虫具有极强的毒力,其25%推荐剂量即可导致日本刀角瓢虫全部死亡;氯虫苯甲酰胺、吡虫啉和噻虫嗪对日本刀角瓢虫也具有很强的毒力,其田间推荐剂量可导致日本刀角瓢虫全部死亡,其50%推荐剂量对日本刀角瓢虫的致死率也高达73.33%～100.00%;乐果、烯啶虫胺、丁醚脲田间推荐剂量对日本刀角瓢虫的致死率分别为40.00%、56.67%、50.00%,预示着上述这些杀虫剂的田间应用对刀角瓢虫具有很高的直接杀伤风险。高效氯氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、毒死蜱、甲氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、虫螨腈、阿维菌素、吡蚜酮、噻嗪酮、定虫隆和氟虫脲对日本刀角瓢虫的毒力较低甚至没有直接致死作用。研究结果将为合理使用杀虫剂,协调利用化学防治与生物防治对烟粉虱进行综合防治提供依据。     

Effects of contact, oral and persistent toxicity of selected pesticides on Cotesia plutellae (Hym., Braconidae), a potential parasitoid of Plutella xylostella (Lep., Plutellidae)

Cotesia plutellae (Kurd.) is an important larval parasitoid of Plutella xylostella (L.). Effects of contact, oral and persistent toxicity of field doses of selected pesticides on immature and mature stages of this useful wasp were determined in controlled conditions. Contact toxicity tests showed that cartap 75% SG, chlorfenapyr 10% F, emamectin benzoate 1% EC, permethrin 20% EC, chlorfluazuron 5% EC, flufenoxuron 10% EC, and teflubenzuron 5% EC were found to be selective against the cocoon stage. In contrast, contact toxicity of four insecticides viz., cartap 75% SG, chlorfenapyr 10% F, emamectin benzoate 1% EC, permethrin 20% EC were found to be moderately to extremely toxic (80% to 100% lethal) to wasp stage. Effects of oral toxicity of three IGRs on wasp stage were somewhat selective. However, beneficial performance of wasps seems to be adversely affected as host parasitism was recorded as being significantly different ( P  < 0.05) in comparison with control. A persistent toxic effect of insecticides via cabbage leaves discs against female wasps showed that cartap 75% SG was moderately persistent (16–30 days). While chlorfenapyr 10% F and emamectin benzoate 1% EC were recorded slightly to be persistent (5–10 days) and permethrin seems to be short lived (< 5 days). Implications of tested products in IPM of cabbage are discussed.     

Insecticidal and Repellent Activities of the Essential Oil of Callistemon citrinus (Myrtaceae) Against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

The essential oil of Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) leaves was extracted by hydro distillation and tested on female and male adults of Callosobruchus macullatus (F.) for insecticidal and repellent effects. GC-MS analysis was used to identify and quantify the volatile composition of the essential oil. Results showed that 1,8-cineole (34.2%) and α-pinene (29.0%) were the major components of the oil. Callistemon citrinus oil was found to be toxic to adult insects when applied by fumigation. Responses varied according to the gender of the insect and exposure time. LC₅₀ values were 12.88 and 84.4 μL.?L^?1 for males and females, respectively. An increase in exposure time from 3 to 24 h caused an increase in mortality from 50% to 100% in males and from 15.5% to 85.2% in females, at the highest concentration (500 μL.?L^?1). The essential oil also had a repellent effect against C. macullatus in a filter paper arena test. After 2 and 4 h, 86% and 94%, respectively, repellent effects were demonstrated at the highest concentration of 0.4 μL?.cm^?2. These observations suggest that C. citrinus essential oil may be usefully applied to control storage pests.     

镉及其与钙组合对褐脉少花龙葵毛状根生长、抗氧化酶活性和吸收镉的影响

为了探讨利用褐脉少花龙葵毛状根来修复重金属镉(Cd)污染的可能性,采用溶液培养法研究了Cd单独及其与钙(Ca)组合对褐脉少花龙葵毛状根生长、抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性及对Cd吸收的影响。结果表明,Cd≤50μmol/L时能促进毛状根生长,而高于100μmol/LCd则抑制毛状根生长,使其侧根根尖变褐和变短,数目减少。与对照相比,不同浓度Cd培养的毛状根可溶性蛋白含量和SOD活性先升高后逐渐下降;其丙二醛(MDA)含量显著提高;100μmol/LCd使毛状根POD活性逐渐升高,但300μmol/LCd则使毛状根POD活性逐渐降低。与对照(仅添加100μmol/L或300μmol/LCd的毛状根)相比,Cd和10～30mmol/LCaCl2组合培养使毛状根可溶性蛋白含量和MDA含量降低;但提高其SOD活性;而100μmol/LCd和10～30mmol/LCaCl2结合培养的毛状根POD活性均比对照低;而300μmol/LCd和10～30mmol/LCaCl2结合培养的毛状根POD活性则均比对照提高。原子吸收分光光度法测定结果表明,毛状根吸收和吸附的重金属Cd含量随着培养基中Cd浓度的升高而增加。但外源加入10～30mmol/LCaCl2能减少毛状根对Cd的吸收,并调节其抗氧化酶SOD和POD活性,降低其膜脂过氧化水平而解除重金属Cd对毛状根生长的抑制或毒害。     

昆虫病原线虫Steinernema longicaudum X-7增效药剂的筛选

测试了19种昆虫生长调节剂、植物源或病毒类药剂对昆虫病原线虫Steinernema longicaudumX-7的存活和侵染率的影响。筛选9种对线虫存活和侵染率均无影响的药剂,测定其与线虫混用对黄粉虫Tenebrio molitorL.9~11龄幼虫的交互作用。结果显示,各种参试药剂和线虫组合均表现为相加作用。为了进一步确定参试药剂与线虫混用对目标昆虫卵圆齿爪鳃金龟Holotrichia ovataChang 3龄幼虫的交互作用,本研究选择氟虫脲、除虫脲、灭幼脲、苦参碱、氟啶脲和虫酰肼在低浓度下与线虫混用,除虫脲与线虫混用对测定昆虫处理7 d后表现为增效作用,其它药剂与线虫则表现为相加作用;各种参试药剂与线虫组合处理14 d后均表现为相加作用。     

马缨丹叶片精油化学成分及其对三种害虫的生物活性

【目的】为探讨马缨丹Lantana camara L.叶片精油化学成分以及其对3种害虫的生物活性,以应用于生物防治。【方法】马缨丹叶片经水蒸气蒸馏法提取精油,产率为0.21%。经过气-质联用仪(GCMS)分析,从马缨丹叶片精油中检测出主要的26种化合物,其中α-姜黄烯(α-curcumene,32.76%),β-石竹烯(β-caryophyllene,16.36%),石竹烯氧化物(Caryophyllene oxide,12.22%),桉油烯醇(Spathulenol,10.48%)含量较高,并对3种不同害虫进行生物活性测定。【结果】生物测定结果表明,马缨丹精油对米象Sitophilus oryzae成虫和Ⅳ龄埃及伊蚊Aedes aegypti幼虫的触杀效果显著,LC50分别为0.92 mg/cm2和32.33μg/m L。随着浓度的升高,对白蚁驱避作用增强,白蚁死亡率增加;高浓度精油对白蚁有触杀作用,但较低浓度对白蚁无显著影响。【结论】本研究证明马缨丹叶片精油对3种害虫有良好防治的效果。